Psych Exam 4

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT an essential feature of a regulatory system?

Answer 1

A motivator

Question 2

The optimum value of a system variable is called a

Answer 2

set point

Question 3

The study by Lepper and colleagues, in which children were rewarded for drawing during
play periods, showed that giving an extrinsic reward will not reduce behavior if the
reward is

Answer 3

unexpected

Question 4

Learning that an aversive event can neither be avoided nor escaped is called learned

Answer 4

helplessness

Question 5

A_________ specifies the conditions that must be satisfied before a response will produce a
reinforcer.

Answer 5

schedule of reinforcement

Question 6

Phoning someone when you don’t know whether her or his cell phone is turned on, means
that sometimes the person doesn’t answer when you phone. If answering is the reinforcer
and phoning is the response, then it could be said that a(n)__________ schedule of
reinforcement is in place.

Answer 6

intermittent

Question 7

Which of the following statements about schedules of reinforcement is FALSE?

Answer 7

The conditions that follow a reinforcer response acquire the greatest control of the
response.

Question 8

Despite her parents’ repeated refusals, a child repeatedly pesters her parents for a new toy
whenever they are at the store. Instead of assuming that the child is highly motivated, it
may be more productive to view her behavior as that produced by a __________ schedule
of reinforcement.

Answer 8

variable-ratio

Question 9

The body’s long-term store of nutrients is

Answer 9

adipose tissue.

Question 10

Since the brain only metabolizes __________, it must depend on __________ when the
body’s short-term reservoir is depleted.

Answer 10

glucose; glycerol

Question 11

People with anorexia nervosa

Answer 11

have an intense fear of becoming obese.

Question 12

Bulimia nervosa is characterized by

an

Answer 12

overeating and then purging of the food.

Question 13

Twin studies by Bailey and colleagues showed that concordance rates of homosexuality
were

Answer 13

higher for identical twins.

Question 14

Research evidence indicates that two biological factors are most likely to influence a
person’s sexual orientation. These are

Answer 14

prenatal hormonal exposure and heredity.

Question 15

Amy’s parents often spanked her for her misbehavior during her youth. When Amy
becomes a parent, she

Answer 15

is more likely to spank her children for their misdeeds.

Question 16

Extensive research on the effects of viewing violence on television may be summarized by
stating that

Answer 16

there is a positive correlation between the amount of violent media programming
viewed by children and subsequent aggressive behavior.

Question 17

Emotions appear to serve useful social functions in any culture because they

Answer 17

communicate important information to other members of that culture.

Question 18

After receiving a pass, you score a goal in a soccer match. Your emotional expression of
elation is most likely to occur

Answer 18

when your teammates surround you in celebration.

Question 19

Hohmann’s research showed that the higher the damage on the spinal cord, the

Answer 19

less intense his or her feelings are.

Question 20

Hohmann directly tested James’ theory by using human subjects with spinal cord
damage. Hohmann found that

Answer 20

subjects with high spinal cord injuries had less intense feelings of emotion than
subjects with lower spinal cord injuries.

Question 21

Stress is all of the following EXCEPT

Answer 21

a subjective response only to real threats.

Question 22

A stressor is

Answer 22

a stimulus.

Question 23

Which hormone releases the stored form of glucose present in the muscles to provide
energy for strenuous effort?

Answer 23

Epinephrine

Question 24

Overall, studies conducted to determine the relationship between type A behavior and an
increased risk of coronary heart disease have

Answer 24

produced inconsistent results.

Question 25

An emerging understanding of the inconsistent results in research on type A personality and coronary heart disease now focuses on

Answer 25

how the personality type is measured.

Question 26

``` Any coping behavior that is directed at changing your own response to the stressor is called a(n) __________-focused coping strategy. ```

Answer 26

emotion

Question 27

Any coping behavior that is directed at reducing or eliminating a stressor is called a(n) __________-focused coping strategy.

Answer 27

problem

Question 28

During the __________ phase of stress inoculation training, the client learns selfmonitoring skills to help control maladaptive thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Answer 28

conceptualization

Question 29

Elayna is seeking therapy for problems she is having at work. She has been extremely anxious lately about the increasing pressure she feels her boss is placing on her to meet the company's report deadlines. Elayna is nervous at work, is beginning to resent her boss, and is generally unhappy. Her therapist tells her that together they will develop a program that will develop her coping skills and decrease her susceptibility to the negative effects of stress. This therapy will involve three phases and seven very specific goals. The kind of therapy that Janet is receiving is called stress __________ training.

Answer 29

inoculation

Question 30

Mental health professionals holding the medical perspective view mental disorders to be the result of

Answer 30

malfunctioning of the brain and nervous system.

Question 31

Mental health professionals holding the cognitive-behavioral perspective view mental disorders to be the result of

Answer 31

learned maladaptive behavior patterns.

Question 32

The current authoritative source for classifying mental disorders is the

Answer 32

DSM-IV-TR.

Question 33

Factitious mental disorders are disorders that

Answer 33

involve false reports of symptoms.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the DSM-IV-TR?

Answer 34

It attempts to be comprehensive in its scope.

Question 35

A problem with labeling people who have a mental disorder is that

Answer 35

a label only describes the symptoms of a disorder; it does not explain them.

Question 36

Both __________ disorder and __________ disorder are part of the category of anxiety disorders.

Answer 36

panic; obsessive-compulsive

Question 37

Just as he was about to get out of his chair to present his report to his classmates, Lucien felt as if he was going to die. He suddenly developed a shortness of breath and felt dizzy. Lucien was experiencing __________ disorder.

Answer 37

panic

Question 38

An irresistible urge to repeat an action over and over again is called a(n)

Answer 38

compulsion.

Question 39

Research by Öhman and colleagues involved classical conditioning and used skin conductance as a measure of conditioned emotional responses. They found that

Answer 39

the use of fear-relevant stimuli produced the response.

Question 40

Mason has just experienced a particularly nasty divorce. He suddenly begins to experience large voids in his memory of himself, his ex-wife, and their marriage. Mason is most likely experiencing

Answer 40

dissociative amnesia.

Question 41

Mason has just experienced a particularly nasty divorce. He suddenly loses total recall of his memories of himself, his ex-wife, and their marriage. Shortly thereafter, Mason moves to a different city and now calls himself "Ned." Mason's case illustrates

Answer 41

dissociative fugue.

Question 42

One problem with estimating the prevalence rates for antisocial personality disorder is that

Answer 42

people with the disorder do not voluntarily seek help for their problems.

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an individual suffering from antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 43

Fear of punishment

Question 44

People who become binge drinkers generally develop their pattern of drinking

Answer 44

after the age of 25.

Question 45

Steady drinkers

Answer 45

have a strong tendency to seek novelty and excitement.

Question 46

People who have been diagnosed as having schizophrenia and who exhibit poverty of speech, flattened affect, a lack of ability to experience pleasure, and a lack of initiative

Answer 46

are said to have negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Question 47

A person with __________ schizophrenia experiences delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized behavior, but does not meet the criteria to be classified as having paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic schizophrenia.

Answer 47

undifferentiated

Question 48

Of the following persons, who is most likely to be diagnosed as having schizophrenia?

Answer 48

The sibling of a person with schizophrenia

Question 49

Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia who are given amphetamines, show

Answer 49

an increase in the expression of their symptoms.

Question 50

In the families of persons with schizophrenia, "expressed emotion" includes expressions of __________ as well as family members' emotional over-involvement.

Answer 50

criticism and hostility

Question 51

Cross-cultural research on expressed emotion has shown that

Answer 51

it tends to be higher in industrialized than nonindustrialized countries.

Question 52

A depressed person who makes the statement, "I am a failure at everything I do and I will never be good at anything I do," is said to have a(n) __________ attributional style.

Answer 52

dispositional

Question 53

Depressed people tend to explain the negative events that happen to them, with a(n) __________ style of attribution.

Answer 53

dispositional

Question 54

Panic attacks

Answer 54

may result from an inherited tendency to overreact to bodily sensations.

Question 55

People with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Answer 55

realize that their thoughts and behaviors are excessive and unreasonable.

Question 56

