PSYCH FINAL

Question 1

What is memory?

Answer 1

ability to store and retrieve information over time

Question 2

What is encoding?

Answer 2

process of transforming what we perceive and think into memory

Question 3

What is storage in terms of memory?

Answer 3

Process of maintaining information in memory over time

Question 4

Why is memory a construction?

Answer 4

Memories are made by combining already known information with new information from the senses

Question 5

What is retrieval in memory

Answer 5

process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

Question 6

What are the three types of encoding called?

Answer 6

Semantic encoding, Visual imagery encoding, organizational encoding

Question 7

Describe semantic encoding

Answer 7

Relates new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in the brain

Question 8

What regions of the brain does semantic encoding take place

Answer 8

Lower left frontal lobe and inner left frontal lobe

Question 9

What is visual encoding and what part of the brain does it activate

Answer 9

Storing new information by converting it into mental pictures. (Trying to remember picture of dog and creating an image of a dog in your mind). Activates your occipital lobe.

Question 10

What is organizational encoding

Answer 10

Categorizing information according to the relationship among a series of items. (Server groups orders into hot drinks, cold drinks etc.

Question 11

What is sensory memory

Answer 11

Storage that holds information for a few seconds or less

Question 12

What are the two types of sensory memory

Answer 12

Echoing memory and iconic memory

Question 13

What is echoic memory and what is iconic memory

Answer 13

Fast decaying store of auditory information (echoic) Fast decaying store of visual information (Iconic)

Question 14

What is short term memory

Answer 14

Holds information for more than a few seconds and less than a minute.

Question 15

What is rehearsal in memory

Answer 15

Keeping information in short term memory by mentally repeating it.

Question 16

What is the serial position effect

Answer 16

Firs few and last few items are more likely to be recalled than items in the middle

Question 17

What is the primacy effect

Answer 17

More opportunity for rehearsal of first items— more likely encoded into long term memory

Question 18

What is the regency effect

Answer 18

Rehearsal of last times still in short term storage

Question 19

How many meaningful items can short term memory store at once

Answer 19

Can hold about 7 meaningful items at once

Question 20

What is chunking

Answer 20

Combining small pieces of information into larger chunks, more easily held in short term memory

Question 21

What is working memory

Answer 21

Active maintenance of information in short term storage

Question 22

What is visuospatial sketchpad used for

Answer 22

Used for visual images

Question 23

What is phonological loop used for

Answer 23

used for verbal information

Question 24

What is episodic buffer

Answer 24

integrates visual and verbal information from subsystems into a combined code

Question 25

What is central executive

Answer 25

coordinates subsystems and episodic buffers

Question 26

What is anterograde amnesia

Answer 26

inability to transfer new information from short term store into long term store

Question 27

What is retrograde amnesia

Answer 27

inability to retriev information aquired before a certain date (surgery)

Question 28

What part of the brain is critical for memory formation

Answer 28

hippocampus

Question 29

What is consolidation

Answer 29

process by which memories become stable in the brain

Question 30

What is long term potential

Answer 30

communication across synapses between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier

Question 31

what is encoding specicifity principle

Answer 31

when a retrieval cue helps recreate the specific way info was initially coded (putting yourself in same environment u originally learned)

Question 32

What is state dependant retrieval

Answer 32

info tends to be better recalled when person is in same state during encoding and retrieval

Question 33

What is transfer appropriate message

Answer 33

memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when contexts of encoding and retreival situations match

Question 34

What is retreival induced forgetting

Answer 34

retrieving an item from long term memory impaired subsequent recall of related events

Question 35

Whats explicit memory

Answer 35

when people conciously or intentionally retrive past expreiences

Question 36

What is implicit memory

Answer 36

when past experiences influence later behaviour and performance even without an effort to remember them

Question 37

What are the two types of long term memory called?

Answer 37

Explicit memory and implicit memory

Question 38

What are the 7 memory “sins”

Answer 38

Transience
Absentmindedness
Blocking
Memory misattribution
suggestibility
Bias
Persistance

Question 39

What is transience

Answer 39

the forgetting that occurs with the passage of time

Question 40

What is absentmindedness

Answer 40

lapse in attention that results in memory failure

Question 41

What is blocking

Answer 41

failure to retrieve information available in memory despite trying to produce it

Question 42

What is memory misattribution

Answer 42

assigning a recollection of an idea to the wrong source

Question 43

What is suggestibility

Answer 43

tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollations

Question 44

What is bias

Answer 44

distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experience.

Question 45

What is persistance

Answer 45

intrusive recollection of events we wish we could forget