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PSYCH > PSYCH EXAM 5!! > Flashcards

PSYCH EXAM 5!! Flashcards

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1
Q

introduced by B. F. Skinner

additional attention is given to the consequences of the behavior response

A

operant conditioning

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2
Q

when the reinforcing stimulus increases the probability that the behavior will recur

A

positive reinforcement

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3
Q

increasing the probability that a behavior will recur by removal of an undesirable reinforcing stimulus

A

negative reinforcement

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4
Q

type of contingency contracting in which the reinforces for desired behaviors are presented in the form of tokens.

A

token economy

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5
Q

is an aversive stimulus or punishment during which the client is removed from the environment where the unacceptable behavior is being exhibited

A

time-out

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6
Q

is a technique for assisting individuals to overcome their fear of a phobic stimulus.

A

systematic desensitization

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7
Q

is believed to produce results faster than systematic desensitization; however some therapists report more lasting behavioral changes with systematic desensitization.

A

flooding

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8
Q

one of the basic principles of cognitive therapy is to prepare the client to eventually become his/her own?

A

cognitive therapist

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9
Q

the therapist provides info to the client about what cognitive therapy is, how it works, and the structure of the cognitive process

A

didactic (educational) aspects

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10
Q

strategies used in _____ therapy include recognizing and modifying automatic thoughts and recognizing and modifying schemas.

A

cognitive

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11
Q

when socratic questioning does not produce the desired results, the therapist may choose to guide the client through ? in an effort to elicit automatic thoughts

A

imagery & role play

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12
Q

this technique, one of the most frequently used methods of recognizing automatic thoughts, is taught to and discussed with the client in the therapy session

A

thought recording

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13
Q

cognitions affect ?

A

behavior

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14
Q

with this activity, clients are asked to keep a diary log of their activities on an hourly basis and rate each activity, for mastery and pleasure, on a 0-10 scale.

the schedule is then shared with the therapist and used to identify important areas needing concentration during therapy

A

activity scheduling

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15
Q

this intervention is used with clients who are facing a situation that they perceive as overwhelming

A

graded task assignments

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16
Q

somewhat akin to, and often used in conjunction with, cognitive rehearsal, this technique uses role-play to “rehearse” a modification of maladaptive behaviors that may be contributing to dysfunctional cognitions

A

behavioral rehearsal

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17
Q

when dysfunctional cognitions have been recognized, ____ can occur by engaging in activities that redirect the client’s thinking and divert him or her from the intrusive thoughts or depressive rumination that are contributing to the maladaptive responses

A

distraction

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18
Q

relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, role modeling, and social skills training are additional types of behavioral interventions that are used in cognitive therapy to assist clients to modify dysfunctional congitions

A

miscellaneous techniques

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19
Q

a “disorder with onset during the developmental period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social, and practical domains.”

A

intellectual disability

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20
Q

genetic factors implicated as the cause of intellectual disability

A

tay-sachs disease, PKU, & hyperglycinemia

down syndrome & klinefelter’s syndrome

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21
Q

occurrences during pregnancy that can cause intellectual s

A 
fetal malnutrition
viral infections
prematurity
placenta previa
prolapse of the umbilical cord
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22
Q

the degree of severity of intellectual disability may be measured by?

A

the client’s IQ level

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23
Q

capable of independent living, with assistance during times of stress

A

mild (50-70)

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24
Q

can perform some activities independently. requires supervision

A

moderate (35-49)

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25
Q

may be trained in elementary hygiene skills. requires complete supervision

A

severe (20-34)

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26
Q

no capacity for independent functioning. requires constant aid and supervision

A

profound (below 20)

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27
Q

6th grade level.

as adult can achieve vocational skills for minimal self-support

A

mild

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28
Q

2nd grade level.

as adult may be able to contribute to own support in sheltered workshop

A

moderate

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29
Q

unable to benefit from academic or vocational training.

profits from systemic habit training

A

severe

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30
Q

unable to profit from academic of vocational training.

may respond to minimal training in self-help if presented in the close context of a one-to-one relationship.

A

profound

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31
Q

a disorder that is characterized by impairment in social interaction skills and interpersonal communication and a restricted repertoire of activities and interests

A

autism spectrum disorder

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32
Q

is characterized by a withdrawal of the child into the self and into a fantasy world of his/her own creation

A

ASD

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33
Q

ASD is more often in?

