Chapter 5, 6, 4 Flashcards
In their research, both Pavlov and Thorndike sought a principle that would do what?
Describe how individual environments changed behavior and the neural mechanisms that underlie behavior
The processes that implement selection by the individual environment are what?
The product of natural selection
How is flinching before a firecracker explodes similar to that of Pavlov’s dogs?
In involves a changed environment-behavior relation
Why is Pavlov’s procedure referred to as classical?
It’s the 1st laboratory procedure used to study learning systematically
What is Thorndike’s procedure called?
An instrumental or operant procedure
What is a reinforcer?
An eliciting stimulus that strengthens the environmental control of behavior, whether in the classical or operant procedure
Allowing a rat to explore a test chamber allows what to happen?
Habituation
In terms of detecting a stimulus, what is the effect of an orienting response?
More likely
When does spontaneous recovery occur?
Previously extinguished CR suddenly reappears after an interval of time has passed
The main subjects in Thorndike’s research were what?
Cats that escaped puzzle boxes
What did Skinner see as an important difference between Pavlov’s and Thorndike’s procedures?
The behavior that can be brought under environmental control is limited to those responses that can already be elicited by other stimuli
In a three-term contingency of differential conditioning, when does the reinforcer occur?
After the response has occured
What is the neuromodulator most closely associated with the effects of primary and secondary reinforcers?
Dopamine
How does a stimulus become a conditioned reinforcer?
By being paired by with a reinforcer
In what ways do taste aversions differ from other behaviors produced by the classical procedure?
Can occur with long CS-US intervals
What were the results of Buskit and Miller’s research?
Behavior is governed by both the contingencies and instructions
What does behavioral research suggest about insight?
Involves combining and adapting previously learned behaviors in novel situations
How will an animal who has been reinforced on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement respond?
At a slow, steady rate
What is the moral to the story of the case study presented on pg. 130?
“You shouldn’t judge a book by its cover.”
Behavior that has been learned but not yet reinforced remains what?
Latent
The brain’s use of sensory information to recognize and organize is called what?
Perception
The conversion of physical stimuli into changes in the activity of receptor cells of sensory organs is called what?
Transduction
What forms of mechanical energy can our sensory systems detect?
Sound, touch, vibration, stretch, tilt and rotation of head
The doctrine of specific nerve energies is closely related to which aspect of sensory processing?
Anatomical coding
As light brightness increases, what happens to the absolute size of the jnd for the perception of brightness?
Becomes larger
What is the transparent bulge at the front of the eye called?
Cornea
Which eye condition is treated with eye drops that enlarge the passage that returns aqueous humor to the blood?
Glaucoma
What is the key vitamin involved in the transduction of radiant energy?
Vitamin A
When you go from a bright room to a dark room, why does it take your eyes time to adjust to the change?
The photopigment bleached by the brighter light takes some time to regenerate
What kind of eye movements would you be using if you were on a ship and scanning the ocean for a sight of land?
Saccadic eye movements
To which hues do the three types of photopigments in the human eye actually correspond?
Blue-violet, green, and yellow-green
According to the opponent process theory of color vision, what happens if light stimulates a red photoreceptor?
Red/green ganglion cells will increase their rate of firing
Protanopia results from what?
Red cones being filled with green photopigment
An alternating pattern of high and low air pressure is known as what?
A sound wave
What are embedded in the tectorial membrane which, when stretched, produce neural activity?
Cilia
How are frequencies of lower than 200 Hz encoded?
Temporally
A complex sound causes what?
Many different parts of the basilar membrane to flex simultaneously
The auditory stimuli that are the easiest to locate produce what?
Brief clicks
The chief function of salt-tasting receptors in the mouth appears to be to identify what?
Sodium chloride
The first level of olfactory analysis of odor molecules is performed by neural circuits located where?
olfactory bulb
What are the three categories of somatosenses?
Skin, internal, and vestibular senses
The receptive organs primarily involved in detecting changes in the tilt of the head are called what?
Vestibular sacs
A stimulus with a value of 1 jnd is just above what?
Difference threshold
We perceive the source of sounds by using what?
Relative loudness and arrival time
What consists of cranial and spinal nerves that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord?
Peripheral nervous system
What is one of the most primitive areas of the brain?
Brain stem
During an action potential, ion channels open allowing what kind of ions to enter the axon?
(Na+) sodium ions enter
What is the action potential analogous to?
The “Wave” sports fans make during a game
What is fluid-filled gap between the terminal button and postsynaptic membrane called?
synaptic cleft
What do the ion channels found at excitatory synapses allow?
Permit sodium ions to enter postsynaptic membrane
What does naloxone do when it is used to treat a heroin-induced coma?
Naloxone blocks opiod receptors
What is the best way to measure the electrical activity of a single neuron?
Microelectrode
Which diagnostic machine uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of the brain?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Which scanning method involves the use of a harmless dose of a radioactive substance?
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Damage to the primary visual cortex in the right hemisphere would most likely cause what kind of visual problem?
Seeing objects on the left side of visual field
The perception of a sight or sound involves what area of the cortex?
Sensory association cortex
Visual perception involves which lobe(s) of the brain?
Occipital and temporal (lower part) lobes
Speech comprehension involves which lobe(s) of the brain?
Temporal lobe
What is(are) the primary function(s) of the cerebellum?
Assist the frontal lobes in controlling movement
Which endocrine gland is attached by a stalk to the base of the hypothalamus?
Pituiary gland
What regulates the breakdown of the body’s energy stores?
Adrenal medulla
Which glands are regulated by the pituitary gland?
Endocrine glands
Damage to the hypothalamus may likely result in what sort of problems?
Problems with temperature regulation
Where are the monoamines produced?
They are produced by systems of neurons with cell bodies located in the brain stem
Some antipsychotic drugs alleviate the symptoms of schizophrenia by doing what?
Blocking dopamine receptors
What was the first endogenous cannabinoid to be discovered?
Anandamide
What do fissures and gyri do?
Increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex
