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Sem 1 UBCO > Psych Chapter 7 Review > Flashcards

Psych Chapter 7 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Define learning

A

The acquisition of new knowledge skills or responses from experience that result in a relatively permanent chance I the state of the learner.

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2
Q

What is learning based on?

A

Experience

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3
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

When a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response.

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4
Q

What is the unconditioned stimulus?

A

Something the reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism

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5
Q

Example of an unconditioned stimulus

A

A puff of air is the unconditioned stimulus: If I puff air in your eye you will blink

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6
Q

What is an Unconditioned response?

A

A reflexive action that is reliably produced by and unconditioned stimulus

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7
Q

Example of an unconditioned response

A

The response of blinking when air is puffed In your eye

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8
Q

What is the conditioned stimulus?

A

A stimulus that initially has no meaning, and produces no reliable response from an organism

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9
Q

Example of a conditioned stimulus

A

A slash of light, a noise, a shape, or anything that has no such meaning or correlation that triggers a response

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10
Q

What is a conditioned response?

A

Salivation, Blink, or any response that is produced by a conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

What is Acquisition?

A

The term we use for classical conditioning when the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented together.

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12
Q

What is second order conditioning?

A

Conditioning where the stimulus that functions as the unconditioned stimulus is actually the conditioned stimulus from an earlier procedure.

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13
Q

Example of second order conditioning

A

The tuning fork was the conditioned stimulus and successfully makes the dog salivate because it was paired with food. Now we pair the tuning fork with a flash of light- the new conditioned stimulus to try and make the dog salivate.

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14
Q

How can you describe second order conditioning?

A

Like a new layer

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15
Q

What is Extinction?

A

The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer present.

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16
Q

Example of Extinction

A

The dog is no longer given food when the bell rings therefore it doesn’t salivate when the bell rings.

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17
Q

Explain how cognitive, neural, and evolutionary aspects influence our understanding of classical conditioning.

A

Together these perspectives provide an understanding of classical conditioning as a cognitive, neural, and evolutionary processes allows organisms to learn associations between stimuli to improve their chances of survival.

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18
Q

How does the amygdala help process emotional responses to a conditioned stimulus?

A

When a neutral stimulus is paired with an emotional event the amygdala helps link the two and triggers an emotional response to the neutral stimulus.

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19
Q

What is generalization?

A

The conditioned response is observed even though the controlled stimulus is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition

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20
Q

Example of generalization

A

Getting a can opener that makes a different sound as the old one: its close enough that it produces the same response from the dog.

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21
Q

What is discrimination?

A

the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

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22
Q

Example of discrimination

A

You use a food processor: its different enough from a can opener that your pet doesn’t think it’s a can opener.

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23
Q

How does conditioning correlate with addiction?

A

Presenting drug addicts with cues associated with drug ingestion leads to craving and various physiological responses associated with withdrawal

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24
Q

How is tolerance and stetting tied to conditioning?

A

The setting functions as the controlled stimulus and the brain works to counteract effects (Conditioned response) prior to the actual administration of the drug.

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25
Q

What is a conditioned tolerance?

A

In a place where you normally do drugs the controlled reaction is like a protective function and almost heightens your tolerance from drugs because it knows they are coming from the location you are in.

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26
Q

Example of Conditioned tolerance

A

A user administers the same dose of the same drug in a new location. the conditioned response is either reduced or does not occur at all, causing overdose in places you don’t frequently use drugs.

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27
Q

What is fear conditioning?

A

When an organism learns to predict an aversive event

28
Q

Example of fear conditioning

A

Imagine the beach before was a pleasant stimulus. But one day you get attacked by a pack of dogs at a beach (aversive stimulus). You can develop a fear of the beach or dogs.

29
Q

What is a Phobia?

A

An acquired fear that is out of proportion to the real threat.

30
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning based on the consequences of behavior, where actions are influenced by rewards (reinforcement) or punishments.

31
Q

Describe behaviour therapy

A

Therapy that uses learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

32
Q

If someone has a phobia what therapy might be used to try and treat it?

A

Behaviour therapy

33
Q

What is counter conditioning?

