Psych Chapter 5 Review Flashcards
What is agency
The capacity for action, control and intentional behaviour.
How is agency attributed to a person?
Agency is attributed when a person is believed to act on their own accord and influence the world around them.
How are humans and Robots different in terms of Agency?
Humans have high agency because we can make our own decisions, set goals, and execute plans. Robots with a programmed task, however, are believed to have low agency because their actions are based on present instruction and lacks indepenant will.
What is experience
The capacity to have feelings, sensations, and conscious experience.
How does someone have experience?
Subjective experience refers to emotion, pain, pleasure, or desire.
How are humans, animals, and rocks different in terms of experience?
Humans and animals are perceived to have high experience because we feel emotion, pain and pleasure. A rock however, has no experience because it does not feel. (ROCCOS A ROCK.)
Give an example of brain activity in action- Scenario: Deciding whether or not to cross a bust street.
- Brain activity:
Sensory info from your eyes is processed, your brain assesses the risks, and you recall past experiences of crossing streets safely or not - Thinking:
You deliberate, weighing the risks and benefits, and decide its safe to cross - Acting:
The brain sends motor commands to your legs tp step forward, while constantly updating your movement based on new sensory feedback - Feedback:
If you safely cross you may feel relief and satisfaction. If you almost get hit, your brain quickly processes the situation, adjusting future behaviour to avoid risk.
What are the 4 basic properties of consciousness?
- Intentionality
- Unity
- Selectivity
- Transience
Define intentionality
Intentionality refers to the “aboutness” of consciousness - Our thoughts and mental states are always directed towards something: a thought, an object, and idea, or sensation.
Example of intentionality
When you think about an upcoming vacation your thought is directed toward the concept of vacation itself. your awareness isn’t just thinking 9in a vague sense. its thinking about a specific subject.
Define Unity
The ability of consciousness to integrate and unify diverse sensory inputs and mental states into a cohesive experience. despite receiving info from various senses. we experience it as a unified perception.
Unity example
When shown a tree you don’t perceive the individual parts separately, you just see the single object. A tree. this is created by the integration of all the sensory data processed by your brain.
Describe selectivity
Selectivity involves the process of focusing awareness on certain aspects of the environment or our thoughts while ignoring others. We can’t attend to everything at once so we filter and prioritize info.
What is the dichotic listening test?
Subjects asked to repeat words spoke in the left ear of your headphones and ignore everything your hear in your right ear. Subjects didn’t even notice the language change in their right ear.
What is the Cocktail party phenomenon?
When a specific sound is meant to captures your attention, someone saying your name, or Dr. Grinnell swearing during lecture.
Describe Transience
Transience refers to the ever-changing nature of consciousness. Our consciousness shifts, making it hard to focus on one thing for an extended period of time.
Example of transience
When you reflect on your moof though the day you’ll notice it shifts, maybe your happy in the morning and anxious at night. that ever-changing flow of thoughts and experiences illustrates the transient nature of consciousness.
What are the three levels of consciousness?
1.Conscious mind
2. preconscious mind
3. unconscious mind
Describe the conscious mind
The conscious mind refers to thoughts and perceptions we a re activley aware of at any moment. it involves everything we are currently experiencing or thinking about.
Example of the Conscious Mind
When you’re aware of your surroundings in a room and consciously decide to pick something up, that action is therefore taking place in your conscious mind.
Describe the Preconscious Mind
The preconscious mind contains info that is not currently in your conscious awareness but can easily be brought to your attention when needed. These are inactive thoughts or memories but can be activated with little effort
Example of the Preconscious Mind
You might not be thinking of your childhood home right now, but when asked questions about it you can recall certain details, like location, colours, the layout ect.
Describe the Unconscious mind.
The Unconscious mind refers to mental processes that are not accessible to conscious awareness. these include repressed memories, desires, and automatic functions that influence behaviour without your knowledge.
Example of the Unconscious Mind
A person may feel nervous about social situations because they had a childhood experience with rejection, even though they cannot recall that exact experience. it still affects their everyday life. the way they act or perceive things.
Describe Self Consciousness
One persons attention is drawn to the self as an object, we are most self conscious infant of a mirror.
Describe the Consciousness of a Coma
Patient appears to be in a very deep sleep, and is non responsive.
Describe the Consciousness of a Vegetative state
Patients behaviours are not produced reliably in response to external stimuli.
Describe the Consciousness of a Minimally conscious state
Patients can respond to sensory stimulations but it’s inconsistant.
Describe locked in Syndrome
When a person is fully conscious but can’t engage in any behaviours
Explain why we can’t always control our conscious thought.
- Automatic mental processes
- Unconscious influences
- Emotional interference
- Cognitive biases
- Mental fatigue
- Thought suppression
- Habits and conditioning
Define Automatic Mental Processes
Many thoughts and reactions occur automatically, influenced by past experiences or external stimuli
Define Unconscious Influences
The unconscious mind can bring repressed memories or emotion into our conscious though without us being aware of it.
Define Emotional Interference
Strong emotions can overwhelm our conscious mind, making it difficult to focus or control our thoughts
Describe Mental Fatigue
Cognitive resources deplete over time, making it harder to control our thoughts when we are tired or overloaded.
Define Cognitive Biases
Cognitive biases distort our thinking without us being aware, leading to automatic judgements and decisions
Describe Though Suppression
Trying to Suppress unwanted thoughts often makes them more persistent due to the rebound effect
Describe Habits and Conditioning
Repeated thought patterns become automatic, making them harder to change or control
What is the rebound effect?
The phenomenon in which attempts to suppress or avoid certain thoughts or emotions can actually lead to an increase in the frequency or intensity of those thoughts.
Example of the rebound effect
“don’t think about a pink elephant”
Describe the difference between Freuds conception of the unconscious with the modern view.
Freuds conception was largely concerned with repressed material, primarily of emotional and sexual nature. The modern view emphasizes automatic cognitive processes, implicit memory and unconscious bias. Advances in cognitive sciences focus more on mental mechanisms that operate outside of conscious awareness instead of repressed desires.
What is the Dynamic unconscious
Freuds depiction of an active system that holds together a lifetime of hidden memories
In Freuds depiction, what is Subliminal perception?
A thought or behaviour that is influenced by something the person can’t consciously remember perceiving.
What is the dual process theory?
The theory that there is 2 levels of consciousness
1. The fast unconscious thinking
- Basic things like walking and listening
2. Slow and effortful
- Thinking and Processing
What are the 6 stages of sleep?
- Stage 1 sleep
- Theta waves
- Transition from wakefulness, hypnic jerks - Stage 2 Sleep
- Theta waves
- K-complexes, relaxed body, Sleep spindles - Stage 3/4 sleep
- Delta waves
- Restorative, hard to wake - REM Sleep
- High frequency Beta waves
- Vivid dreams, muscle Antonia, increased brain activity
Define Insomnia
Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, triggered by anxiety
Treatment for Insomnia?
Cognitive behavioural therapy, and sleeping pills
Define sleep apnea
An involuntarily obstruction of the breathing pathway that occurs in people who snore. It can cause heart problems, stroke, ADHD, high blood pressure and depression.
How to treat sleep apnea
Cpap
Define Somnambulism
Sleep walking. It occurs in 1/4 of children and typically peeks around 11-12 years old, is more common in boys.
Define Sleep paralysis
Happens when your muscles are paralyzed from rem sleep, and occurs during hypnagogic or hypnoympic sleep. Causes the inability to move even though the individual is awake. Normally very scary.
Define Narcolepsy
When an individual gets a sudden sleep attack during wake activity the body immediately falls into rem sleep and can last 30 seconds- 30 minutes.
What are the 5 Differences that distinguish dreaming from waking consciousness
- Intense Emotion
- Illogical Thought
- Meaningful Sensation: Except for Pain
- Uncritical Acceptance
- Difficulty Remembering
What is Day Residue?
Dream content that reflects prior to waking up
What are non Rem dreams?
Non Rem dreams Mirror past experiences in compressed from: Taking past experiences and trying to apply them to future - Happens in flames or in fast forward.
What are the 2 theories of why we dream?
- The Activation Synthesis Theory.
- The purpose of dreaming is to process and interpret random neural activity that occurs during rem sleep. Conceiving dreams as a byproduct of the Brians attempt to organize and interpret the activation patterns n the brain during sleep.b - Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory of Dreaming
- Dreams are a manifestation of unconscious desires, repressed wished and unresolved conflicts.
What are psychoactive drugs?
Chemicals that influence consciousness or behaviour by altering the brains chemical messaging system, intensifying or dulling the effectiveness of neurotransmitters.
What are the top 3 most harmful drugs?
- Alchohol
- Heroin
- Crack
These are the top three most harmful to both the person using and makes them the most harmful to others around them.
What are depressant drugs?
- Most common one is alcohol
- Has a sedative or calming effect that reduces the activity of the CNS
- Can produce both psychological and physiological dependance
How does alcohol impair an individual
Slows reaction time, lowers inhibitions, increases GABA, Produces euphoria and reduces anxiety.
What is the Expectancy theory
Alcohol effects are produced by peoples expectations of how much it will influence them. (vodka water)
What are stimulants?
Substances that excite the CNS. they heighten arousal, and activity levels by increasing dopamine, serotonin or epinephrine. This creates an increase in alertness, energy, and gives a euphoric sense of confidence.
EX: Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, ecstasy, amphetamines, and modafinil.
How does ecstasy work in your brain?
It Increases serotonin and oxytocin, added effects are similar to hallucinogens.
What are the physical effects of ecstasy?
Ecstasy causes feeling of closeness and empathy.
Physical Effects include jaw clenching, difficulty regulating body temp, leaves users susceptible to heatstroke and exhaustion.
How does cocaine work in your brain?
it acts as serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine reuptake inhibitor. also knows as the triple inhibitor.
What are the physical effects of cocaine?
- Increases alertness, feeling of well being, euphoria, increases energy and motor activity, confidence and motor activity
- Athletic performance can be enhanced, not good for high cardio sports, helps with bowling and darts.
What are narcotics?
Drugs that are developed from opium and are capable of relieving pain.
Heroine, morphine, methadone, and codeine.
How do narcotics affect the brain?
- It mimics the brains own internal relaxation system
- The brain naturally produces endorphins or endogenous opioids- neurotransmitters closely related to opiates.
- Narcotics flood the brain endorphin receptors which ends up reducing the effectiveness of the natural production of endorphins
What are hallucinogens?
Drugs that alter sensation and perceptions, often causing hallucinations. Drugs include LSD, Mescaline, Psilocybin, PCP, and Ketamine. Sensations because usually intense, objects may move or chance patterns, colours may appear accompanied by intense emotions. These are the class of drugs animals won’t self administer, and are typically non addictive.
What does marijuana do to the brain?
- It produces an intoxication that is mildly hallucinogenic. - Receptor’s that respond to THC are normally activated by the neurotransmitter anandamide.
- High dependance with chronic users
How does marijuana affect you physically?
- Euphoric with heightened senses of sight, sound and the perception of a rush of ideas
- Affects short term memory and impairs motor skills and coordination
What is Anandamine involved in?
It’s involved in the regulation of mood, memory, appetite and pain.
How does Hypnosis work?
- Hypnosis is thought to work by increasing an individuals suggestibility, making them more accepting to suggestions that can influence behavioural or mental changes.
- Inductions of hypnosis can also influence memory reports, create analgesia, and even change brain activation in a way that suggests that hypnotic experiences are more than imagination.
Why were Psychoactive drugs developed?
Each of the major classes of psychoactive drugs was developed for medical, social, or religious reasons, but each has different effects and presents a different array of dangers.
What is analgesia
Analgesia refers to the relief or absence of pain without the of consciousness.
