psych exam final Flashcards

1
Q

behavioral therapy

A

focus on behaviors

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2
Q

cognitive therapy

A

focuses on thoughts

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3
Q

Token economy

A

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats

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4
Q

Exposure therapies

A

behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid

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5
Q

The humanistic perspective…

A

emphasizes people’s innate goodness and potential for self-fulfillment

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6
Q

Psychotherapy

A

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to address psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

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7
Q

Stimulants

A

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

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8
Q

Depressants

A

drugs that reduce (depress) neural activity and slow body functions

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9
Q

Tolerance

A

a dwindling effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect

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10
Q

Anxiety becomes a disorder when…

A

it is significantly distressing and causing impairment in day-to-day functioning

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11
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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12
Q

Classification

A

-creates order
-helps us to communicate quickly and efficiently, predict the future course of a disorder, suggest appropriate treatment prompt research into its causes

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13
Q

Thoughts, emotions, or behaviors are described as dysfunctional or maladaptive when…

A

they interfere with normal day-to-day life

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14
Q

Psychological disorder

A

disturbance in people’s thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that causes distress or suffering and impairs their daily lives

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15
Q

Collectivism

A

giving priority to the goals of our group (often our extended family or work group) and defining our identity accordingly

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16
Q

Individualism

A

a cultural pattern that emphasizes people’s individual goals over group goals and defines identity mainly in terms of unique personality traits

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17
Q

defense mechanism: denial

A

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities (e.g., denying evidence of your partner’s affair)

18
Q

defense mechanism: projection

A

disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others (e.g., the cheater accusing their partner of cheating)

19
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

20
Q

Superego

A

represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future goals (e.g., don’t buy the bag, you don’t need it)

21
Q

Id

A

operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification (e.g., buy this expensive bag now)

22
Q

Ego

A

-balances the demands of the id, the superego, and reality
-operates in the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain (e.g., save up and buy the bag later)

23
Q

Psychodynamic theories

A

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

24
Q

Outgroup

A

them; different identity

25
Ingroup
us; shared identity
26
We are more likely to conform when we:
-are made to feel incompetent or insecure -are in a group with at least 3 other people -are in a group in which everyone else agrees admire the group’s status and attractiveness -have not already committed ourselves to any response -know that others in the group will observe our behavior -are from a culture that encourages respect for social standards
27
Social facilitation
in the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks (e.g., working out harder with a gym buddy)
28
Conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
29
Peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by attention-getting cues, such as the speaker’s attractiveness
30
Central route persuasion
occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments
31
Role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
32
what happens during emotion regulation
-Increase/decrease emotional intensity and duration -Control which kinds of emotions we feel -Healthy emotion regulation enables more happiness, greater life satisfaction, better relationships, and less depression/anxiety
33
Emotion-regulation
how we manage our emotions, including which emotions we allow ourselves to feel, when we feel them, and how we express those emotions
34
Emotion-focused coping
attempting to reduce stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction
35
General adaptation syndrome: three stages
-Alarm reaction: Sympathetic activation -Resistance: Fully engaged, summoning all resources -Exhaustion: constant stress depleted resources
36
Problem-focused coping
attempting to reduce stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
37
General adaptation syndrome
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages
38
Secondary appraisal
am I able to respond to the event?
39
Primary appraisal
is the event threatening?
40
Stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging