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Sem 1 UBCO > Psych Chapter 6 Review > Flashcards

Psych Chapter 6 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Memory is often thought of as a construction rather than a perfect recording of new information. this idea is central to what kind of psychology?

A

Cognitive psychology.

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2
Q

How is memory a construction and not a recording of information?

A

Memory is where we actively reorganize and reinterpret past experiences based on our prior knowledge, expectations, and experiences as well as external influences. They are dynamic reconstructions of past events.

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3
Q

What is Encoding

A

Encoding: The process by which we transform what we perceive, think or feel into a memory dependant of what is already in your brain.
- Your memories are constructed by combining existing info with new info.

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4
Q

What does Visual Imagery Encoding mean ?

A

It means we store information into memory by converting it into pictures.

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5
Q

What part of the brain does visual imagery encoding activate?

A

Activated visual processing regions in the occipital lobe and improves recall

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6
Q

What is a memory palace?

A

Its alike a physical place for abstract info to be stored

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7
Q

What is organizational coding?

A

How we organize info according to relationships.

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8
Q

What are association networks?

A

Association networks are the brains way of storing info in networks of associations, it underlies organizational coding and is formed by nodes of information.

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9
Q

What are memory nodes?

A

The activation of a specific concept can trigger related memories. Nodes are linked together and can act almost as a domino effect; spreading activation.

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10
Q

What are the 3 Ways information is encoded into the brain?

A
  1. Visual Encoding
  2. Acoustic Encoding
  3. Semantic encoding
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11
Q

What is Acoustic encoding?

A

Acoustic encoding: Converting sounds into a form that can be stored in memory, often in terms of their auditory qualities. (Such a tone, Rhythm, pitch, or melody).

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12
Q

What is an example of Acoustic encoding?

A

When you hear a song on the radio your brain encodes the melody, rhythm, and lyrics. Later you might be able to remember the same melody or even lyrics

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13
Q

What is an example of visual encoding?

A

When you see a person for the first time your brain encodes the visual features of their face (eyes, nose, lips, as well as facial expressions). Later you can recall or recognize their face based on these visual characteristics.

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14
Q

What is Semantic Encoding?

A

The process of encoding information by focusing on its meaning - converting sensory input into a form that makes sense in terms of it underlying concepts or associations. (Visual or acoustic).

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15
Q

What is an example of semantic encoding

A

If you learn a new fact like the capital of BC is Victoria, your brain encodes the meaning of the fact rather than the the exact visual pr auditory representations of the words.

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15
Q

What is the most effective form of Information encoding?

A

Semantic

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16
Q

With which process can you retrieve the info based its meaning rather than the specific sensory experiences tied to the learning process?

A

Semantic

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17
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

It holds sensory information just for a few seconds.

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18
Q

What is Iconic memory?

A

Fast decaying store of visual memory - decays in 1 second

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19
Q

What is Echoic memory?

A

Fast decaying store of auditory info - decays in about 5 seconds.

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20
Q

What is short term memory?

A
  • Short term hold non sensory info for more than a few seconds but less than a minute
  • Short term can hold about 7 meaningful items at once
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21
Q

Distinguish sensory memory from short-term memory.

A

Short term memory requires attention to retain information, whereas sensory memory does not.

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22
Q

What is the Purpose of Sensory Memory?

A

To act as a buffer to hold raw sensory input long enough for the brain to process it. It allows us to perceive the world as continuous rather than as a series of isolated snapshots.

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23
Q

What is the purpose of Short term memory?

A

Allows us to hold and manipulate info temporarily while we perform cognitive tasks such as problem solving, reasoning, and decision making. It is essential for verbal communication and understanding in real-time.

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23
Q

Give reasons why we remember survival-related information so well.

A

Our brains are evolved to prioritize survival related information making survival relevant information more likely to be encoded, retained and recalled, improving our ability to navigate the world safely.

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24
Q

Describe the elements of the model of working memory.

A
  1. The Central executive directs attention
  2. The phonological loop handles verbal info
  3. The visuospatial sketchpad deals with visual/spatial info
  4. The episodic buffer connects all these pieces together.
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25
Q

What is the Central executive

A

“The Boss” of working memory. It controls attention, coordinated the other components and helps with decision making and problem solving.

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26
Q

What is the Phonological Loop?

A

It Stores and processes verbal and auditory info

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27
Q

What are the 2 parts of the Phonological loop?

A

Phonological store:
- Holds spoken words for a short time (like phone number).
Articulatory Rehearsal system:
- Helps you repeat info (like silently repeating the phone number to remember it).

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28
Q

What is the Visuospatial sketchpad?

A

It stores and processes visual and spatial information. helps you visualize thing for remember locations. (like picturing a map or mentally rotating an image).

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29
Q

What is an Episodic buffer?

A

It integrates information from the Phonological loop, Visuospatial sketchpad and long-term memory. It helps combine different types of info (like hearing and seeing something together) into a unified memory.

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30
Q

What is rehearsal?

A

The process of keeping info in short term memory by mentally repeating it, each repetition re-enters the info into short term memory

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31
Q

What is Chunking?

A

Combining small pieces of info and chunking them info large clusters
- EX: 19154345 - 1915, 43, 45

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32
Q

What is Working memory

A
  • The active maintenance of info in short term storage
  • Short term memory store is not simply a place where you put information but includes operations and processes used to work with the information.
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33
Q

What is long term storage

A

Long term storage in memory can hold info for hours, days, weeks, or years. there is no known capacity limit.

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34
Q

Explain the interrelationship between memory and the hippocampus.

A
  • The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories.
  • It helps convert short term to long term and is involved in the retrieval of those memories later.
  • It is super important in remembering personal experience (episodic memory) and navigating spaces (spatial memory)
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35
Q

How does damage to the hippocampus affect memory?

A

It can cause problems with forming new memories, this condition is called anterograde amnesia.

36
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

The inability to transfer new info from the short-term store to the long term store.

37
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Patient is unable to retrieve info that was acquired before the date of injury. New memory development is not impaired.

38
Q

What is consolidation?

A

Consolidation protects memories from disruption and allows them to become stable in the brain.

39
Q

What promotes memory consolidation?

A

Sleep

40
Q

What is reconsolidation?

A

Consolidated memories can again become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to be consolidated again.

41
Q

Summarize the role of the neural synapse in long-term memory storage.

A

The neural synapse enables the brain to store and retrieve long term memories by adjusting the strength of connections between neuron’s, making communication more efficient and lasting.

42
Q

What is synaptic plasticity?

A

The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time in response to increases or decreases in their activity. it is an important mechanism involves in learning, memory and neural adaption.

43
Q

Explain the encoding specificity principle?

A

A retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the situation or specific way that it was originally remembered.

44
Q

How is that memories can be changed by the act of retrieval?

A

Reconsolidation happens after retrieval where the memory is re-encoded. That memory can be modified before being stored again making memories flexible and prone to alteration.

45
Q

What is state dependant retrieval?

A

The tendency for information to be recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

46
Q

Example of state dependant retrieval

A

“Study for the test drunk, Take the test drunk.

47
Q

Example for Encoding specifically principle

A

Remembering Steffi’s men by using cues- Meatball, Best Buy, Yeat, Infinity stones, ect.

48
Q

Explain transfer appropriate processing.

A

Memory is enhanced when the processing or cognitive strategy used during encoding matches the one required during retrieval.

49
Q

Example of Transfer appropriate processing

A

If you study by thinking about a words meaning (semantic ending) and the test asks you to recognize those words based on meaning- your more likely to do well.

50
Q

Describe the difference in brain activity when trying to recall versus successfully
recalling information.

A

When trying to recall your brain is more focused on using regions involved in attention, effort, and searching- Prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and the hippocampus.
When successfully recalling brain regions that store and retrieve memories - Hippocampus, temporal lobes, and the occipital cortex work harder.

51
Q

What is retrieval induced forgetting?

A

A process by which retrieving an item form long term memory can impair some related items

52
Q

Example of Retrieval induced forgetting

A

Used in the courtroom: If a witness is questioned about aspects of a crime but not others the memories of questions that weren’t asked can be impaired compared to witnesses who weren’t questioned at all.

53
Q

What area of the brain is activated when trying to recall info?

A

The left frontal lobe

54
Q

What area of the brain is activated when actually recalling info?

A

The hippocampus

55
Q

What area of the brain is activated when recalling preciously heard sounds?

A

The auditory complex

56
Q

What area of the brain is activated when recalling previously seen images?

A

The occipital lobe

57
Q

In lie detection which areas of the brain light up for making something up?

