PSYCH CH 6 Flashcards
1
Q
an event that creates the demands for a state of stress
A
stressor
2
Q
the person’s reactions to a stressor
A
stress response
3
Q
the network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to all other organs of the body
A
automatic nervous system (ANS)
4
Q
the brain and spinal chord
A
central nervous system
5
Q
examples of involuntary activities:
A
breathing, heartbeat, blood presure
6
Q
network of glands throughout the body that help control important activities such as growth and sexual activity
A
endocrine system
7
Q
nerve fibers in ANS that quicken the heartbeat and produce other changes experiences as arousal
A
sympathetic nervous system
8
Q
glands located on top of the kidneys
A
adrenal glands
9
Q
what happens when adrenal medulla is activated?
A
epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinphrine (nonadrenaline) is relased
10
Q
the nerve fibers of ANS that help return bodily processes to normal
A
parasympathetic nervous system
11
Q
one route by which the brain and body produce arousal
A
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adreanal (HPA) axis
12
Q
What does the hypothalamus do when faced by stressors?
A
send signals to pituitary gland, which secretes ACTH, the ‘major stree hormone’
13
Q
Hormones, including cortisol, released by the adrenal glands at times of stress
A
corticosteroids
14
Q
patterns that arise in reaction to a psychologically traumatic event
A
acute stress disorder/ posttraumatic stress disorder
15
Q
a disorder in which a person experiences fear and related symptoms soon after a trauma but for less than a month
A
acute stress disorder
16
Q
a disorder in which a person experiences fear and related symptoms long after a traumatic event
A
posstraumatic stress disorder
17
Q
fluctuating emotions of anxiety, anger, depression
A
emotional dysregulation/ labile mood
18
Q
psychological seperation
A
dissociation
19
Q
feel dazed, have trouble remembering things, feeling that their conscious state is unreal
A
depersonalization
20
Q
When do acute/posttraumatic stress disorders occur?
A
at any age
21
Q
Who is more likely to developed stress disorders?
A
- ppl with low income
- women
- hispanic, african, american indians
22
Q
What is a trigger for acute/posttraumatic stress disoder for soldiers?
A
combat
ex. vietnam war
23
Q
What are some examples of natural disasters that lead to PTSD or acute stress?
A
hurricanes, eathquakes, floods
24
Q
What is victimization? some examples?
A
traumatic experiences like physical, sexual assault, terrorism, mass shootings
25
a forced sexual intercourse or anther sexual act committed against a non-consenting person or intercourse between an adult and underage person
rape
26
What are some examples of the psychological impact of being raped?
enormous stress the week after the assault, high levels of anxiety, depression, self-blame, suicide, sexual dysfunction
27
a pattern of problematic physical and psychological symptoms, a form of PTSD following rape
rape trauma syndrome (RTS)
28
what do survivors of mass shootings and terrorism experinece?
post traumatic stress symptoms
29
brutal, degrading and disorienting strategies in order to reduce victims to a state of utter helplessness
torture
30
What are some examples of toture?
physical torture, psychological torture (threats), sexual torture, torture through deprivation.
31
What are some biological factors of PTSD?
brain-body stress routes
stress circuit in brain
inheritied predisposition
32
What is the HPA of people with stress disorders like?
overactivity in these routes, abnormal activity of cortisol, noerpinphrine
33
What does the brain's stress circuit include?
amygdala, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortes, insula, and hippocampus
34
What might dysfunctions in the hippocampus and its connections lead to?
persistent emotional memories, disassociation, arousal symptoms that characterize PTSD
35
What studies have been conducted on inherited predisposition of PTSD?
- genetic studies
- family pedigree
- twin studies
- people who have PTSD more likely to pass it down to offspring
36
What childhood experiences make a person more at risk for PTSD later in their life?
- childhoods of poverty, assault, abuse, catastrophe
37
What are some examples of cognitive factors of people with a stress disorder?
- difficulty in recalling memories prior to their trauma
- intolerance of uncertainty
- inflexible coping style
38
extreme discomfort with the fact that negative events can occur unpredictably in life
intolerance of uncertainty
39
what are some examples of coping styles?
problem solving, positive thinking, distraction, acceptance
40
the process of adapting well in the face of adversity
resilience
41
What about a traumatic event helps determine whether an individual develops a stress disorder?
the severity and nature of a traumatic events
42
a disorder where a year or more after the death of a loved one, a person continues to display severe symptoms of grief every day
prolonged grief disorder
43
Which perspective on stress disorder is most supported by research today?
developmental psychopathy
44
What factors do developmental psychopathy theorists say about stress disorders?
