PSYCH EXAM Flashcards
List and describe the branches of psychology.
Psychoanalysis:
Unlocking the unconscious mind is the key to understanding human behavior and relationships
This approach of therapy focuses on resolving a patients conflicted conscious and unconsious feelings
Major psychologists: Sigmund Freud, Karen Horney, Carl Jung
Behavioral Psychology:
Psychologists need empirical evidence (experimentation) to understand and change human behavior through scientifically proven intervention
Applied to mental disorders and groups
Major psychologists: Ivan Pavlov, B.F Skinner
Humanist Psychology:
Humanist psychologists believed that the patient should be very involved in recovery
Focus on qualitative studies
Major theorists: Abraham Maslow, Viktor Frankl, Karl Rogers
Cognitive psychology:
Cognitive psychology studies how the brain learns
Psychologists believe in and consider mental states, such as beliefs, motivations, and desires
Used to treat people with mental disorders or neurological disorders
Major theorists: Albert Bandura, Elizabeth Loftus
Research in the social sciences must be built upon a strong ethical framework. Explain..
what are the stages of memory?
Sensory, Short-Term, Working, and Long-Term.
or
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
Is this an easy number ‘10.02200920092346233479052011’ to remember? Why or why not? What part of this number would be easy to remember? Explain. How would you try to remember this number?
no, beging would be easy because or because of Primacy: refers to recalling information from the beginning of a sequence. Ex. bed, quilt
Recency: refers to recalling information form the end of a sequence. Ex. Rest, dream.
Spacing: info spaced over time more likely to be remembered Ex. Night
Distinctiveness: How distinctive is the item compared to the rest?
Clustering: the grouping of related concepts Ex. Toss and Turn
I would try to chunck it
When trying to remember a long list of things, what tools would you use to remember the entire list?
Maintenance Rehearsal: repeating the information.
Elaborative Rehearsal: associating the information with something you already know.
Can enhance space in memory through:
Chunking: grouping individual bits of info into larger meaningful units (ex. phone numbers)
Automaticity: learning something so thoroughly that it becomes second nature. Does not require conscious effort.
Why is regular sleep so important for our memory and health? Explain.
Memories seem to become more stable in the brain during the deep stages of sleep. After that, REM—the most active stage of sleep—seems to play a role in linking together related memories, sometimes in unexpected ways. That’s why a full night of sleep may help with problem-solving.
What is Positive Reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement: pleasant stimulus added to increase/ maintain behavior (eg. you study for a test and get an A+)
What is Negative Reinforcement?
Negative reinforcement: aversive or unpleasant stimulus removed to increase/ maintain behavior (eg. you study for your test and your parents reward you by not making you do chores for a week)
What are the 3 processes in memory?
What are the 4 different types of memory? Describe each.
What is a false memory?
What took place with Albert Bandura and the Bobo Doll experiment?
What were Elizabeth Loftus’ findings with her Lost at the Mall experiment?
Explain what happened in Gerald Echterhoff’s Memory in the Visual Age experiment
Who is Abraham Maslow and describe his Hierarchy of Needs?
Who is Viktor Frankl and what did he base his findings on?
Describe Carl Rogers and explain his theory on Client-Centered Model of Therapy
Explain Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual Stages of Development
Describe Jean Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
What did Erik Erikson determine in his stages of psychosocial development?
WHat did Leta Stetter Hollingoworth find in her study with Gifted Children
Explain Harry Harlow’s attachment theory
What did Mary Ainsworth find with Infant-Mother Attachment?
What are the differences between, “nature and nurture”?
Who is John Locke?
Why was it so important and eye opening to study twins?
