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PSYCH exam 4! Flashcards

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1
Q

promotes equality in human relationships, enabling us to act in our own best interests, to stand up for ourselves without undue anxiety, to express honest feelings comfortable, to exercise personal rights without denying the rights of others

A

assertive behavior

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2
Q

helps us feel good about ourselves and increase our self-esteem.

A

assertive behavior

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3
Q

seek to please others at the expense of denying their own basic human rights

A

nonassertive people

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4
Q

stand up for their own rights while protecting the rights of others

A

assertive behavior.

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5
Q

they communicate tactfully, using lots of “I” statements

A

assertive behavior

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6
Q

defend their own basic rights by violating the basic rights of others

A

aggressive

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7
Q

individuals defend their own rights by expressing resistance and general obstructiveness in response to the expectations of others

A

passive-aggressive

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8
Q

goal of non assertive

A

to please others; to be liked by others

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9
Q

feelings on non-assertive

A

anxious, hurt, disappointed with self, angry, resentful

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10
Q

goals of assertive

A

to communicate effectively; to be respected by others

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11
Q

feelings on assertive

A

confident, successful, proud, self-respecting

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12
Q

goals of aggressive

A

to dominate or humiliate others

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13
Q

feelings of aggressive

A

self-righteous, controlling, superior

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14
Q

goals of passive–aggressive

A

to dominate through retaliation

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15
Q

feelings of passive-aggressive

A

anger, resentment, manipulated, controlled

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16
Q

persistently repeating in a calm voice what is wanted.

A

“broken record”

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17
Q

assertively accepting negative aspects about oneself; admitting when an error has been made

A

agreeing assertively

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18
Q

seeking additional info about critical statements

A

inquiring assertively

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19
Q

changing the focus of the communication from discussing the topic at hand to analyzing what is actually going on in the interaction.

A

shifting from content to process.

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20
Q

concurring with the critic’s argument without becoming defensive and without agreeing to change.

A

clouding/fogging

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21
Q

putting off further discussion with an angry individual until he or she is calmer

A

defusing

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22
Q

putting off further discussion with another individual until one is calmer

A

delaying assertively

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23
Q

allow an individual to take ownership for his/her feelings rather than saying they are caused by another person

A

“I” statements

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24
Q

were developed by psychiatrist Joseph Wolpe and are intended to eliminate intrusive, unwanted thoughts

A

thought stopping

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25
Q

is the cognitive or thinking component of the self, and generally refers to the totality of a complex, organized, and dynamic system of learned beliefs, attitudes and opinions that each person holds to be true about his or her personal existence

A

self-concept

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26
Q

subjective perception of one’s physical appearance based on self-evaluation and on reactions and feedback from others

A

body image

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27
Q

an individual’s ___ ____ may not be necessarily coincide with his/her actual appearance

A

body image

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28
Q

a disturbance in one’s body image may occur with changes in ___ or ____.

A

structure of function

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29
Q

examples in bodily structure include:

A

amputations
mastectomy
facial disfigurements

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30
Q

is that aspect of the personal identity that evaluates who the individual says he or she is

A

moral-ethical self

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31
Q

is the component of the personal identity that strives to maintain a stable self-image.

A

self-consistency

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32
Q

relates to an individual’s perception of what he or she wants to be, to do, or to become.

A

self-ideal/self-expectancy

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33
Q

refers to the degree of regard or respect that individuals have for themselves and is a measure of worth that they place on their abilities and judgements

A

self-esteem

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34
Q

it is important for individuals to have a feeling of control over their own life situation and an ability to claim some measure of influence over the behaviors of others

A

power

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35
Q

self-esteem is enhanced when individuals feel loves, respected, and cared for by significant others

A

significance

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36
Q

individuals feel good about themselves when their actions reflect a set of personal, moral, and ethical values

A

virtue.

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37
Q

positive self-esteem develops out of one’s ability to perform successfully or achieve self-expectations and the expectations of others

A

competence

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38
Q

a structured lifestyle demonstrates acceptance and caring and provides a feeling of security

A

consistently set limits

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39
Q

identified conditions of positive self-esteem

A

coopersmith

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40
Q

emphasized by parents and others who work with children when encouraging the growth and development of positive self-esteem

A

warren

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41
Q

what did warren focus on:

A 
a sense of competence
unconditional love
a sense of survival
realistic goals
a sense of responsibility
reality orientation
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42
Q

other factors found to be influential in the development of self-esteem include the following:

A

the responses of others
hereditary factors
environmental conditions

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43
Q

birth to 18 months

A

trust versus mistrust

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44
Q

18 months to 3 years

A

autonomy versus shame and doubt

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45
Q

3-6 years

A

initiative versus guilt

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46
Q

6-12

A

industry versus inferiority

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47
Q

12-20

A

identity versus role confusion

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48
Q

20-30

A

intimacy versus isolation

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49
Q

30-65

A

generativity versus stagnation

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50
Q

65 years to death

A

ego integrity verus despair

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51
Q

physical and psychological space of others

A

boundaries

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52
Q

individuals who are aware of their boundaries have a healthy __-___ because they must know and accept their inner selves.

A

self-esteem

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53
Q

occur when 2 people’s boundaries are so blended together that neither can be sure where one stops and the other begins, or one individual’s boundaries may be blurred with another’s

A

enmeshed boundaries

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54
Q

when are boundaries established?

A

childhood

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55
Q

unhealthy boundaries are the products of ____, ____ or ______ families

A

unhealthy
troubled
dysfunctional

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56
Q

in addition to the lack of positive role models, unhealthy boundaries may also be the result of ?

A

abuse or neglect

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57
Q

diagnoses that relate to self esteem

A

chronic low self esteem
situational low self esteem
risk for chronic low self esteem
risk for situational low self esteem

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58
Q

longstanding negative self-evaluating/feelings about self or self-capabilities

A

chronic low self esteem

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59
Q

development of a negative perception of self-worth in response to a current situation

A

situational low self-esteem

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60
Q

at risk for long standing negative self evaluating/feelings about self or self capabilities

A

risk for chronic low self-esteem

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61
Q

at risk for developing negative perception of self-worth in response to a current situation.

A

risk for situational low self esteem

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62
Q

neurocognitive disorders=

A

dementia

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63
Q

is a mental state characterized by a disturbance of cognition, which is manifested by confusion, excitement, disorientation, and a clouding of consciousness.

A

delirium

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64
Q

what’s common in delirium

A

hallucinations and illusions

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65
Q

is characterized by a disturbance in attention and awareness and a change in condition that develop rapidly over a short period

A

delirium

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66
Q

sx of delirium

A 
disorganized thinking
rambling speech
incoherent
reasoning ability are impaired
disorientation to time and place
misperceptions of the environment
disturbances in the sleep wake cycle
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67
Q

emotional instability may be manifested by ? in delirium

A 
fear
anxiety
depression
irritability
anger
euphoria
apathy
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68
Q

autonomic manifestations are common in delirium such as?

A 
tachycardia, 
sweating
flushed face
dilated pupils
elevated blood pressure
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69
Q

what can cause delirium?

A

medication

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70
Q

a term that is used to describe cognitive functions closely linked to particular areas of the brain that have to do with thinking, reasoning, memory, learning, and speaking

A

neurocognitive

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71
Q

has been a mild decline in neurocognitive fxn

A

mild neurocognitive disorder

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72
Q

a significant decline in cognitive function

A

major neurocognitive disorder

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73
Q

the cognitive deficits do not interfere with capacity for independence in everyday activites

A

mild neurocognitive disorder

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74
Q

the cognitive deficits interfere with independence in everyday activites

A

major neurocognitive disorder

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75
Q

the reversibility of NCD is dependent on ?

A

basked etiology of the disorder

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76
Q

truly reversible NCD occurs in only a small percentage of cars and might be more appropriately termed ____.

A

temporary

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77
Q

reversible NCD can occur as a result of ?

A 
cerebral lesions
depression
side effects of certain meds
normal pressure hydrocephalus
vitamin or nutritional deficiencies 
central nervous system infections
metabolic disorders
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78
Q

stage 1 Alzheimers

A

no apparent symtoms

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79
Q

stage 2 Alzheimers

A

forgetfulness

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80
Q

losses in ? memory are common in forgetfulness stage

A

short term memory

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81
Q

stage 3 Alzheimers

A

mild cognitive decline

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82
Q

stage 4 alzheimers

A

mild to moderate cognitive decline

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83
Q

creating imaginary events to fill in memory gaps.

during stage 4

A

confabulation

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84
Q

stage 5 Alzheimers:

A

moderate cognitive decline

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85
Q

stage 6 Alzheimers:

A

moderate to severe cognitive decline

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86
Q

symptoms seem to worsen in the late afternoon and evening.

during stage 6

A

sundowning

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87
Q

stage 7 Alzheimers:

A

severe cognitive decline

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88
Q

bedfast and aphasic

problems of immobility, such as decubuti and contractors may occur

A

stage 7

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89
Q

enzyme required to produce _____ is dramatically reduced in alzheimer patients

A

acetylcholine

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90
Q

an overabundance of structures called ___ and ___ appear in the brains of individuals of AD

A

plaques and tangles

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91
Q

are made of a protein called amyloid beta

A

plaques

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92
Q

individuals who have a history of head trauma are at risk for ?

A

AD

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93
Q

some studies indicate that early-onset cases are more likely to be ____ than late-onset cases.

A

famalial

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94
Q

1/3-1/2 of all AD cases may be of the ?

A

genetic form

95
Q

in _____ NCD, the syndrome of cognitive symptoms is due to significant cerebrovascular dx.

the blood vessels of the brain are affected, and progressive intellectual deterioration occurs.

A

vascular NCD

96
Q

vascular NCD varies from AD in that it has a more?

A

abrupt onset and runs a highly variable course

97
Q

in vascular NCD progression of the symptoms occurs as

?

A

“steps”

98
Q

at times the symptoms ___ in vascular NCD

A

clear up

99
Q

the cause of vascular NCD is directly related to an interruption of?

A

blood flow to the brain.

100
Q

what is thought to decrease the blood flow to the brain ?

A

High BP–> multiple small strokes or cerebral infarcts

101
Q

leads to damage to the lining of blood vessels

A

HTN

102
Q

occur as a result of shrinking of the frontal and temporal anterior lobes of the brain

A

frontotemporal NCD,

103
Q

symptoms of frontotemporal NCD tend to fall into 2 clinical patterns:

A

1) behavioral and personality change

2) speech and language problems

104
Q

common behavioral changes of frontotemporal NCD are

A

inappropriate actions

lack of judgement and inhibition

repetitive compulsive behavior

105
Q

caused by an impact to the head or other mechanisms of rapid movement or displacement of the brain within the skull

A

NCD due to traumatic brain injury

106
Q

the symptons of NCD due to traumatic brain injury can do what?

A

eventually subside or become permanent

107
Q

similar to AD

presence of Lewy bodies

highly sensitive to extrapyramidal effects of antipsychotic medications.

progressive & irrereversible

A

NCD with levy bodies

108
Q

eosinophilic inclusion bodies

A

lewy bodies

109
Q

tremors. closely resemble those of AD.

A

NCD due to parkinson’s disease

110
Q

NCD due to HIV infection

A

.

111
Q

persist beyond the usual duration of intoxication and acute withdrawal.

A

substance/medication-induced NCD

112
Q

cognitive impairment and ataxis

A

NCD due to huntington’s disease

113
Q

muscular incoordination

A

ataxia

114
Q

identified by its insidious onset, rapid progression, and manifestations of motor features of prion disease, such as myoclonus or ataxia, or biomarker evidence

A

NCD due to prion dx

115
Q

NCD due to another medial condition

examples

A

hypothyroidism
hyperparathyroidism
pituitary insufficiency
uremia

116
Q

a battery of _____ tests may be ordered as part of the diagnostic examination

A

psychological

117
Q

The results of the psychological testing will differentiate between

A

NCD and Pseudodementia

118
Q

depression

A

pseudodementia

119
Q

progression of symptoms for NCD

A

slow

120
Q

progression of symptoms for psuedodementia

A

rapid

121
Q

may wander

disorientated to time and place

A

NCD

122
Q

no wandering

oriented to time a place

A

psuedodementia

123
Q

sx worsen as day progresses

A

NCD

124
Q

better as day progresses

A

psuedodementia

125
Q

NANDA defines risk for trauma as

A

at risk of accidental tissue injury

126
Q

what to do for the agitated client?

A

maintain as low a level of stimuli as possible

127
Q

are problematic however because of their tendency to induce EPS effects

A

conventional antipsychotics

128
Q

the FDA has issued black box warnings against anti-psychotic use in elderly patients with

A

NCD-related psychosis

129
Q

have been associated with increased mortality in this patient population

A

antipsychotics

130
Q

how to act around the agitated client?

A

remain calm and understanding and avoid pressing the individual to do activities that he/she is refusing

131
Q

wandering behavior can also be attributed to physical causes such as

A

hunger
thirst
urinary or fecal urgency

132
Q

when the wandering behavior begins after a long period of stability, it is like that what is occuring?

A

a new complication

133
Q

examples of new complications occurring during wandering

A

medical
physiatric
cognitive

134
Q

may product the abrupt onset of wandering behavior

A

delirium

135
Q

what to do for clients who wander:

A

keep them on schedule of recreational activities

feeding and toileting schedule

provide safe place for wandering

ensure that exits are controlled

136
Q

short term goals for clients who wander

A

client will utilize measures provided to maintain reality orientation

client will experience fewer episodes of acute confusion

137
Q

for the client who is disoriented ?

A

use clocks and calendars

place large colorful signs

provide the client with radio, tv, and music

138
Q

there has been some criticism in recent years about reality orientation of individuals with NCD suggesting that???

A

constant relearning material contributes to problems with mood and self-esteem

139
Q

for the client with delusions and hallucinations:

A

discourage rumination of delusional thinking.

do not disagree with made up stories

never argue a point with the clients (it will increase their anxiety)

don’t ignore reports of hallucinations

140
Q

make sure patients experiencing hallucinations and delusions are wearing their?

A

glasses and hearing aid

141
Q

how to keep the client occupied to keep from having a hallucination or delusion?

A

distract the client

142
Q

it may be better to what rather than attempting to distract him or her?

A

go along with the client

143
Q

not all ____ are upsetting

A

hallucinations

144
Q

interventions for the client with hallucinations and delusions?

A

use simple words, speak slowly

use nonverbal gestures

ask only one question

145
Q

how to approach the client with hallucinations and delusions?

A

from the front

146
Q

family education about nature of the illness

A

possible causes
what to expect
symptoms

147
Q

management of the illness

A

ways to ensure client safety

how to maintain reality orientation

providing assistance with ADLs

nutritional info

difficult behaviors

med administration

matters r/t hygiene and toileting.

148
Q

cholinterase inhibitors

A

Donepezil
Rivastigmine
Galantamine

149
Q

NMDA receptor

A

memantine

150
Q

SE of Donepezil

A

dizziness
GI upset
headache
INSOMNIA

151
Q

SE of Rivastigmine

A

dizziness
GI upset
headache
FATIGUE

152
Q

SE of Galantamine

A

dizziness
GI upset
headache

153
Q

SE of memantine

A

dizziness
headache
CONSTIPATION

154
Q

what is common in AD and could even be a risk factor?

A

depression

155
Q

duration of the disorder is commonly brief

A

delirium

156
Q

client uses confabulation to hide cognitive deficits

A

NCD

157
Q

symptoms may be confused with depression

A

NCD

158
Q

can be caused by a series of small strokes

A

NCD

159
Q

is commonly reversible

A

delirium

160
Q

can occur as the result of seizures

A

delirium

161
Q

level of awareness is affected

A

BOTH

162
Q

reversibility occurs in only a small percentage of cases

A

NCD

163
Q

severe migraine headache can lead to this condition

A

delirium

164
Q

personality change is common

A

NCD

165
Q

illusions and hallucinations are common symptoms

A

delirium

166
Q

symptoms can occur as a result of cocaine intoxication

A

delirium

167
Q

symptoms can occur as a result of alcohol withdrawal

A

delirium

168
Q

can occur as a result of head trauma

A

both

169
Q

disturbance in memory is commonly the first symptom

A

NCD

170
Q

characterized by the use of alcohol to relieve the everyday stress and tensions of life

A

phase 1: prealcoholic phase

171
Q

begins with blackouts–brief period of amnesia that occur during or immediately following a period of drinking

alcohol is REQUIRED by the individual

A

phase 2:

early alcoholic stage

172
Q

individual has lost control and physiological addiction is clearly evident

A

phase 3: crucial phase

173
Q

emotional and physical disintegration. usually intoxicated more that he/she is sober