- the intersection + context of important variable at key points of tie throughout an individuals life span
- biological predisposition
45
How does the timing of a traumatic event affect a person's risk of developing a stress disorder?
if extreme trauma occurs at a very young age, the stress could alter the body-brain stressors of a developing kids and make them more likely to develop a disorder
46
notion that people with similar beginnings may wind up at very different end points
multifinity
47
What are some types of therapy used to reduce verterns' posttruamtic symptoms?
- antidepressant drug therapy
- CBT
- couple/family therapy
- group therapy
48
What is the most effective drug for PTSD?
antidepressant drugs
49
How does CBT operate on vertern PTSD?
therapists examine and change the dysfunctional attitudes and styles of interpretation they have developed as a result of their traumatic experiences
50
what are the examination and efforts of CBT called
cognitive processing therapy
51
What type of behavioral therapy is used on veterans and what is the process?
- exposure techniques to combat weapons, use VR
52
therapists direct clients to confront trauma related objects and painful memories of traumatic experiences
prolonged exposure, the memories are called 'hot spots' and the client is expected to remember more and more details about the hot spot
53
clients move their eyes in a rhythmic manner from side to side while flooding their minds with images of the situations and objects they try to avoid
eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
54
group therapy sessions where veterans meet with other like themselves to share experiences and feelings, develop insights, and give mutual support
rap groups
55
how might couple and family therapy help veterans with PTSD?
clients can come to examine their impact on others, learn to communicate better, improve problem solving skills, reestablish feelings of closeness
56
a form of crisis intervention where victims are helped to talk about their feelings and reactions to traumatic incidents
psychological debriefing, critical stress defriefing
57
a disaster response intervention that seeks to reduce the initial distress of victims and foster their adaptive functioning, but without the procedures that may be premature, intrusive, or inflexible
psychological first aid
58
a disaster response intervention that seeks to reduce the initial distress of victims and foster their adaptive functioning, but without the procedures that may be premature, intrusive, or inflexible
psychological first aid
59
disorders marked by major changes in memory that do not have clear physical causes
dissociative disorder
60
What is the main symptom in dissociative disorders?
dissociative reactions
61
a sense of who we are and where we fit in our environment
idenitity
62
the faculty for recalling past events and past learning
memory
63
what happens to someone's memory in a dissociative disorder?
one part of a person's memory/ identity becomes dissociated, or separated, from other parts of their memory or identity
64
people with this disorder are unable to recall important personal events and information
dissociative amnesia
65
people with this disorders ave two or more separate identities that may not always be aware of each others memories, thoughts, feelings, and behavior
dissociative identity disorder/ multiple personality disorder
66
people with this disorder feel as though they have become detached from their own mental processes or bodies, observing themselves from the outside
depersonalization-derealization disorder
67
a disorder marked by an inability to recall important personal events and information
dissociative amnesia
68
What are some different types of dissociative amnesia?
localized, selective, generalized, continuous
69
a person loses all memory of events that took place within a limited period of time, almost always beginning with some very disturbing occurence. Most common form of amnesia
localized amnesia
70
the forgotten period of events of dissociative amnesia, during this, people may appear confused, wander aimlessly
amnestic episode
71
second most common form of amnesia. People remember some, but not all, events that took place during a period of time
selective amnesia
72
type of amnesia where memory loss extends to times long before upsetting period
generalized amnesia
73
this type of amnesia is where forgetting extends to the future
continous amnesia
74
What are some causes of dissociative disorder?