A

The frontal lobe

58
Q

In lie detection which areas of the brain light up if they have seen something

A

The occipital lobe

59
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

When people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences

60
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

When pat experiences influence later behaviour and performance even though you are not aware you are remembering them.

61
Q

How is explicit and implicit memory different?

A

Explicit memory involves the conscious recall of facts and events whereas Implicit memory involves unconscious knowlege that influences actions and behaviours.

62
Q

Example of explicit memory

A

Remembering a friends name

63
Q

Example of implicit memory

A

Feeling nervous riding a bike due to past trauma of falling off the bike.

64
Q

What is Semantic memory?

A

A type of Long term memory that stores general knowledge of the world that we use in everyday life. Things that everyone just knows.

65
Q

Example of Semantic memory

A

2+2 = 4
The Capital of France is Paris
The Earth is round.
“But I don’t know exactly when I learned that”

66
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

A type of long term memory that involves the storage and retrieval of personal experience and specific intents you have lived through- allows you to remember who, what, where, and when. Its very personal

67
Q

Example of episodic memory

A

My first concert was Bryce vine with Jordan and Abi in summer of 2023 and I got to sit on Jord’s shoulders. I was happy.

68
Q

What are the 7 sins of memory?

A
  1. Transience
  2. Absent mindedness
  3. Blocking
  4. Suggestibility
  5. Bias
  6. Persistance
  7. Misattribution
69
Q

What is Collaborative memory?

A

The process of remembering or recalling information with the help of others. Like sharing knowledge within a group and others can contribute or recall shared experiences or facts.

70
Q

Describe the pros and cons of collaborative memory.

A

Pros: Enhances recall, reinforces details, and increases confidence, can also be a socially bonding experience.
Cons: It can lead to misinformation, or errors due to the blending of memories. Collaborative memory can distort the truth.

71
Q

What are benefits of Transience Memory sin?

A
  • Ensures that memory is focused on the most useful and relevant information
  • Supports learning by making space for new knowledge
  • Aids in emotional regulation by reducing the impact of painful or outdated memories
72
Q

What is the Transience memory sin?

A

Early memories tent to haver a lot of detail but as you store that memory details can get reconstructed.

73
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

Later learning impairs memory for information that was required EARLIER.

74
Q

What Is Proactive Interference?

A

Earlier learning impairs memory for information that was required LATER.

75
Q

What is the Absent mindedness memory sin?

A
  • A lapse in attention that results in memory failure
  • Divided attention results in decreased activity in the lower left frontal lobe as well as the hippocampus during encoding
76
Q

What are benefits of The absent mindedness Memory sin?

A

While often leads to forgetting small details, it actually helps the brain stay efficient, focused and adaptive by filtering out unnecessary information and reducing mental overload.

76
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

The type of memory that helps you remember to perform future tasks or actions.

77
Q

What is the Blocking memory sin?

A

Stored information is temporarily inaccessible - like information is on the tip of your tongue.

78
Q

What is a benefit of the blocking memory sin?

A

It helps your brain mange cognitive overload, and prevents the real of conflicting or irrelevant details.

79
Q

What is the memory misattribution sin?

A

Happens when we experience a sense of familiarity but don’t recall or mistakenly recall the specifics of when or where an event occurred.

80
Q

How can the misattribution memory sin impact a court case?

A

An eyewitness can misidentify or contribute to false recognition.

81
Q

What is a benefit of the Misattribution memory sin?

A

It can encourage creativity and flexibly in thinking helping the brain make novel associations and connections.

82
Q

What is the Suggestibility memory sin?

A

Memories of an event are influences or altered by external suggestions, misleading information or leading questions.

83
Q

What is a benefit of the Suggestibility memory sin?

A

It can facilitate learning, social adaptation, and cooperation, making it beneficial in contexts where adapting to new information or aligning with group norms is important.

84
Q

What is the Bias memory sin?

A

The influence of current knowledge, beliefs and feelings in memory or past experiences.

85
Q

What is a benefit of the Bias memory sin?

A

Bias can improve self esteem, and strengthen social bonds, motivating future actions. These can be crucial for social functioning, staying positive, resilient, and connected

86
Q

What is the persistence memory sin?

A

The repeated recall of unwanted, distressing or intrusive memories. Traumatic events, regrets, or fears

87
Q

What is a benefit of the Persistence memory sin?

A

Can help with learning or survival.

Sem 1 UBCO (4 decks)

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