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psych exam 1 Flashcards

chapters 1-4

1
Q

psychology

A

the scientific study of how people act, think, and feel (behavior and mental processes)

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2
Q

behavior

A

observable actions

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3
Q

mental processes

A

internal states including thoughts, beliefs, and feelings

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4
Q

Describe how psychology helps us

A

Understanding ourselves:
-Self-awareness
-Motivation and learning
-Mental health

Understanding others:
-Empathy and compassion
-Communication and conflict resolution
-Social and cultural understanding

Solving real-world problems:
-Education
-Workplace
-Public policy

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5
Q

steps of the scientific method

A

observation > theory > hypothesis > conduct research > analyze results > draw conclusions

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6
Q

How do we use ethics to protect humans and nonhuman animals in research?

A

protecting nonhuman animals: ensure safety, comfort, health, etc.)

protecting humans: (informed consent, confidentiality, protection from harm/discomfort, debrief)

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7
Q

Neuron

A

nerve cells that form the basic building blocks of the nervous system

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8
Q

Cell body

A

contains the nucleus and functions as the cell’s life support center

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9
Q

Dendrites

A

branches that receive and integrate messages from other cells

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10
Q

Axon

A

long threadlike part of a nerve cell which sends messages to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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11
Q

Terminal branches

A

form junctions with other cells to transmit messages

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12
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that transmit information to other neurons

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13
Q

nervous system

A

the body’s electrochemical communication network that consists of the central and peripheral nervous systems

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14
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

autonomic and somatic

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16
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic (arousing, preparing for fight or flight) and parasympathetic (calming)

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17
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

monitors sensory input and triggers motor output

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17
Q

Endocrine system

A

a set of glands and tissue that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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18
Q

Hormones

A

chemical messengers that influence growth, reproduction, metabolism, and mood

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19
Q

Pituitary gland

A

the brain structure that controls endocrine glands

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20
Q

Why do we use neuroimaging?

A

to visualize the structures of the brain and monitor brain activity (e.g., PET, MRI)

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21
Q

Three main brain divisions

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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22
Q

Lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

23
Q

Consciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

24
Selective attention
focusing conscious awareness on one thing
25
Inattentional blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
26
Change blindness
failing to notice changes in the environment
27
How frequently do we cycle through the sleep stages?
4-6 times per night, each is ~90 minutes
28
Developmental psychology
studies physical, cognitive, and social development throughout the lifespan
29
In your opinion, why do we dream?
1. Memory consolidation and processing 2. Emotional regulation 3. Problem-solving and creativity 4. Evolutionary adaptation 5. Biological housekeeping
30
Cross-sectional study
comparing people of different ages at the same time point
31
Longitudinal study
follows and retests the same participants over time
32
zygote
fertilization to 2 weeks
32
embryo
2 weeks to 9 weeks
33
fetus
9 weeks to birth
33
Fraternal twins
developed from two different fertilized eggs
34
Identical twins
developed from the same fertilized egg
35
Twin and adoption studies...
help researchers understand how heredity and environmental factors influence individuals
36
Schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
37
Attachment
an emotional tie with others
38
Piaget's theory
Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of intellectual development which reflect the increasing sophistication of children’s thought
39
Authoritarian
coercive, expect obedience, “because I said so”
40
Permissive
un-restraining, few limits, demands, or punishments
41
Neglectful
uninvolved, neither demanding nor responsive, careless, inattentive, not close with children
42
Sex
the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male, female, and intersex
43
Authoritative
confrontive, demanding and responsive, set rules and allow for open discussion and exceptions
44
sex chromosomes
Sex chromosomes: X (found in females and males) and Y (found only in males)
45
Primary characteristics
Primary sex characteristics are reproductive
46
Sex hormones
testosterone and estrogen
47
secondary characteristics
secondary sex characteristics are non-reproductive
48
Gender
the behavioral characteristics that people associate with boy, girl, man, and woman; gender is socially constructed
49
role
a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
50
gender role
a set of behaviors, expectations, attitudes, and traits for men and women
51
Cisgender
describes people whose gender identity or expression aligns with their birth-assigned sex
52
Transgender
describes people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth-assigned sex
53
Sexuality
our thoughts, feelings, and actions related to our physical attraction to another
54
sexual orientation
the direction of our sexual attractions

psych (3 decks)

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