HES week 9

Question 1

What is the urinary tract composed of and what does each thing do

Answer 1

ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Ureters- transport filtrate from the kidneys to the bladder
urinary bladder- stores urine
urethra- where urine exits the bladder through

Question 2

What is the kidney divided into

Answer 2

Renal Cortex, Renal medulla, and renal pelvis

Question 3

What happens in the renal cortex and renal medulla

Answer 3

it is where filtrate is collected and turned into urine

Question 4

What happens in the renal pelvis

Answer 4

collects and drains the urine produced from the nephrons

Question 5

What is the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 5

nephron

Question 6

what does each nephron consist of

Answer 6

consists of a renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Question 7

what is the order of how substrates flow through

Answer 7

renal corpuscle
proximal tubule
nephron loop
distal tubule
collecting duct

Question 8

What happens in the renal corpuscle and what are the two parts of it

Answer 8

Where the blood filtrate enters into the kidney. Contains glomerulus and glomeruler capsule

Question 9

What is the glomeruls

Answer 9

Group of looping fenestrated capillaries (very leaky capillaries)

Question 10

what is glomerulus capsule

Answer 10

double layered sheath of epithelial tissue with capsular space in the middle that receives all the filtrate from capillaries. has inner visceral layer made up of modified epithelial cells (podocytes)

Question 11

Where does newly formed filtrate enter

Answer 11

enters renal tubule where it can be further modified in three structurally and functionally distinct regions

Question 12

What are the three regions that newly entered filtrate enters

Answer 12

proximal tubule, nephron loop and distal tubule

Question 13

what does the collecting duct collect

Answer 13

collects filtrate from distal tubules of multiple nephrons and further modifies it before it exits the kidneys

Question 14

What is the juxtagolmerular apparatus made up of

Answer 14

made up of juxtagolmerular cells found in walls of afferent and efferent arterioles and macula densa cells that are found in nephron tubule.

Question 15

what does the juxtagolmerular apparatus regulate

Answer 15

regulates blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate

Question 16

What is the glomerular filtration rate and what is a normal rate of it

Answer 16

amount of filtrate entering into both kidneys in one minute. (125mL/minute)

Question 17

What are the the three physiological processes carried out by nephrons

Answer 17

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsoprtion, tubular secretion

Question 18

describe golmerular filtration and where does it take place

Answer 18

substances from blood entered into renal capsule based on size. Takes place in renal corpsucle

Question 19

describe golmerular reabsorption

Answer 19

filtrate is modified based on the bodies needs and most water, glucose, AA, and electrolytes returned into the blood.

Question 20

What is the glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Answer 20

the force of the blood against the filtration membrane. Pushes plasma into the capsule

Question 21

What is capsular hydrostatic pressure

Answer 21

The force of the filtrate pushing back against the filtration membrane. Pushes filtrate back into the glomerular capillaries

Question 22

Describe glomerular colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 22

the force created by the presence of proteins in the plasma.

Question 23

Describe tubular secretion

Answer 23

more substances are added into the filtrate for secretion if needed.

Question 24

what is the three layers of filtration

Answer 24

1. fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells
2. Basal Lamina (collagen fibers)
3. Podocytes

Question 25

What percent of substrate can pass through the glomerular 3 ply membrane to become filtrate

Answer 25

20%

Question 26

What are the three forces that determine GFR

Answer 26

1. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
2. Capsular Hydrostatic pressure
3. Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure

Question 27

describe GHP

Answer 27

Force of blood against the filtration membrane (determined by BP)
Pushes plasma into capsule

Question 28

describe CHP

Answer 28

The force of filtrate pushing back against the filtration membrane (pushes filtrate back into glomerular capillaries)

Question 29

describe GCOP

Answer 29

The force created by the presence of proteins in the plasma. Protein concentration is higher in capillary plasma than filtrate.

Question 30

What are the two auto regulations for GFR

Answer 30

Myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback

Question 31

what are the two hormonal mechanisms for GFR

Answer 31

The RAAS system
Atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 32

Describe the myogenic mechanism

Answer 32

Enables GFR to remain relatively stable even when BP fluctuates

smooth muscle found in afferent and efferent arterioles can vasoconstrict or vasodilate in response to change in BP to maintain constant GFR

Question 33

Describe tubuloglomerular feedback

Answer 33

Enables GFR to remain relatively stable even when BP fluctuates

as GFR increases, volume of filtrate flowing through renal tubule and macula densa cells increase

Question 34

what is the primary goal of the RAAS system.

Answer 34

maintain systemic BP

Question 35

what are the three possible stimuli for renin release

Answer 35

1. stimulation for sympathetic NS
2. Low Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
3. stimulation for the macula densa cells

Question 36

where is the atrial natriuretic peptide released from and when is it released

Answer 36

hormone released by cells in the atria of the heart. released in response to increased blood volume.

Question 37

what does the release of ANP do

Answer 37

increases GFR by causing vasodilation of afferent arterioles and vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles

Question 38

does it increase or decrease excretion of urine

Answer 38

increased excretion of urine

Question 39

does blood volume( and BP) increase or decrease

Answer 39

decrease