Psych Exam 4 Flashcards
Which of the following is NOT an essential feature of a regulatory system?
A motivator
The optimum value of a system variable is called a
set point
The study by Lepper and colleagues, in which children were rewarded for drawing during
play periods, showed that giving an extrinsic reward will not reduce behavior if the
reward is
unexpected
Learning that an aversive event can neither be avoided nor escaped is called learned
helplessness
A_________ specifies the conditions that must be satisfied before a response will produce a
reinforcer.
schedule of reinforcement
Phoning someone when you don’t know whether her or his cell phone is turned on, means
that sometimes the person doesn’t answer when you phone. If answering is the reinforcer
and phoning is the response, then it could be said that a(n)__________ schedule of
reinforcement is in place.
intermittent
Which of the following statements about schedules of reinforcement is FALSE?
The conditions that follow a reinforcer response acquire the greatest control of the
response.
Despite her parents’ repeated refusals, a child repeatedly pesters her parents for a new toy
whenever they are at the store. Instead of assuming that the child is highly motivated, it
may be more productive to view her behavior as that produced by a __________ schedule
of reinforcement.
variable-ratio
The body’s long-term store of nutrients is
adipose tissue.
Since the brain only metabolizes __________, it must depend on __________ when the
body’s short-term reservoir is depleted.
glucose; glycerol
People with anorexia nervosa
have an intense fear of becoming obese.
Bulimia nervosa is characterized by
an
overeating and then purging of the food.
Twin studies by Bailey and colleagues showed that concordance rates of homosexuality
were
higher for identical twins.
Research evidence indicates that two biological factors are most likely to influence a
person’s sexual orientation. These are
prenatal hormonal exposure and heredity.
Amy’s parents often spanked her for her misbehavior during her youth. When Amy
becomes a parent, she
is more likely to spank her children for their misdeeds.
Extensive research on the effects of viewing violence on television may be summarized by
stating that
there is a positive correlation between the amount of violent media programming
viewed by children and subsequent aggressive behavior.
Emotions appear to serve useful social functions in any culture because they
communicate important information to other members of that culture.
After receiving a pass, you score a goal in a soccer match. Your emotional expression of
elation is most likely to occur
when your teammates surround you in celebration.
Hohmann’s research showed that the higher the damage on the spinal cord, the
less intense his or her feelings are.
Hohmann directly tested James’ theory by using human subjects with spinal cord
damage. Hohmann found that
subjects with high spinal cord injuries had less intense feelings of emotion than
subjects with lower spinal cord injuries.
Stress is all of the following EXCEPT
a subjective response only to real threats.
A stressor is
a stimulus.
Which hormone releases the stored form of glucose present in the muscles to provide
energy for strenuous effort?
Epinephrine
Overall, studies conducted to determine the relationship between type A behavior and an
increased risk of coronary heart disease have
produced inconsistent results.
An emerging understanding of the inconsistent results in research on type A personality
and coronary heart disease now focuses on
how the personality type is measured.
Any coping behavior that is directed at changing your own response to the stressor is called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-focused coping strategy.
emotion
Any coping behavior that is directed at reducing or eliminating a stressor is called a(n)
__________-focused coping strategy.
problem
During the __________ phase of stress inoculation training, the client learns selfmonitoring
skills to help control maladaptive thinking, feeling, and behaving.
conceptualization
Elayna is seeking therapy for problems she is having at work. She has been extremely
anxious lately about the increasing pressure she feels her boss is placing on her to meet
the company’s report deadlines. Elayna is nervous at work, is beginning to resent her
boss, and is generally unhappy. Her therapist tells her that together they will develop a
program that will develop her coping skills and decrease her susceptibility to the negative
effects of stress. This therapy will involve three phases and seven very specific goals. The
kind of therapy that Janet is receiving is called stress __________ training.
inoculation
Mental health professionals holding the medical perspective view mental disorders to be the
result of
malfunctioning of the brain and nervous system.
Mental health professionals holding the cognitive-behavioral perspective view mental
disorders to be the result of
learned maladaptive behavior patterns.
The current authoritative source for classifying mental disorders is the
DSM-IV-TR.
Factitious mental disorders are disorders that
involve false reports of symptoms.
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the DSM-IV-TR?
It attempts to be comprehensive in its scope.
A problem with labeling people who have a mental disorder is that
a label only describes the symptoms of a disorder; it does not explain them.
Both __________ disorder and __________ disorder are part of the category of anxiety
disorders.
panic; obsessive-compulsive
Just as he was about to get out of his chair to present his report to his classmates, Lucien
felt as if he was going to die. He suddenly developed a shortness of breath and felt dizzy.
Lucien was experiencing __________ disorder.
panic
An irresistible urge to repeat an action over and over again is called a(n)
compulsion.
Research by Öhman and colleagues involved classical conditioning and used skin
conductance as a measure of conditioned emotional responses. They found that
the use of fear-relevant stimuli produced the response.
Mason has just experienced a particularly nasty divorce. He suddenly begins to experience
large voids in his memory of himself, his ex-wife, and their marriage. Mason is most likely
experiencing
dissociative amnesia.
Mason has just experienced a particularly nasty divorce. He suddenly loses total recall of
his memories of himself, his ex-wife, and their marriage. Shortly thereafter, Mason moves
to a different city and now calls himself “Ned.” Mason’s case illustrates
dissociative fugue.
One problem with estimating the prevalence rates for antisocial personality disorder is
that
people with the disorder do not voluntarily seek help for their problems.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an individual suffering from antisocial
personality disorder?
Fear of punishment
People who become binge drinkers generally develop their pattern of drinking
after the age of 25.
Steady drinkers
have a strong tendency to seek novelty and excitement.
People who have been diagnosed as having schizophrenia and who exhibit poverty of
speech, flattened affect, a lack of ability to experience pleasure, and a lack of initiative
are said to have negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
A person with __________ schizophrenia experiences delusions, hallucinations, and
disorganized behavior, but does not meet the criteria to be classified as having paranoid,
disorganized, or catatonic schizophrenia.
undifferentiated
Of the following persons, who is most likely to be diagnosed as having schizophrenia?
The sibling of a person with schizophrenia
Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia who are given amphetamines, show
an increase in the expression of their symptoms.
In the families of persons with schizophrenia, “expressed emotion” includes expressions
of __________ as well as family members’ emotional over-involvement.
criticism and hostility
Cross-cultural research on expressed emotion has shown that
it tends to be higher in industrialized than nonindustrialized countries.
A depressed person who makes the statement, “I am a failure at everything I do and I
will never be good at anything I do,” is said to have a(n) __________ attributional style.
dispositional
Depressed people tend to explain the negative events that happen to them, with a(n)
__________ style of attribution.
dispositional
Panic attacks
may result from an inherited tendency to overreact to bodily sensations.
People with obsessive-compulsive disorder
realize that their thoughts and behaviors are excessive and unreasonable.
As an example of false-positive diagnoses of psychological disorders, Wakefield and
colleagues estimate that ____________ of those diagnosed with major depressive disorder
are actually only suffering from natural bereavement and therefore receive improper
clinical attention.
25%
Your friend wonders if her son could be diagnosed with ADHD. He has suddenly begun
making careless errors on his school work, can’t seem to pay attention to anything for
long, and is always either talking or moving. In order to help your friend, you ask how
old her son is since ADHD symptoms must occur by or before the age of
7 years.
Stanley has just returned from military deployment in Iraq. He suffers flashbacks of the
violence he experienced there to the point that he “feels no emotion” and prefers to be
alone. What do you suspect he does to alleviate his condition?
He is most likely drinking alcohol excessively.
Which disorder does Bliss consider to be a form of self-hypnosis that allows individuals
to escape the traumatically painful experiences of a horrific childhood?
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Of the following historical figures, who was among the first persons to
recognize that people accused of practicing witchcraft were probably
suffering from mental illness?
Wier
The procedure known as trephining involved
drilling a hole in the skull of a person to let out demonic spirits.
As a __________ therapist, Dr. Warhol endeavors to enhance her clients’ feelings of selfworth
by reducing incongruence.
humanistic
Which of the following is NOT an insight therapy?
systematic desensitization
Countertransference is to __________ as transference is to __________.
the therapist; the client
Freud believed that transference is beneficial to the therapeutic process because it
provides a medium through which the client relives important early experiences.
Which therapy emphasizes the unity of body and mind?
Gestalt therapy
The empty chair technique is a tool specifically used in
Gestalt therapy.
In the beginning stages of therapy, systematic desensitization __________ arousal whereas
in vivo exposure __________ arousal.
decreases; increases
The form of therapy in which a person’s fears are aroused intensely until they eventually
subside through extinction is called
imaginal exposure.
Bandura’s use of modeling to eliminate fear of snakes was successful for __________
percent of those people who participated.
92
A therapy for the elimination of phobias through vicarious extinction is
modeling.
The first form of cognitive restructuring, which is called __________, was developed by
__________.
rational-emotive therapy; Ellis
__________ is based on the belief that psychological problems are caused by how people
think about upsetting events more than by the upsetting situations themselves.
Rational-emotive therapy
All of the following are characteristics of exposure therapy EXCEPT
being specifically directed toward mood disorders and especially depression.
Cognitive-behavioral therapies fit with several current social influences. Which of the
following is one of these influences noted by Dobson and Khatri in their research?
Concern with briefness and affordability of therapy
Once a family therapist gains insight into the family structure, his or her next task is to
restructure it by replacing maladaptive interactions with more effective and
functional ones.
The family therapy approach that involves observing a family’s interactions and drawing
simple diagrams of those interactions is called __________ therapy.
structural family
Which of the following is an example of a primary prevention program?
An educational program about AIDS
The prompt identification of a problem, along with immediate attempts to intervene
before the problem worsens, is the objective of community psychology programs
emphasizing
secondary prevention.
Smith and colleagues’ meta-analysis of the outcome effectiveness of the major forms of
therapy showed that
all of these are more effective than no therapy.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
The matter of sexual relations between therapists and their clients continues to be
an issue in the practice of therapy.
Which antipsychotic drug that is used to treat schizophrenia affects negative as well as
positive symptoms and does not produce tardive dyskinesia?
Clozapine
Which drawback of the older antipsychotic formulations does Clozapine, a newer
antipsychotic drug, overcome?
Tardive dyskinesia
Which of the following statements about the benzodiazepines is FALSE?
They are more effective in the treatment of anxiety than cognitive-behavior
therapy.
The therapeutic benefit of ECT rests in the __________ that it produces.
seizures
A(n) __________ has a Ph.D., Psy.D., or Ed.D. and addresses vocational, educational, or
personal issues in her or his practice.
counseling psychologist
All of the following questions are those you should answer before seeking any kind of
help from a therapist EXCEPT
“Is the therapist eclectic or more narrowly specialized?”
Ethical standards for psychologists
have been established by the American Psychological Association.
Lithium carbonate is most effective in the treatment of
the bipolar disorders.
