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PSYCH 111 > PSYCH 111 > Flashcards

PSYCH 111 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many neurons are in the brain?

A

About 86 billion neurons in the brain

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2
Q

What is a neuron

A

A cell in the nervous system that communicates with others for information processing.

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3
Q

What are the three basic parts to a neuron.

A

Cell body/ soma, dendrites, axon

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4
Q

What does the cell body do and what does it contain?

A

Largest component of the neuron that coordinates information processing tasks and keeps the cells alive. Contains the nucleus which is where the chromosomes are.

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5
Q

What do the dendrites do?

A

Receives information from other neurons and relay it to the cell body.

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6
Q

What does the axon do

A

Carries information to other neurons, muscles, and glands

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7
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Insulating layer of fatty material that cover many neurons.

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8
Q

What cells are on myelin sheath neurons?

A

Glial cells. They are supported cells in the nervous system.

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9
Q

What is an example of demyelination’s disease

A

MS and it is where the myelin sheath deteriorates and neural communication slows down.

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10
Q

What is the synapse

A

Junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or other cell bodies.

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11
Q

What are the three major types of neurons

A

Sensory neuron, motor neuron, and inter neuron

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12
Q

What does the sensory neuron receive information from?

A

Receives information from the external world and conveys this info to the brain VIA the spinal cord.

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13
Q

Where does a motor neuron carry signals from?

A

Carry signals from spinal cord to muscles for movement.

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14
Q

What is an inter neuron?

A

Connect sensory neurons, motor neurons and other inter neurons.

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15
Q

What are purkinje cells?

A

Interneuron carrying information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain and spinal cord.

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16
Q

What are pyramidal cells?

A

Triangular cell body, single long dendrite and many smaller dendrites. Found in the cerebral cortex.

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17
Q

What are bipolar cells?

A

Sensory interneuron in retina, long dendrite and long axon.

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18
Q

How are electrical signals conducted

A

Conducted down axons to their terminal ends

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19
Q

How are chemical signals transmitted?

A

From one neuron to another across a synapse

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20
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

A

About 70 millivolts

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21
Q

Inside the cell, is there a higher concentration of K or Na

A

High concentration of K and more negative inside the cell.

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22
Q

Outside the cell, there is a higher concentration of what?

A

Na and the outside is more positive.

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23
Q

What do active pumps do?

A

Maintain high concentration of K inside and NA outside the cell.

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24
Q

What is an action potential

A

An electric signal conducted along the length of a neurons axon to a synapse

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25
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

The time following an action potential when a new action potential cannot be initiated.

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26
Q

What are the clumps of unmyelinated points called along a myelinated axon?

A

Nodes of ranvier

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27
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

Current jumps from node to node

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28
Q

What do vesicles contain?

A

Neurotransmitters which are chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neurons dendrites.

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29
Q

What is the neuron that sends the information called?

A

The pre synaptic neuron

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30
Q

What is the neuron receiving information called?

A

The post synaptic neuron

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31
Q

What do dendrites of the post synaptic neurons contain and what do those do?

A

Contain receptions which are molecules in the cell membrane that receive and bind to neurotransmitters and initiate or prevent a new electrical signal

32
Q

What is reuptake

A

Neurotransmitters absorbed by the terminal boutons of pre synaptic neuron.

33
Q

What is enzyme deactivation

A

Breakdown by enzymes in the synapse

34
Q

What is auto reception

A

Neurotransmitters may bind to presynaptic autoreceptirs and triggers the end of a neurotransmitter release

35
Q

What is acetylcholine

A

Helps with voluntary control.

36
Q

What is dopamine?

A

Motor behaviour, motivation, pleasure and emotion arousal. Plays a role in drug addiction

37
Q

What is glutamate

A

Major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Most common neurotransmitter that increases Action Potentials.

38
Q

What are agonist drugs

A

Drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter

39
Q

What are antagonist drugs

A

Drugs that diminish the function of a neurotransmitter

40
Q

What is GABA

A

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Tends to prevent Action Potentials

41
Q

What are nerves

A

Bundles of axons and the glial cells that support them

42
Q

What is the nervous system

A

An interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body

43
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

The brain and spinal cord

44
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of

A

Connects the central nervous system to the body’s organs and muscles

45
Q

What are spinal reflexes

A

Simple pathway in a nervous system that rapidly generates muscle contractions

46
Q

What is a reflex arc

A

Neural pathway that control reflex actions?

47
Q

What are networks in the brain

A

Independent regions that work together to support complex psychological functions

48
Q

What is the hindbrain

A

Continuous with the spinal cord. Coordinates information coming in and out of the spinal cord. Medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum, and the pons.

49
Q

What is the medulla

A

Extension of the spinal cord into skull. Coordinates HR, circulations and respiration.

50
Q

What does the reticular formation regulate?

A

Regulates sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal.

51
Q

What is the cerebellum

A

Large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

52
Q

Where does pons relay information to?

A

Relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

53
Q

What are the two sections of the midbrain

A

The tectum and tegmentum

54
Q

What does the tecmun do

A

Orients an organism in the environment

55
Q

What is the tegmentum involved in?

A

Involved in movement and arousal

56
Q

What is the outer most layer of the brain and divided into two hemispheres

A

The cerebral cortex

57
Q

What does the thalamus do

A

Relays filters information from the senses and transmits info to the cerebral cortex

58
Q

What does the hypothalamus do and what system is it part of

A

Regulates body temp, hunger, thirst. Part of the lambic system

59
Q

What three things is included in the lambic system

A

Hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala.

60
Q

What is the hippocampus involved in

A

Creating new memories

61
Q

What is the amygdala involved in

A

Emotional processes and formation of emotional memories.

62
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease

A

Progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory and other cognitive functions

63
Q

What part of the brain causes Alzheimer’s

A

Hippocampus

64
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

Network of glands that produce and secrete into the bloodstream chemicals known as hormones.

65
Q

What does the thyroid regulate

A

Bodily functions like temperature and heart rate

66
Q

What does the adrenals regulate

A

Regulate stress response

67
Q

What does the pineal secrete

A

Melatonin

68
Q

What does the pancreas control

A

Digestion

69
Q

Why is the pituitary gland called the master gland

A

Releases hormones that direct the functions of other glands in the body

70
Q

If u see high levels of dopamine what would the effect be

A

Schizophrenia

71
Q

If you see low levels of low levels of dopamine what would an effect be

A

Parkinson’s disease

72
Q

What are the two divisions of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous system

73
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic system

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

74
Q

What does the occipital lobe process

A

Visual information

75
Q

What does the parietal love process

A

Information about touch

76
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for

A

Responsible for hearing and language

77
Q

What does the frontal lobe do

A

Specialized areas for movement abstract thinking planning memory and judgement

PSYCH 111 (5 decks)

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