psych exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory receptors

A

sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

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2
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

reduced sensitivity in response to constant stimulation

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3
Q

Rods

A

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement

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4
Q

The eye’s sensory receptors are called…

A

rods and cones

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5
Q

Cones

A

detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations

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6
Q

Which two senses are chemical senses?

A

Taste & smell

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7
Q

Vestibular sense

A

our sense of balance and body movement/position

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8
Q

Learning

A

the process of acquiring through experience, new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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9
Q

Classical conditioning

A

a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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10
Q

Reinforcement

A

aimed at increasing behavior

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11
Q

Punishment

A

aimed at decreasing behaviors

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12
Q

Give an example of positive reinforcement.

A

Giving a dog a treat for doing a trick

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13
Q

Observational learning

A

learning by observing others

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14
Q

Modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

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15
Q

Implicit memory

A

retention of learned skills, procedures, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness

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16
Q

Explicit memory

A

retention of facts and personal events you can consciously retrieve

17
Q

Spacing effect

A

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through mass study or practice

18
Q

Recall

A

memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier (fill in the blank)

19
Q

Episodic memory

A

explicit memory of personally experienced events

19
Q

Semantic memory

A

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge

20
Q

Recognition

A

memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned (multiple choice)

21
Q

Serial position effect

A

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

22
Q

Why is it important to be able to forget information?

A

–Forgetting unimportant information helps us remember what matters most
–Forgetting bad memories is also good for our mental health and well-being

23
Q

Metacognition

A

cognition about our cognition; thinking about thinking; keeping track of and
evaluating our mental processes

24
Convergent thinking
narrowing the available solutions to determine the single best solution to a problem
25
Divergent thinking
expanding the number of possible solutions to a problem; creative thinking that branches out in different directions
26
What are the stages of infant speech?
Babbling, one-word, two-word, telegraphic
27
Achievement test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned (ex: the final exam)
28
Aptitude test
a test designed to predict a person’s future performance (ex: SAT)
29
Intrinsic motivation
the desire to perform a behavior well for its own sake
30
Extrinsic motivation
the desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
31
James-Lange theory
physiological sensations precede feelings of emotion
32
Cannon-Bard theory
physiological sensations and feelings of emotion occur simultaneously
33
Why do we need emotions?
--They give us information --They help us to communicate --They motivate us and prepare us to take action
34
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
bottom to top: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization