psych exam 2

Question 1

define consciousness

Answer 1

awareness of internal and external stimuli such as feelings of hunger and pain or detection of light

Question 2

define wakefulness

Answer 2

high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

Question 3

what is hypnosis

Answer 3

extreme focus on the self that involves suggested changes of behavior and experience

Question 4

hypnosis applications

Answer 4

pain management, treating depression, anxiety, quitting smoking, and weight loss

Question 5

what is meditation

Answer 5

focusing on a single target (like breathing or a sound) to increase momentary awareness

Question 6

normal state of consciousness

Answer 6

wakefulness and high sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

Question 7

altered state of consciousness

Answer 7

hypnosis or meditation, where awareness and perception may change

Question 8

first stage of sleep

Answer 8

N1: transition between wakefulness and sleep, with slowed heart rate and decreased muscle tension (alpha waves)

Question 9

stage 2 of sleep

Answer 9

N2: deep relaxation with sleep spindles and k-complexes

Question 10

stage 3 of sleep

Answer 10

N3: slow-wave sleep with delta waves, where the body is in its deepest sleep

Question 11

stage 4 of sleep

Answer 11

REM sleep: brain activity similar to wakefulness, rapid eye movement, and dreams occur

Question 12

what is REM sleep

Answer 12

vivid dreaming, brain activity similar to wakefulness, and paralysis of voluntary muscles

Question 13

differences between nightmares and night terrors

Answer 13

nightmares occur during REM sleep, while night terrors occur during NREM sleep and involve panic with no memory of the event

Question 14

effects of sleep deprivation

Answer 14

cognitive deficits, impaired memory, mood disturbances, and physical health issues in both humans and animals

Question 15

why do we dream

Answer 15

Freud* suggested dreams provide access to the unconscious, while modern research connects them to processing life events or virtual reality for consciousness

Question 15

sleep disorders

Answer 15

insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, restless leg syndrome, night terrors, REM sleep behavior disorder

Question 15

why do we sleep

Answer 15

sleep is vital for restoring bodily resources and cognitive functions like memory consolidation

Question 15

how are circadian rhythms related to sleep cycles

Answer 15

they dictate our sleep wake cycles and are influenced by light and melatonin release

Question 15

what are circadian rhythms

Answer 15

biological cycles that repeat roughly every 24 hours, regulated by the brain’s suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 16

insomnia

Answer 16

difficulty falling/staying asleep

Question 16

sleep apnea

Answer 16

breathing stops during sleep

Question 17

narcolepsy

Answer 17

sudden sleep during waking hours

Question 18

restless leg syndrome

Answer 18

uncomfortable leg sensations relieved by movement

Question 19

night terrors

Answer 19

panic without memory, during NREM (N3) sleep

Question 20

REM sleep behavior disorder

Answer 20

acting out dreams due to lack of muscle paralysis

Question 21

what is substance abuse

Answer 21

a compulsive pattern of drug use despite negative consequences, leading to physical or psychological dependence

Question 22

types of drug dependence

Answer 22

physical and psychological dependence

Question 23

physical dependence

Answer 23

changes in body function and withdrawal symptoms

Question 24

psychological dependence

Answer 24

emotional need for the drug

Question 25

define withdrawal

Answer 25

negative symptoms when a drug is stopped

Question 26

define tolerance

Answer 26

needing more of a drug to achieve the same effect

Question 27

difference between stimulant and a depressant

Answer 27

stimulants increase neural activity, depressants suppress neural activity

Question 28

stimulants example

Answer 28

cocaine, caffeine

Question 29

depressants example

Answer 29

alcohol, benzodiazepines

Question 30

stimulant substances

Answer 30

cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine

Question 31

depressants substances

Answer 31

alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines

Question 32

opioid substances

Answer 32

heroin, morphine

Question 33

hallucinogens

Answer 33

LSD, shrooms, weed