A

boys

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34
Q

imaging studies have revealed a number of alterations in major brain structures of individuals with ASD such as?

A

enlargement in temporal lobe

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35
Q

research has revealed strong evidence that ___ factors play a significant role in the etiology of ASD

A

genetic

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36
Q

nursing dx for ASD

A

risk for self-mutiliation
impaired social interaction
impaired verbal communication
disturbed personal identity

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37
Q

the 2 meds the FDA has approved for ASD

A

risperidone (5-16) & aripiprazole (6-17 years)

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38
Q

risperidone side effects

A 
drowsiness
mild to moderate increase in appetite
nasal congestion
fatigue
constipation
drooling
dizziness
weight gain

NO tardive dyskinesia

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39
Q

aripiprazole AE

A 
sedation
fatigue
weight gain
vomiting
somnolence
tremor
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40
Q

the essential behavior pattern is one of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

A

ADHD

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41
Q

neurotransmitters involved in producing the symptoms associated with ADHD

A

dopamine
NE and
serotonin

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42
Q

is thought to play a role in the ability to perform executive functions, such as analysis and reasoning, and in the cognitive alertness essential for processing stimuli and sustaining attentition and thought

A

Norepinephrine

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43
Q

is thought to play a role in sensory filtering, memory, concentration, controlling emotions, locomotor activity, and reasoning

A

dopamine

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44
Q

appears to play a role in ADHD, although possibly less significant than norepinephrine and dopamine.

A

serotonin

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45
Q

It has been suggested that alterations in ______ may be related to the disinhibition and impulsivity observed in children with ADHD.

A

serotonin

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46
Q

may play a role in mood disorders, particularly depression, which is a common comorbid disorder associated with ADHD.

A

serotonin

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47
Q

intrauterine exposure to toxic substances, including _____ can produce effects on behavior.

A

alcohol

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48
Q

prenatal influences that may contribute to ADHD are?

A

prematurity or low birth weight
signs of fetal distress
precipitated or prolonged labor
perinatal asphyxia and low apgar scores

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49
Q

postnatal factors ADHD

A

cerebral palsy
seizures
other CNS abnormalities resulting from trauma, infections, or other neurological disorders

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50
Q

hyperactive children have difficulty forming ?

A

satisfactory interpersonal relationships

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51
Q

how are ADHD children in group endeavors>

A

disruptive and intrusive

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52
Q

ADHD children have difficulty complying with ?

A

social norms

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53
Q

have boundless energy, exhibiting excessive levels of activity, restlessness, and fidgeting

A

ADHD

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54
Q

are used to tx HTN

A

clonidine & guanfacine

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55
Q

restlessness and insomnia sx are common with

A

CNS stimulants

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56
Q

FDA has issued warnings associated with ? of the risk for sudden death in patients who have cardiovascular dx

A

CNS stimulants & atomoxetine

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57
Q

CNS stimulants, amoxetine & bupropion

A

anorexia and weight loss

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58
Q

potential for seizures with

A

bupropion

59
Q

severe liver damage

A

atomoxetine

60
Q

severe liver damage can manifest as?

A

itching, dark urine, R upper quad pain, yellow skin or eyes, sore throat, fever, malaise

61
Q

is characterized by the presence of multiple minor tics and one or more vocal tics, which may appear simultaneously or at different periods during the illness

A

tourettte’s disorder

62
Q

are noted in 2/3rds of relatives of tourette’s disorder clients

A

tics

63
Q

abnormalites in levels of dopamine, serotonin, dynorphin, GABA, acetylcholine, and NE have been associated with?

A

tourette’s disorder

64
Q

structural factors associated with tourette’s

A

dysfunction in the area of the basal ganglia

& smaller size of corpus callosum

65
Q

touter’s disorder may arise as a result as which of the following environmental factors?

A

postinfection autoimmune phenomenon induced by childhood streptococcal infection

66
Q

motor tics include:

A

eye blinking
neck jerking
shoulder shrugging
facial grimacing

67
Q

more complex motor tics include

A 
squatting
hopping
skipping
tapping
retracing steps
68
Q

vocal tics include

A 
various words or sounds such as:
squaks 
grunts
barks
sniffs
snorts
coughs
uttering of obscenities
69
Q

repeating one’s own sounds or words

A

palilalia

70
Q

repeating what others say

A

echolalia

71
Q

the conventional antipsychotics such as ___ and ___ have been approved by the FDA for control of tics

A

haloperidol and pimozide

72
Q

is characterized by a persistent pattern of angry mood and defiant behavior that occurs more frequently than is usually observed in individuals of comparable age and developmental level, and interferes with social, educational, occupational, and other important areas of functioning

A

oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

73
Q

there is a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated

A

conduct disorder

74
Q

there is a higher male prominence among those with the child-onset subtype

A

conduct disorder

75
Q

the use of tobacco, liquor, or non prescribed drugs, as well as the participation in sexual activities occurs ____ than at the expected age for the peer group

A

earlier

76
Q

low self esteem is manifested as what in conduct disorder

A

“tough-guy”

77
Q

what is common in conduct disorder children in school?

A

low academic achievement

ADHD

78
Q

diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder

A

aggression to people and animals
destruction of property
deceitfulness or theft
serious violations of rules

79
Q

is characterized by excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from those to whom the individual is attached

around age 5-6

A

separation anxiety disorder

80
Q

separation anxiety disorder can be a precursor to ?

A

adult panic disorder

81
Q

children who have been abused or witnessed abusive and violent parents are more likely to evolve into ?

A

abusive adults

82
Q

american society essentially was founded on a general acceptance of ____ as a means of solving problems

A

violence

83
Q

a pattern of coercive control founded on and supported by physical and/or sexual violence or threat of violence on an intimate partner

A

battering

84
Q

the battered woman views her relationship as?

A

male dominant

85
Q

as the _____ continues, her ability to see options available to her and to make decisions concerning her life decrease

A

battering

86
Q

occurs when an individual comes to understand that regardless of his/her behavior the outcome is unpredictable and usually undesireable

A

learned helplessness

87
Q

the cycle of battering phases

A

the tension building phase
the acute battering incident
calmn, loving, respite phase

88
Q

during this phase the woman senses that the man’s tolerance for frustration is declining.

He becomes angry with little provocation but, after out at her, may be quick to apologize.

the woman may become very nurturing and compliant, anticipating his every whim in an effort to prevent his anger from escalating

A

phase 1: the tension building phase

89
Q

this phase is the most violent and the shortest, usually lasting up to 24 hours.

it most often begins with the batterer justifying his behavior to himself.

be the end of the incident, however, he cannot understand what has happened, only that in his rage he has lost control over his behavior.

wants to just “teach her a lesson”

A

phase 2: the acute battering incident

90
Q

the batterer becomes extremely loving, kind and contrite.

he promises the abuse will never recur and begs for her forgiveness.

He believes he has “taught her a lesson” and she will not “act up” again.

A

phase 3: calm, loving, respite phase

91
Q

why does she stay?

A

fear for their life and/or the lives of their children

powerlessness & sees no way out

92
Q

reasons to stay

A 
fear of retaliation
for the children
financial reasons
lack of support network
religious reasons
hopefulness
93
Q

includes “any non accidental physical injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, shaking, throwing, stabbing, choking, hitting, burning, or any other method that is inflicted by a parent, caregiver, or other person who has responsibility for the child

A

physical abuse

94
Q

is considered whether or not the caretaker intended to cause harm or even if the injury resulted from over-discipline or physical punishment

A

maltreatment

95
Q

involves a pattern of behavior on the part of the parent or caretaker that results in serious impairment of the child’s social, emotional, or intellectual functioning

A

emotional abuse

96
Q

examples of emotional injury include:

A 
belittling or rejecting the child
ignoring them
blaming the child for things they can't control
isolating the child
harsh inconsistent discipline
97
Q

in which a child is induced or coerced into engaging in sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of promoting any performance, and child abuse, in which a child is being used for the sexual pleasure of an adult.

A

sexual exploitation of a child

98
Q

which of the following are CNS stimulants

A

dextroamphetamine
methylphenidate
lisdexamfetamine

99
Q

buproprion (wellbutrin) excess amt of medication

A

seizure activity

100
Q

what needs to be monitored on a client taking amphetamine mixtures (adderall)

A

height and weight need to be monitored

101
Q

for a family whose child has started on a stimulant for ADHD, teaching would include:

A

keeping the medication hidden from others who might steal it for abuse

102
Q

CNS stimulants will increase the levels of which neurotransmitter that are associated with concentration, memory, pleasure, and movement?

