psych exam final

Question 1

behavioral therapy

Answer 1

focus on behaviors

Question 2

cognitive therapy

Answer 2

focuses on thoughts

Question 3

Token economy

Answer 3

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats

Question 4

Exposure therapies

Answer 4

behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid

Question 5

The humanistic perspective…

Answer 5

emphasizes people’s innate goodness and potential for self-fulfillment

Question 6

Psychotherapy

Answer 6

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to address psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

Question 7

Stimulants

Answer 7

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

Question 8

Depressants

Answer 8

drugs that reduce (depress) neural activity and slow body functions

Question 9

Tolerance

Answer 9

a dwindling effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect

Question 10

Anxiety becomes a disorder when…

Answer 10

it is significantly distressing and causing impairment in day-to-day functioning

Question 11

Anxiety disorders

Answer 11

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Question 12

Classification

Answer 12

-creates order
-helps us to communicate quickly and efficiently, predict the future course of a disorder, suggest appropriate treatment prompt research into its causes

Question 13

Thoughts, emotions, or behaviors are described as dysfunctional or maladaptive when…

Answer 13

they interfere with normal day-to-day life

Question 14

Psychological disorder

Answer 14

disturbance in people’s thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that causes distress or suffering and impairs their daily lives

Question 15

Collectivism

Answer 15

giving priority to the goals of our group (often our extended family or work group) and defining our identity accordingly

Question 16

Individualism

Answer 16

a cultural pattern that emphasizes people’s individual goals over group goals and defines identity mainly in terms of unique personality traits

Question 17

defense mechanism: denial

Answer 17

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities (e.g., denying evidence of your partner’s affair)

Question 18

defense mechanism: projection

Answer 18

disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others (e.g., the cheater accusing their partner of cheating)

Question 19

Defense mechanisms

Answer 19

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Question 20

Superego

Answer 20

represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future goals (e.g., don’t buy the bag, you don’t need it)

Question 21

Id

Answer 21

operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification (e.g., buy this expensive bag now)

Question 22

Ego

Answer 22

-balances the demands of the id, the superego, and reality
-operates in the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain (e.g., save up and buy the bag later)

Question 23

Psychodynamic theories

Answer 23

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Question 24

Outgroup

Answer 24

them; different identity

Question 25

Ingroup

Answer 25

us; shared identity

Question 26

We are more likely to conform when we:

Answer 26

-are made to feel incompetent or insecure
-are in a group with at least 3 other people
-are in a group in which everyone else agrees
admire the group’s status and attractiveness
-have not already committed ourselves to any response
-know that others in the group will observe our behavior
-are from a culture that encourages respect for social standards

Question 27

Social facilitation

Answer 27

in the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks (e.g., working out harder with a gym buddy)

Question 28

Conformity

Answer 28

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Question 29

Peripheral route persuasion

Answer 29

occurs when people are influenced by attention-getting cues, such as the speaker’s attractiveness

Question 30

Central route persuasion

Answer 30

occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments

Question 31

Role

Answer 31

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Question 32

what happens during
emotion regulation

Answer 32

-Increase/decrease emotional intensity and duration
-Control which kinds of emotions we feel
-Healthy emotion regulation enables more happiness, greater life satisfaction, better relationships, and less depression/anxiety

Question 33

Emotion-regulation

Answer 33

how we manage our emotions, including which emotions we allow ourselves to feel, when we feel them, and how we express those emotions

Question 34

Emotion-focused coping

Answer 34

attempting to reduce stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

Question 35

General adaptation syndrome: three stages

Answer 35

-Alarm reaction: Sympathetic activation
-Resistance: Fully engaged, summoning all resources
-Exhaustion: constant stress depleted resources

Question 36

Problem-focused coping

Answer 36

attempting to reduce stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

Question 37

General adaptation syndrome

Answer 37

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages

Question 38

Secondary appraisal

Answer 38

am I able to respond to the event?

Question 39

Primary appraisal

Answer 39

is the event threatening?

Question 40

Stress

Answer 40

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging