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Psychology > Chapter 5, 6, 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 5, 6, 4 Flashcards

1
Q

In their research, both Pavlov and Thorndike sought a principle that would do what?

A

Describe how individual environments changed behavior and the neural mechanisms that underlie behavior

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2
Q

The processes that implement selection by the individual environment are what?

A

The product of natural selection

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3
Q

How is flinching before a firecracker explodes similar to that of Pavlov’s dogs?

A

In involves a changed environment-behavior relation

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4
Q

Why is Pavlov’s procedure referred to as classical?

A

It’s the 1st laboratory procedure used to study learning systematically

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5
Q

What is Thorndike’s procedure called?

A

An instrumental or operant procedure

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6
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

An eliciting stimulus that strengthens the environmental control of behavior, whether in the classical or operant procedure

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7
Q

Allowing a rat to explore a test chamber allows what to happen?

A

Habituation

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8
Q

In terms of detecting a stimulus, what is the effect of an orienting response?

A

More likely

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9
Q

When does spontaneous recovery occur?

A

Previously extinguished CR suddenly reappears after an interval of time has passed

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10
Q

The main subjects in Thorndike’s research were what?

A

Cats that escaped puzzle boxes

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11
Q

What did Skinner see as an important difference between Pavlov’s and Thorndike’s procedures?

A

The behavior that can be brought under environmental control is limited to those responses that can already be elicited by other stimuli

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12
Q

In a three-term contingency of differential conditioning, when does the reinforcer occur?

A

After the response has occured

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13
Q

What is the neuromodulator most closely associated with the effects of primary and secondary reinforcers?

A

Dopamine

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14
Q

How does a stimulus become a conditioned reinforcer?

A

By being paired by with a reinforcer

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15
Q

In what ways do taste aversions differ from other behaviors produced by the classical procedure?

A

Can occur with long CS-US intervals

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16
Q

What were the results of Buskit and Miller’s research?

A

Behavior is governed by both the contingencies and instructions

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17
Q

What does behavioral research suggest about insight?

A

Involves combining and adapting previously learned behaviors in novel situations

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18
Q

How will an animal who has been reinforced on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement respond?

A

At a slow, steady rate

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19
Q

What is the moral to the story of the case study presented on pg. 130?

A

“You shouldn’t judge a book by its cover.”

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20
Q

Behavior that has been learned but not yet reinforced remains what?

A

Latent

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21
Q

The brain’s use of sensory information to recognize and organize is called what?

A

Perception

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22
Q

The conversion of physical stimuli into changes in the activity of receptor cells of sensory organs is called what?

A

Transduction

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23
Q

What forms of mechanical energy can our sensory systems detect?

A

Sound, touch, vibration, stretch, tilt and rotation of head

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24
Q

The doctrine of specific nerve energies is closely related to which aspect of sensory processing?

A

Anatomical coding

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25
Q

As light brightness increases, what happens to the absolute size of the jnd for the perception of brightness?

A

Becomes larger

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26
Q

What is the transparent bulge at the front of the eye called?

A

Cornea

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27
Q

Which eye condition is treated with eye drops that enlarge the passage that returns aqueous humor to the blood?

A

Glaucoma

28
Q

What is the key vitamin involved in the transduction of radiant energy?

A

Vitamin A

29
Q

When you go from a bright room to a dark room, why does it take your eyes time to adjust to the change?

A

The photopigment bleached by the brighter light takes some time to regenerate

30
Q

What kind of eye movements would you be using if you were on a ship and scanning the ocean for a sight of land?

A

Saccadic eye movements

31
Q

To which hues do the three types of photopigments in the human eye actually correspond?

A

Blue-violet, green, and yellow-green

32
Q

According to the opponent process theory of color vision, what happens if light stimulates a red photoreceptor?

A

Red/green ganglion cells will increase their rate of firing

33
Q

Protanopia results from what?

A

Red cones being filled with green photopigment

34
Q

An alternating pattern of high and low air pressure is known as what?

A

A sound wave

35
Q

What are embedded in the tectorial membrane which, when stretched, produce neural activity?

A

Cilia

36
Q

How are frequencies of lower than 200 Hz encoded?

A

Temporally

37
Q

A complex sound causes what?

A

Many different parts of the basilar membrane to flex simultaneously

38
Q

The auditory stimuli that are the easiest to locate produce what?

A

Brief clicks

39
Q

The chief function of salt-tasting receptors in the mouth appears to be to identify what?

A

Sodium chloride

40
Q

The first level of olfactory analysis of odor molecules is performed by neural circuits located where?

A

olfactory bulb

41
Q

What are the three categories of somatosenses?

A

Skin, internal, and vestibular senses

42
Q

The receptive organs primarily involved in detecting changes in the tilt of the head are called what?

A

Vestibular sacs

43
Q

A stimulus with a value of 1 jnd is just above what?

A

Difference threshold

44
Q

We perceive the source of sounds by using what?

A

Relative loudness and arrival time

45
Q

What consists of cranial and spinal nerves that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord?

A

Peripheral nervous system

46
Q

What is one of the most primitive areas of the brain?

A

Brain stem

47
Q

During an action potential, ion channels open allowing what kind of ions to enter the axon?

A

(Na+) sodium ions enter

48
Q

What is the action potential analogous to?

A

The “Wave” sports fans make during a game

49
Q

What is fluid-filled gap between the terminal button and postsynaptic membrane called?

A

synaptic cleft

50
Q

What do the ion channels found at excitatory synapses allow?

A

Permit sodium ions to enter postsynaptic membrane

51
Q

What does naloxone do when it is used to treat a heroin-induced coma?

A

Naloxone blocks opiod receptors

52
Q

What is the best way to measure the electrical activity of a single neuron?

A

Microelectrode

53
Q

Which diagnostic machine uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of the brain?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

54
Q

Which scanning method involves the use of a harmless dose of a radioactive substance?

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

55
Q

Damage to the primary visual cortex in the right hemisphere would most likely cause what kind of visual problem?

A

Seeing objects on the left side of visual field

56
Q

The perception of a sight or sound involves what area of the cortex?

A

Sensory association cortex

57
Q

Visual perception involves which lobe(s) of the brain?

A

Occipital and temporal (lower part) lobes

58
Q

Speech comprehension involves which lobe(s) of the brain?

A

Temporal lobe

59
Q

What is(are) the primary function(s) of the cerebellum?

A

Assist the frontal lobes in controlling movement

60
Q

Which endocrine gland is attached by a stalk to the base of the hypothalamus?

A

Pituiary gland

61
Q

What regulates the breakdown of the body’s energy stores?

A

Adrenal medulla

62
Q

Which glands are regulated by the pituitary gland?

A

Endocrine glands

63
Q

Damage to the hypothalamus may likely result in what sort of problems?

A

Problems with temperature regulation

64
Q

Where are the monoamines produced?

A

They are produced by systems of neurons with cell bodies located in the brain stem

65
Q

Some antipsychotic drugs alleviate the symptoms of schizophrenia by doing what?

A

Blocking dopamine receptors

66
Q

What was the first endogenous cannabinoid to be discovered?

A

Anandamide

67
Q

What do fissures and gyri do?

A

Increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex

Psychology (4 decks)

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