A

dopamine

103
Q

pimozide has been approved by the FDA to treat symptoms associated with which of these disorders

A

tourette’s disorder

104
Q

a nurse is teaching an adolescent client about his new prescription for imipramine which of the following are adverse effects of this medication?

A

constipation
dry mouth
urinary hesitancy
photophobia

105
Q

which medication is contraindicated in client with narrow angle glaucoma?

A

atomxetine

106
Q

TCA toxicity includes which of the following symptoms?

A

dysrhythmias
agitation
mental confusion
seizures

107
Q

which of the following are indications of liver damage which needs to be reported to the physician immediatley

A

sore throat
fever
yellow skin
itching

108
Q

no capacity for independent functioning. IQ below 20

A

profound IDD

109
Q

violates the rights of others and societal norms and rules. displays physical aggression and inability to control anger

A

conduct disorder

110
Q

negativitistic and defiant behavior including obstinacy, procrastination, disobedience, resistance to change and authority

A

oppositional defiant disorder

111
Q

may be trained in elementary hygiene skills. requires complete supervision. IQ 20-34

A

severe IDD

112
Q

withdrawal of the child into the self and into a fantasy world of his/her own creation

A

autism spectrum disorder

113
Q

developmentally inappropriate degrees of inattention, impulsiveness, hyperactivity,

A

attentition-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

114
Q

screams and throws temper tantrums at anticipated separation from mother.

fear of harm to self or mother

A

separation anxiety disorder

115
Q

is capable of developing social skills and independent living with assistance. IQ 50-70

A

mild intellectual developmental disorder (IDD)

116
Q

presence of multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics

A

tourette’s disorder

117
Q

capable of academic skill to second grade level. IQ 35-49

A

moderate IDD

118
Q

profanity with language

A

coprolalia

119
Q

contains the appetite regulation center within the brain

A

hypothalamus

120
Q

unable to respond and identify body cues

A

interoceptive deficits

121
Q

naming and expressing emotions

A

alexithymia

122
Q

poor boundaries, discourage individuality and direct expression of feelings

A

enmeshment

123
Q

is more prevalent than anorexia nervosa, with estimates up to 4% of young women

A

bulimia nervosa

124
Q

anorexia nervosa is what %

A

1

125
Q

the onset occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood

occurs primarily is societies that emphasize thinness

A

bulimia nervosa

126
Q

obesity = BMI of ?

A

30 or greater

127
Q

is more common among sisters and mothers of those with the disorder that it is among the general population

A

anorexia nervosa

128
Q

bulimia nervosa may be associated with the neurotransmitters?

A

serotonin & NE

129
Q

may be associated with high levels of endogenous opioids

A

anorexia nervosa

130
Q

AN is characterize by a morbid fear of ?

A

gaining weight

131
Q

symptoms of AN include gross _____ of body image, preoccupation with food, and refusal to eat

A

distortions

132
Q

weight loss in AN is ___ usually more than 15% of expected weight

A

extreme!

133
Q

other sx of AN

A 
hypothermia
bradycardia
hypotension
edema
lanugo
variety of metabolic changes
134
Q

is typical and may even precede significant weight loss

A

amenorrhea

135
Q

their be an obsession with ___ with AN

A

food

136
Q

feelings of what are common with AN?

A

depression & anxiety

137
Q

is an episodic, uncontrolled, compulsive, rapid ingestion of large quantities of food over a short period.

followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors to rid the body of the excess calories

A

bulimia nervosa

138
Q

what may also occur with BN

A

fasting or excessive exercise

139
Q

depression, anxiety, and substance abuse are not uncommon with?

A

BN

140
Q

excessive vomiting and laxative or diuretic use may lead to problems with?

A

dehydration and electrolyte imbalances

141
Q

the sick child becomes the problem, and the focus on the conflict is _____

A

diverted

142
Q

eating disorder is seen as a way to ?

A

gain control

143
Q

an eating disorder that can lead to obesity

A

binge eating disorder

144
Q

BED differs from BN in that the individual

A

doesn’t puke

PSYCH (5 decks)

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