exam 3 chap 14

Question 1

cognitive capacities of a newborn

Answer 1

can recognize human voices (esp mom), show preference for faces and can differentiate smells and sounds, display reflexes (grasping, rooting, and sucking) which helps with survival

Question 2

nature vs nurture

Answer 2

the relative impact of genetics (nature) and environments (nurture) on human development

Question 3

Q: What is typical motor development in children?

Answer 3

rolling, sitting, crawling, and eventually to walking, with key milestones around 6-18 months.

Question 4

Q: What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

Answer 4

A: Sensorimotor (0-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete Operational (7-11), Formal Operational (12+).

Question 5

Define assimilation and accommodation in Piaget’s theory.

Answer 5

Assimilation integrates new information into existing schemas, while accommodation modifies schemas to incorporate new information.

Question 6

What is the conservation task in Piaget’s theory?

Answer 6

A test to determine if a child understands that certain properties, like volume or mass, stay the same despite changes in shape.

Question 7

What was Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development?

Answer 7

Vygotsky emphasized social and cultural influences, including concepts like the Zone of Proximal Development and scaffolding.

Question 8

Who conducted the “Strange Situation” test, and what does it measure?

Answer 8

Mary Ainsworth; it measures attachment types between caregivers and children.

Question 9

What are the four main parenting styles?

Answer 9

Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Neglectful.

Question 10

Describe cognitive changes in adolescence.

Answer 10

Adolescents develop abstract thinking, moral reasoning, and begin exploring identity.

Question 11

Describe socio-emotional changes in adolescence.

Answer 11

Increased peer influence, identity formation, and growing autonomy from parents.

Question 12

What is Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?

Answer 12

A theory that outlines eight life stages, each with a unique psychosocial conflict.

Question 13

Do most people reach the highest level of moral development?

Answer 13

No, according to Kohlberg, not everyone reaches the “post-conventional” level of moral reasoning.

Question 14

What personality aspects tend to stay the same with age?

Answer 14

Core personality traits and basic temperament often remain stable, though priorities and goals may shift.

Question 15

sensorimotor

Answer 15

0-2 yrs; learning through sensory experiences and manipulating objects

Question 16

preoperational

Answer 16

2-7 yrs; developing language and using symbols, but lacking logical reasoning

Question 17

concrete operational

Answer 17

7-11 yrs; beginning logical thought, understanding concrete events, and gasping conversation

Question 18

formal operational

Answer 18

12+ yrs; developing abstract and hypothetical thinking

Question 19

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Answer 19

the range between what a child can do alone and what they can achieve with guidance

Question 20

scaffolding

Answer 20

adults or peers provide support to help the child progress in learning

Question 21

secure attachment

Answer 21

child feels safe and confident when he caregiver is present

Question 22

insecure attachment

Answer 22

can be anxious-avoidant or anxious-ambivalent where the child is either indifferent or overly dependent on caregiver

Question 23

authoriative parenting

Answer 23

high responsiveness, high expectation (setting clear rules but explaining why)

Question 24

authoritarian parenting

Answer 24

low responsiveness, high expectations (enforcing strict rules without explanation)

Question 25

permissive parenting

Answer 25

high responsiveness, low expectation (being indulgent and rarely setting boundaries)

Question 26

neglectful parenting

Answer 26

low responsive, low expectations (providing little guidance or attention)

Question 27

trust vs mistrust

Answer 27

infancy

Question 28

autonomy vs shame/doubts

Answer 28

early childhood

Question 29

initiative vs guilt

Answer 29

preschool

Question 30

industry vs inferiority

Answer 30

school age

Question 31

identify vs role confusion

Answer 31

adolescence

Question 32

intimacy vs isolation

Answer 32

young adulthood

Question 33

generativity vs stagnation

Answer 33

middle adulthood

Question 34

integrity vs despair

Answer 34

late adulthood