A

The act of conditioning a new response to the stimuli thats creating the unwanted behaviour

34
Q

Example of counter conditioning

A

If someones scared of spiders we try and create a relax response instead of a fear response

35
Q

What is systematic desensitization

A

A kind of counter conditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

36
Q

Example of systematic desensitization

A

If scared of dogs: first learning relaxation with methods like breathing techniques, then bringing a furry pillow into the office maybe practise petting it like its a dog while keeping relaxed and working the way up

37
Q

How is Systematic desensitization different from counter conditioning?

A

We don’t start with the scariest thing right away, we start small and slowly work our way up

38
Q

What is Aversive conditioning?

A

Type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behaviour

39
Q

Example of Aversive conditioning

A

A drug that makes you nauseous is the unconditioned stimulus, the uncontrolled response is nausea, the controlled stimulus is alcohol, the CS paired with the UCS = nausea (UCR) to create the conditioned response from the conditioned stimulus

40
Q

How is the cerebellum involved in conditioning?

A

Responsible for learning and motor skills like - blinking response, salivating, knee creates a reflex response.

41
Q

What in the brain creates a “freezing response to fear?

A

The amygdala, midbrain connection.

42
Q

What in the brain causes an autonomic response: blood pressure, hormones, and heart rate

A

Amygdala, the hypothalamus connection

43
Q

Example of conditioned taste aversion

A

Conditioned stimulus is the food, unconditioned stimulus is the bacterium, Nausea is the unconditioned response, and the conditioned response becomes aversion to that food.

44
Q

What does aversion generalize to?

A

Taste and smell- Evolution wants you to notice something is wrong before you actually swallow food.

45
Q

Example of why learned aversion occurs more often with new foods rather than familiar ones.

A

If you have a berry you have never tried before and it makes you sick then you will probably not eat it again, however if you eat a strawberry that you’ve had hundreds of times and it makes you sick you’ll probably just write that one time off as a coincidence.

46
Q

Why does new stimuli serve as as the best for conditioned stimuli?

A

Because we have no preconceptions or exceptions for it.

47
Q

What is operant or instrumental conditioning?

A

The learned process in which an actions consequences determine the likelihood that the action will be performed in the future

48
Q

Example of operant or instrumental conditioning?

A

A cat learning to push a lever for its food.

49
Q

What is the Law of effect

A

Behaviours that are followed by a satisfying state of affairs tent to be repeated and those that produce an unpleasant state of affairs are less likely to be repeated.

49
Q

Example of Law of effect

A

School work: You have an exam and you drink the night before writing the exam, you obv don’t do well. You probably won’t go out drinking again the night before another exam. For the next exam you stay in and cram and you score better. You are now more likely to do that moving forward.

50
Q

What is operant behaviour?

A

It is behavior that is controlled by the environmental outcomes that follow it. If a behaviour is followed by a reinforcer, it is more likely to be repeated, while if it is followed by punishment, it is less likely to occur again.

51
Q

To Which is operant behaviour central to?

A

Its central to operant conditioning, a learning process developed by B.F. Skinner.

52
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

Any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behaviour that led to it.

53
Q

What is a punisher?

A

Any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behaviour that led to it.

54
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

If the stimulus increases the likelihood of the behaviour it is a Positive reinforcement. (like giving food)

55
Q

Example of positive reinforcement

A

Giving dogs a treat when they do a lap

56
Q

What is positive punishment

A

If the stimulus decreases the likelihood of the behaviour it is a putative punishment (giving a shock)

57
Q

Example of positive punsihment

A

Tapping Jodie or cleo in the nose when they get into food.

58
Q

What is Negative Reinforcement

A

Negative reinforcement: The animal likes that it is being taken away (taking the shock away)

59
Q

Example of negative reinforcement

A

Dogs get their leashes taken off

60
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Negative punishment: The animal doesn’t like that this is being taken (taking food away)

61
Q

Difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning in Acquisition:

A

Classical: Repetitive pairings of the CS and US until an association is formed.
Operant: Continuous reinforcement of the desired behaviour until the likelihood of it recurring has increased

62
Q

Difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning in Extinction

A

Classical: removal of the US
Operant: Removal of the reinforcer

63
Q

Difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning in The role of the learner

A

Classical: the learner plays a very passive role
Operant: The learner plays a very active role and actually has to do something.

64
Q

Difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning in the nature of the response

A

Classical: The response is reflexive
Operant: The response is voluntary

Sem 1 UBCO (4 decks)

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