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Psychology > Chapter 7-8-9 > Flashcards

Chapter 7-8-9 Flashcards

1
Q

A perception is to _____ as a sensation is to _____.

A

the scene; the elements

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2
Q

Visual perception occurs in the

A

brain

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3
Q

Thea watched a flock of brightly colored parrots fly from one tree to another. Information
about their shape and color were combined into three-dimensional form perception in the
visual association cortex of the lower part of the __________ lobe.

A

Temporal

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4
Q

If you are shown a model of a house, which of the streams of the visual association cortex
is involved in your perception of its form?

A

The ventral stream

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5
Q

A neurological patient has normal visual acuity and visual defection. She can also read normally, but she is unable to recognize objects visually by their shape. Most likely she has damage in her

A

Visual association cortex of the temporal lobe.

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6
Q

Because of damage to a visual association cortex, Henry has a problem recognizing all
kinds of objects. However, his visual acuity is normal and he can still perceive color,
movement, and fine details. Henry has a condition called

A

Visual agnosia

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7
Q

“The whole is more than the sum of its parts” actually means

A

the meaning of a visual stimulus cannot be recognized by mere analysis of its
separate elements.

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8
Q

To perceive stimuli that are positioned closest together as belonging together is the Gestalt
law of

A

proximity

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9
Q

Most psychologists view the template model of pattern recognition as

A

unworkable because it would demand virtually infinite memory.

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10
Q

A _________ is a hypothetical idealized pattern that resides in the nervous system and is
used flexibly to perceive patterns without requiring an exact match.

A

prototype

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11
Q

Which of the following findings is NOT predicted by the distinctive features model of
visual pattern recognition?

A

More complex patterns take less time to recognize.

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12
Q

Since the 1950s, theories in cognitive psychology have made the __________the primary
source of analogies.

A

computer

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13
Q

Serial is to _________ as parallel is to _________.

A

consecutive; simultaneous

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14
Q

The model of cognitive functioning that most directly reflects the way the brain seems to
be constructed is the __________ model.

A

neural network

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15
Q

Vision for perception is to __________ as vision for action is to __________.

A

what; where

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16
Q

In the case of Dee, her deficits were attributable to the loss of functions associated with the
__________ stream.

A

ventral

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17
Q

When viewing nearby objects, the angle between the eyes is __________ when viewing
distant objects.

A

larger than

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18
Q

Stereograms produce the perception of a 3-dimensional object because

A

each eye receives a slightly different image of the visual scene.

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19
Q

The top of a convex item appears light-colored while the bottom appears darker. The item
appears to be illuminated from directly above. The cue to depth to be at work in this
context is called

A

shading

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20
Q

Which cue in depth perception does not tell us much about the absolute distance to an
object but does tell us which parts of the object are closer or further away?

A

Shading

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21
Q

The major advocate of the linguistic relativity hypothesis was

A

Roberson.

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22
Q

The finding that all cultures agree on what categories of colors merit names, suggests that
__________ is what causes the selection of color names.

A

the physiology of the human visual system

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23
Q

Size constancy over different distances depends on

A

the viewer’s knowledge of the actual size of the object.

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24
Q

A person walking around in a room where you are sitting is sometimes seen from the
front, the back, or the side. Yet despite these quite different images, you perceive that
the person remains the same one. This is an example of the principles of

A

shape constancy.

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25
Q

In which brain region does three-dimensional perception of object size, shape,
orientation, and color take place?

A

Second level of visual association cortex in the lower temporal lobe

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26
Q

A person with visual agnosia can no longer

A

recognize objects by sight.

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27
Q

Which monocular cue in depth perception cannot be represented realistically in a
drawing?

A

Motion parallax

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28
Q

The linguistic relativity hypothesis states that language

A

not only expresses ideas and perceptions but shapes them as well.

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29
Q

If you have no difficulty reading “naeurl rycclenig” as “neural recycling,” you are
processing the ____________ of the words.

A

“outer boundaries”

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30
Q

Which part of the ventral stream is particularly sensitive to depictions of human body
parts?

A

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

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31
Q

The process by which sensory information is converted into a form
that can be useful to the brain’s memory system is called

A

encoding.

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32
Q

When you were a child you probably learned a rhyme for
remembering the alphabet. This was a technique that helped you
with the _________ of this information, one of the basic cognitive
processes of memory.

A

encoding

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33
Q

The form of memory that has the shortest duration is called __________ memory.

A

sensory

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34
Q

Which of the following is NOT a feature of sensory memory?

A

It receives its input from the first form of memory.

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35
Q

When Sperling’s subjects were asked to recall as many of the 9 letters as they could, how
many did they typically recall?

A

4 or 5

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36
Q

Echoic memory’s longer duration means that it is useful in processing

A

spoken language

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37
Q

If not rehearsed, information stays in short-term memory for less than _________ seconds.

A

20

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38
Q

To prevent the participants in their experiment from rehearsing information, Peterson
and Peterson

A

asked participants to count backwards from a given number.

39
Q

According to Conrad’s research on phonological short-term memory, which kind of error
would someone be LEAST likely to make?

A

Writing an F when seeing a T

40
Q

While writing an exam, you write the word “receive.” Then you hesitate over the order of the vowels in that word. In order to clarify the situation you recall and recite in your head
the rhyme “I before E except after C.” Which aspect of phonological short-term memory
does this illustrate?

A

Subvocal articulation

41
Q

Nairne’s juggler metaphor of short-term memory makes the basic assumption that
information

A

decays

42
Q

Each of the following is characteristic of long-term memory EXCEPT

A

a fixed chunk size.

43
Q

Salaam is studying a list of psychology terms by associating each of them to everyday
experiences. In this way she is trying to make the terms as relevant as possible to her life.
Her method of studying illustrates __________ rehearsal.

A

elaborative

44
Q

Craik and Tulving’s research using sentences of different complexity suggested that
complex sentences

A

produce more elaboration, which leads to better retention of the information that is
presented.

45
Q

Which type of information processing is NOT considered effortful?

A

Automatic

46
Q

Automatic processing is to __________ as effortful processing is to __________.

A

remembering your name; remembering the capital of Zimbabwe

47
Q

Techniques or strategies that are specifically used to enhance memory are called

A

mnemonic systems.

48
Q

The key to the effectiveness of any mnemonic system is that it

A

makes use of information already stored in memory.

49
Q

Conceptual information is stored in __________ memory.

A

semantic

50
Q

Episodic memory is to _________ as semantic memory is to _________.

A

context; concept

51
Q

An accomplished cellist’s memories of how to play a Bach sonata on the cello are

A

implicit.

52
Q

Implicit memory is to __________ memory as explicit memory is to __________ memory.

A

procedural; declarative

53
Q

The brain damage that leads to anterograde amnesia

A

interferes with the formation of new explicit memories.

54
Q

The hippocampus, located in the __________ lobe is important for the formation of new
__________ memories.

A

temporal; explicit

55
Q

Contextual variables that aid recollection are termed

A

retrieval cues.

56
Q

Arlo has a big exam in psychology coming up next week. Based on what you know about
retrieval cues, you correctly advise him to

A

study for the exam in the classroom in which he will take the exam.

57
Q

Pretrial investigations of eyewitness testimony may bias that testimony by encouraging
witnesses to focus on

A

recalling as many details as possible.

58
Q

Information about any given episode can be more efficiently stored using

A

a few unique details.

59
Q

The failure to retrieve information we know we possess is the “memory sin” that
Schacter refers to as

A

blocking.

60
Q

Sperling showed participants a set of 9 letters, and they could not recall more than 4 or 5
of them correctly because

A

the visual stimulus fades quickly from iconic memory.

61
Q

The only evidence that other people are conscious is

A

that they tell us they are.

62
Q

The ability to reach for objects accurately while remaining unaware of
seeing them is called __________ and indicates that consciousness
__________.

A

blindsight; is not a property of all parts of the brain

63
Q

Self-awareness appears to be the result of our

A

ability to communicate.

64
Q

Consciousness is each of the following EXCEPT

A

a general property of all parts of the brain.

65
Q

In Libet’s studies of people’s awareness of the intention to move their
hands, he also measured electrical activity in the brain, prior to the
movement. This electrical activity was termed the

A

readiness potential.

66
Q

In his study of people’s estimates of when they first became aware of the intention to move
their hands, Libet showed that

A

the readiness potential preceded the intention.

67
Q

Keiji is participating in a study on auditory perception in which he must repeat back the
verbal information that is being channeled into one of his ears through a set of
headphones. In this study, Keiji is __________ the message presented to this ear.

A

shadowing

68
Q

Elina is participating in a study on auditory perception in which she must repeat back the verbal information that is being channeled into one of her ears through a set of
headphones. Occasionally, though, she hears something in the other ear. It is most likely to
be her

A

name

69
Q

__________ is a reduced tendency to perceive a delayed target stimulus when the target’s
presentation is consistent with a nonpredictive cue.

A

Inhibition of return

70
Q

In Neisser and Becklen’s study, participants saw a video showing two different action
scenes (a basketball game and a hand-slapping game) with one presented above the other.
The results indicated that participants

A

could only attend to one visual scene at a time.

71
Q

A person whose speech mechanisms are isolated from the rest of the brain would show
which of the following symptoms?

A

An inability to produce meaningful speech

72
Q

Following severe brain damage, Paris cannot speak voluntarily or understand others who
are talking to him. However, he can sometimes repeat words said to him and can complete
poems that he knows. He has a condition known as

A

isolation aphasia.

73
Q

Severing the corpus callosum is a surgical procedure that is sometimes used to treat people
with

A

epilepsy.

74
Q

Once the corpus callosum is severed, the two cerebral hemispheres

A

function independently.

75
Q

The essential factor in hypnotizing a susceptible person is that she or he be

A

aware that he or she is going to be hypnotized.

76
Q

The willingness to conform to a hypnotist’s instructions is an example of

A

suggestibility.

77
Q

While in a hypnotic state, Arnold was told by the hypnotist that, although he would not
remember these instructions, when he was in a normal state again, he would sing the song
“Feelings” every time someone asked him how he was. The hypnotist woke him from the
trance and asked him how he was feeling. Arnold broke into song looking rather puzzled
by what he had done. This is an example of posthypnotic

A

suggestion and amnesia.

78
Q

Research by Miller and colleagues using the Ponzo illusion indicates that the changes in
perception, behavior, and thinking that are induced by hypnosis are actually changes in
the hypnotized person’s

A

verbal reports.

79
Q

During stage 4 sleep, EEG recordings of the brain’s electrical activity generally show
__________ activity.

A

delta

80
Q

During periods of relaxation, EEG recordings of the brain’s electrical activity generally
show __________ activity.

A

alpha

81
Q

As the night goes on, periods of REM sleep __________ and episodes of slow-wave sleep
__________.

A

get longer; get shorter

82
Q

During a night’s sleep, how many cycles of REM sleep will a person typically experience?

A

4 or 5

83
Q

Kristoff has spent the day taking exams. The effect on his sleeping patterns that night
should be

A

an increase in stage 4 sleep.

84
Q

Dreams that involve static situations (as opposed to narratives) that are often frightening
occur mainly during __________ sleep.

A

slow-wave

85
Q

Research on REM sleep deprivation in animals indicates that REM sleep

A

may play a role in the learning of complex tasks.

86
Q

A _________ is a daily cycle involving changes in behavior and physiological processes.

A

circadian rhythm

87
Q

The case of the man who could not recognize common objects by sight suggests that
consciousness

A

is synonymous with the ability to talk about perceptions and memories.

88
Q

__________ is to alertness as __________ is to stage 4 sleep.

A

Beta activity; delta activity

89
Q

You agree to participate in a psychological experiment. You put on a helmet that feeds
visual input to you from about 2 meters behind you. What is the research most likely
trying to study?

A

Out-of-body experience (OBE)

90
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding sleep’s effects on memory?

A

REM sleep facilitates nondeclarative consolidation.

91
Q

Bonus Question: 20 Digit Number

Years of Great American Wars

A

17761812186119171941

92
Q

When are declarative and nondeclarative memories formed?

A

During slow wave and REM sleep respectively

93
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding sleep’s effects on memory?

A

REM sleep facilitates nondeclarative consolidation.

Psychology (4 decks)

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