serious threats to health and safety, wartime, natural disasters, childhood abuse, sexual abuse
75
a form of dissociative amnesia in which persons travel to a new location and may assume a new identity, simultaneously forgetting their past
dissociative fugue
76
Describe the aftermath and duration of a dissociative fugue
- they are usually brief and majority of people who go through one regain most or all of their memories and never have a recurrence. usually non-serious aftermath
77
a dissociative disorder in which a person developed two or more distinct personalities. Also know as multiple personality disorder
dissociative identity disorder
78
the 2+ distinct personalities found in individuals suffering with dissociative identity disorder
subpersonalities, alternative personalities
79
a sub-personality that appears much more often than the others
primary/host personality
80
the transition from one sub-personality to another
switching
81
a relationship where subpersonalities have no awareness of one another
mutually amnesic relationships
82
a relationship where each sub-personality is aware of the rest
mutually cognizant patterns
83
a relationship where sub-personalities are aware of others, but the awareness is not mutual
one-way amnesic relationships
84
the sub-personalities that are aware of the others but do not interact with them
conscious sub-personalities
85
What is the average amount of sub-personalities per patient?
women: 15
men: 8
86
What are some identifying features of sub-personalities?
age, gender, race, family history
87
What are some abilities and preferences of sub-personalities?
- they can have different abilities: driving, bilingual, music, etc
- different tastes in food, friends, music, and literature
88
brain response patterns recoded on an electroencephalograph
evoked potentials
89
what are some physiological responses of subpersonalities?
blood pressure levels, allergies
90
dissociative identity cases that are believed to be unintentionally produced by practitioners
iatrogenic
91
What does it mean for some theorists to believed dissociate identity disorder seems to be culture-bounded?
the commonality of this disorder varies across counties and cultures.
ex. rising number of cases in North America
92
What is the psychodynamic view of dissociative disorders?
- caused by repression, people with dissociative amnesia/identity repress their memories excessively
- dissociative amnesia is a single of episode of massive repression
- dissociative identity disorder is though to result from a lifetime of excessive repression
93
learning that becomes associated with the conditions under which it occurred, so that it is best remembered under the same conditions
state-dependent learning
94
what causes state-dependent learning?
arousal levels that are an important part of learning and memory. a particular level is attached to learning
95
what happens with the state-to-memory links of people with how dissociative disorder?
they are rigid and narrow
each of their thoughts may be tied exclusively to a particular state of arousal, so they may recall a event only when their experience an arousal state when it is almost identical to the state where the memory was first acquired
96
hypnosis that can make people forget facts, events, and even personal identities
hypnotic amnesia
97
compare hypnotic amnesia and dissociative disorders
- conditions in which people forget certain material for a period of time yet later remember it
- people forget without any insight into why thay are forgetting
98
the process of hypnotizing oneself, sometimes for the purpose of forgetting unpleasant events
self-hypnosis
99
how do theorists tie self-hypnosis to dissociative identity disorder?
children who experience abuse manage to escape abuse through self-hypnosis
100
what are the leading treatments for dissociative amnesia?
hypnotic therapy
drug therapy
psychodynamic therapy
- some believe this is the most appropriate treatment fo dissociative amnesia
101
Why do some people believed psychodynamic therapy may be the most appropriate for dissociative amnesia?
the general approach of psychodynamic therapists is not uncover memories that are repressed
102
a treatment in which the patient undergoes hypnosis and is then guided to recall forgotten events or perform other therapeutic activities
hypnotic therapy
103
what barbiturates help patients with dissociative amnesia?
sodium amobarbital (Amytal), sodium pentobarbital (Pentothal)
- they help calm people and free their inibitions
104
What are the steps therapists take for help treat dissociative amnesia?
1. recognize fully the nature of their disorder
2, recover gaps in their memory
3. integrate their subpersonalities
105
How do therapists help patients recognize their disorder?
therapists try to bond with the primary personality of each other the sub-personalities
- therapists educate patients to recognize the full nature of their disorder
106
how do therapists help patients recover pieces of their past?
- use psychodynamic, hypnotherapy, drug treatment methods
107
what is the final goal of therapy for dissociative disorders?
to integrate different sub personalities into a single, integrated identity
108
the final merging of two or more sub personalities in dissociative identity disorder
fusion
109
what happens when the sub-personalities are integrated?
further therapy is typically needed to maintain the complete personality and teach social and coping skills that may help later dissociations
110
a dissociative disorder marked by the presence of persistent and recurrent episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both
depersonalization derealization disorder
111
a sensation where the mind seems to be floating a few feet above them
doubling
112
how is derealization different from depersonalization
derealization is the feeling that the external world is unreal and strage
113
what are the symptoms of depersonalization-derealization disorder?
persistent, recurrent, considerable distress, impair social relationships and job performance