As an example of false-positive diagnoses of psychological disorders, Wakefield and colleagues estimate that ____________ of those diagnosed with major depressive disorder are actually only suffering from natural bereavement and therefore receive improper clinical attention.

Answer 56

25%

Question 57

Your friend wonders if her son could be diagnosed with ADHD. He has suddenly begun making careless errors on his school work, can't seem to pay attention to anything for long, and is always either talking or moving. In order to help your friend, you ask how old her son is since ADHD symptoms must occur by or before the age of

Answer 57

7 years.

Question 58

Stanley has just returned from military deployment in Iraq. He suffers flashbacks of the violence he experienced there to the point that he "feels no emotion" and prefers to be alone. What do you suspect he does to alleviate his condition?

Answer 58

He is most likely drinking alcohol excessively.

Question 59

Which disorder does Bliss consider to be a form of self-hypnosis that allows individuals to escape the traumatically painful experiences of a horrific childhood?

Answer 59

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Question 60

Of the following historical figures, who was among the first persons to recognize that people accused of practicing witchcraft were probably suffering from mental illness?

Answer 60

Wier

Question 61

The procedure known as trephining involved

Answer 61

drilling a hole in the skull of a person to let out demonic spirits.

Question 62

As a __________ therapist, Dr. Warhol endeavors to enhance her clients' feelings of selfworth by reducing incongruence.

Answer 62

humanistic

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT an insight therapy?

Answer 63

systematic desensitization

Question 64

Countertransference is to __________ as transference is to __________.

Answer 64

the therapist; the client

Question 65

Freud believed that transference is beneficial to the therapeutic process because it

Answer 65

provides a medium through which the client relives important early experiences.

Question 66

Which therapy emphasizes the unity of body and mind?

Answer 66

Gestalt therapy

Question 67

The empty chair technique is a tool specifically used in

Answer 67

Gestalt therapy.

Question 68

In the beginning stages of therapy, systematic desensitization __________ arousal whereas in vivo exposure __________ arousal.

Answer 68

decreases; increases

Question 69

The form of therapy in which a person's fears are aroused intensely until they eventually subside through extinction is called

Answer 69

imaginal exposure.

Question 70

Bandura's use of modeling to eliminate fear of snakes was successful for __________ percent of those people who participated.

Answer 70

92

Question 71

A therapy for the elimination of phobias through vicarious extinction is

Answer 71

modeling.

Question 72

The first form of cognitive restructuring, which is called __________, was developed by __________.

Answer 72

rational-emotive therapy; Ellis

Question 73

__________ is based on the belief that psychological problems are caused by how people think about upsetting events more than by the upsetting situations themselves.

Answer 73

Rational-emotive therapy

Question 74

All of the following are characteristics of exposure therapy EXCEPT

Answer 74

being specifically directed toward mood disorders and especially depression.

Question 75

Cognitive-behavioral therapies fit with several current social influences. Which of the following is one of these influences noted by Dobson and Khatri in their research?

Answer 75

Concern with briefness and affordability of therapy

Question 76

Once a family therapist gains insight into the family structure, his or her next task is to

Answer 76

restructure it by replacing maladaptive interactions with more effective and functional ones.

Question 77

The family therapy approach that involves observing a family's interactions and drawing simple diagrams of those interactions is called __________ therapy.

Answer 77

structural family

Question 78

Which of the following is an example of a primary prevention program?

Answer 78

An educational program about AIDS

Question 79

The prompt identification of a problem, along with immediate attempts to intervene before the problem worsens, is the objective of community psychology programs emphasizing

Answer 79

secondary prevention.

Question 80

Smith and colleagues' meta-analysis of the outcome effectiveness of the major forms of therapy showed that

Answer 80

all of these are more effective than no therapy.

Question 81

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Answer 81

The matter of sexual relations between therapists and their clients continues to be an issue in the practice of therapy.

Question 82

Which antipsychotic drug that is used to treat schizophrenia affects negative as well as positive symptoms and does not produce tardive dyskinesia?

Answer 82

Clozapine

Question 83

Which drawback of the older antipsychotic formulations does Clozapine, a newer antipsychotic drug, overcome?

Answer 83

Tardive dyskinesia

Question 84

Which of the following statements about the benzodiazepines is FALSE?

Answer 84

They are more effective in the treatment of anxiety than cognitive-behavior therapy.

Question 85

The therapeutic benefit of ECT rests in the __________ that it produces.

Answer 85

seizures

Question 86

A(n) __________ has a Ph.D., Psy.D., or Ed.D. and addresses vocational, educational, or personal issues in her or his practice.

Answer 86

counseling psychologist

Question 87

All of the following questions are those you should answer before seeking any kind of help from a therapist EXCEPT

Answer 87

"Is the therapist eclectic or more narrowly specialized?"

Question 88

Ethical standards for psychologists

Answer 88

have been established by the American Psychological Association.

Question 89

Lithium carbonate is most effective in the treatment of

Answer 89

the bipolar disorders.