A

phase 4: chronic phase

174
Q

peripheral nerve damage that results in pain, burning, tingling or prickly sensations of the extremities

A

peripheral neuropathy

175
Q

the individual experiences sudden onset of muscle pain, swelling, and weakness

A

alcoholic myopathy

176
Q

is thought to be a result of B vitamin deficicey that contributes to peripheral neuropathy

A

alcoholic myopathy

177
Q

most serious form of thiamine deficiency in alcoholics

A

wernicke’s encephalopathy

178
Q

syndrome of confusion, loss of recent memory, and confabulation in alcoholics

A

kosakoff’s psychosis

179
Q

treat of korsakoff’s psychosis

A

thiamine replacement

180
Q

inflammation and pain in the esophagus–occurs because of the toxic effects of alcohol on the esophageal mucosa

A

esophagitis

181
Q

effects of alcohol on the stomach include inflammation of the stomach lining characterized by epigastric distress, nausea, vomiting, and distention

A

gastritis

182
Q

usually occurs 1-2 days after a binge of excessive alcohol consumption.

sxs include constant severe epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting and abd distention

A

acute pancreatitis

183
Q

leads to pancreatic insufficiency results in steatorrhea, malnutrition, weight loss, and DM

A

chronic pancreatitis

184
Q

from long-term heavy alcohol use.

enlarged and under liver, nausea and vomiting, lethargy, anorexia, elevated WBC count, fever, and jaundice.

ascites and weight loss may be evident in more severe cases

A

alcoholic hepatitis

185
Q

is the end-stage of alcoholic liver disease and results from long term chronic alcohol abuse

A

cirrhosis of the liver

186
Q

elevation of blood pressure through the portal circulation results from defective blood flow through the cirrhotic liver

A

portal HTN

187
Q

excessive samt of serous fluid accumulates in the abd.

A

ascites

188
Q

are veins in the esophagus that become distended because of excessive pressure from defective blood flow though the cirrhotic liver

A

esophageal varicees

189
Q

occurs in response to the inability of the disease liver to convert ammonia to urea for excretion

A

hepatic encephalopathy

190
Q

impaired WBC production

A

leukopenia

191
Q

plate production impaired

A

thrombocytopenia

192
Q

there may be problems with learning, memory, attention span, communication, vision, hearing or a combo of these.

A

FAS

193
Q

characteristics of FAS

A

abnormal facial features
small head size
intellectual disability

194
Q

intoxicate of alcohol levels

A

100-200

195
Q

when do you see alcohol withdrawal

A

4-12 hours after last drink

196
Q

examples of sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic use disorder drugs

A

barbiturates
nonbarbiturate hypnotics
antianxiety agents

197
Q

examples of stimulants

A 
amphetamines
synthetic stimulants
nonamphetamine stimulants
cocaine
caffeine
nicotine
198
Q

amphetamine and cocaine intoxication sxs of intoxication

A 
euphoria or affective blunting
changes in sociability
hypervigilance
interpersonal sensitivity
anxiety
tension or anger
sterotyped behaviors of impaired judgement
199
Q

intoxication from caffeine usually occurs following consumption in excess of

A

250 mg

200
Q

withdrawal of caffeine

A

headache, fatigue, drowsiness, dysphoric mood, irritability, difficulty concentrating

201
Q

effects on the body of opioid use disorder

A

CNS
GI
Cardiovascular
Sexual functioning

202
Q

use of hallucinogens is usually

A

episodic

203
Q

effects of cannabis on the body

A

cardiovascular (HTN)
respiratory effects (obstruction of airway)
reproductive effects (decreased sperm count)
CNS
sexual functioning (enhances sexual experience)

204
Q

what to do before seeing pt with substance abuse

A

must examine his/her own feelings about working with a client who abuses substances

205
Q

most common questionniare

A

CAGE questionnaire

206
Q

CAGE

A

should you CUT down your drinking?

have people ANNOYED you by criticizing your drinking?

have you felt GUILTY?

do you drink 1st thing in morning? (EYE-opener)

207
Q

the client has coexisting substance disorder and a mental illness, he/she may be experiencing what?

A

dual diagnosis

208
Q

2 NDs for withdrawing from substances

A

risk for injury

risk for suicide

209
Q

risk for injury examples

A

CNS agitation (tremors, elevated BP, N/V, hallucinations, illusions, tachycardia, anxiety, seizures)

210
Q

highest risk for suicide when withdrawing from which type of drug?

A

stimulants

211
Q

what is the most widely abused drug?

A

alcohol

212
Q

followed by?

A

narcotics

213
Q

a need to to define the dysfunctional behaviors that are evident among members of the family of a chemically addicted person.

all individuals from families that harbor secrets of physical or emotional abuse, other cruelties, or pathological conditions

A

codependecy

214
Q

the codependent person is able to achieve a sense of ____ only through fulfilling the needs of others.

A

control

215
Q

results in a syndrome of symptoms, that can produce a great deal of discomfort for the individual if they drink alcohol

A

disulfiram (antabuse)

216
Q

what should pts on antabuse avoid

A 
vanilla extract
aftershave
colognes
mouthwash
nail polish removers
isopropyl alcohol
217
Q

when does gambling disorder usually begin?

A

after the “big win”

218
Q

alcohol intoxication

A 
aggressiveness
impaired judgement
impaired attentition
irritability
euphoria
depression
emotional lability
slurred speech
incoordination
unsteady gait
nystagmus
flushed face
219
Q

withdrawal of alcohol

A 
tremors,
N/V
weakness
tachycardia
sweating
elevated BP
anxiety
depressed mood
irritability
hallucinations
headache
insomnia
seizures
220
Q

what is alcohol withdreawl usually treated with?

A

benzo

221
Q

amphetamines and related substances intoxication

A 
fighting
gradiosity
hypervigilance
psychomotor agitation
impaired judgement
tachy cardia
PUPIL DILATION
elevated BP
perspiration or chills
N/V
222
Q

amphetamines and related substances withdrawal

A 
anxiety
depressed mood
irritability
craving for the substance
fatigue
insomnia
psychomotor agitation
paranoid
SI
223
Q

withdrawal of caffeine

A

headache

224
Q

intoxication of cannibas

A 
euphoria
anxiety
suspiciousness
sensation of slowed time
impaired judgement
social withdrawal
tachycardia
conjuctival redness
increased appetite
hallucinations
225
Q

withdrawal of cannibas

A 
restlessness
irritability
insomnia
loss of appetite
depressed mood
tremors
fever
chills
headache
abd. pain
226
Q

cocaine intoxication

A 
euphoria
fighting
gradiosity
hypervigilance
psychomotor agitation
impaired judgement
tachycardia
elevated BP
PUPIL DILATION
perspiration or chills
N/V
hallucinations
delirium
227
Q

cocaine withdrawal

A 
depression
anxiety
irritability
fatigue
insomnia
psychomtor agitation
paranoid or SI
apathy
social withdrawal
228
Q

intoxication of inhalants

A 
beligirence
assaultiveness
apathy
impaired judgement
dizziness
nystagmus
slurred speech
unsteady gait
lethargy
depressed reflexes
tremor
blurred vision
stupor or coma
euphoria
irritation around the eyes throat and nose
229
Q

nicotine withdrawal

A 
cravings for the drug
irritability
anger
frustration
anxiety
difficulty concentrating
restlessness
decreased HR
increased appetite
weight gain
tremor
headaches
insomnia
230
Q

opioid intoxication

A 
euphoria
lethargy
somnolence
apathy
dysphoria
impaired judgement
pupillary constriction
drowsiness
slurred speech
constipation
nausea
decreased respiratory rate and BP
231
Q

withdrawal of opioids

A 
cravings for the drug
N/V
muscle aches
lacrimation or rhinorrhea
pupillary dilation
piloerection or sweating
diarrhea
yawning
fever
insomnia
232
Q

sedative intoxication

A 
disinhibition of sexual or aggressive impulses
mood lability
impaired judgement
slurred speech
incoodination
unsteady gait
impairment in attentition or memory disorientation
confusion
233
Q

withdrawal of sedatives

A 
N/V
malaise
weakness
tachycardia
sweating
anxiety
irritability
orthostatic hypotension
tremor
insomnia
seizures

PSYCH (5 decks)

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