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psych 405 exam 2 > PSYCH CH 6 > Flashcards

PSYCH CH 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

an event that creates the demands for a state of stress

A

stressor

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2
Q

the person’s reactions to a stressor

A

stress response

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3
Q

the network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to all other organs of the body

A

automatic nervous system (ANS)

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4
Q

the brain and spinal chord

A

central nervous system

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5
Q

examples of involuntary activities:

A

breathing, heartbeat, blood presure

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6
Q

network of glands throughout the body that help control important activities such as growth and sexual activity

A

endocrine system

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7
Q

nerve fibers in ANS that quicken the heartbeat and produce other changes experiences as arousal

A

sympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

glands located on top of the kidneys

A

adrenal glands

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9
Q

what happens when adrenal medulla is activated?

A

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinphrine (nonadrenaline) is relased

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10
Q

the nerve fibers of ANS that help return bodily processes to normal

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

one route by which the brain and body produce arousal

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adreanal (HPA) axis

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12
Q

What does the hypothalamus do when faced by stressors?

A

send signals to pituitary gland, which secretes ACTH, the ‘major stree hormone’

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13
Q

Hormones, including cortisol, released by the adrenal glands at times of stress

A

corticosteroids

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14
Q

patterns that arise in reaction to a psychologically traumatic event

A

acute stress disorder/ posttraumatic stress disorder

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15
Q

a disorder in which a person experiences fear and related symptoms soon after a trauma but for less than a month

A

acute stress disorder

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16
Q

a disorder in which a person experiences fear and related symptoms long after a traumatic event

A

posstraumatic stress disorder

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17
Q

fluctuating emotions of anxiety, anger, depression

A

emotional dysregulation/ labile mood

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18
Q

psychological seperation

A

dissociation

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19
Q

feel dazed, have trouble remembering things, feeling that their conscious state is unreal

A

depersonalization

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20
Q

When do acute/posttraumatic stress disorders occur?

A

at any age

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21
Q

Who is more likely to developed stress disorders?

A
  • ppl with low income
  • women
  • hispanic, african, american indians
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22
Q

What is a trigger for acute/posttraumatic stress disoder for soldiers?

A

combat
ex. vietnam war

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23
Q

What are some examples of natural disasters that lead to PTSD or acute stress?

A

hurricanes, eathquakes, floods

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24
Q

What is victimization? some examples?

A

traumatic experiences like physical, sexual assault, terrorism, mass shootings

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25
Q

a forced sexual intercourse or anther sexual act committed against a non-consenting person or intercourse between an adult and underage person

A

rape

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26
Q

What are some examples of the psychological impact of being raped?

A

enormous stress the week after the assault, high levels of anxiety, depression, self-blame, suicide, sexual dysfunction

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27
Q

a pattern of problematic physical and psychological symptoms, a form of PTSD following rape

A

rape trauma syndrome (RTS)

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28
Q

what do survivors of mass shootings and terrorism experinece?

A

post traumatic stress symptoms

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29
Q

brutal, degrading and disorienting strategies in order to reduce victims to a state of utter helplessness

A

torture

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30
Q

What are some examples of toture?

A

physical torture, psychological torture (threats), sexual torture, torture through deprivation.

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31
Q

What are some biological factors of PTSD?

A

brain-body stress routes
stress circuit in brain
inheritied predisposition

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32
Q

What is the HPA of people with stress disorders like?

A

overactivity in these routes, abnormal activity of cortisol, noerpinphrine

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33
Q

What does the brain’s stress circuit include?

A

amygdala, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortes, insula, and hippocampus

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34
Q

What might dysfunctions in the hippocampus and its connections lead to?

A

persistent emotional memories, disassociation, arousal symptoms that characterize PTSD

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35
Q

What studies have been conducted on inherited predisposition of PTSD?

A
  • genetic studies
  • family pedigree
  • twin studies
  • people who have PTSD more likely to pass it down to offspring
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36
Q

What childhood experiences make a person more at risk for PTSD later in their life?

A
  • childhoods of poverty, assault, abuse, catastrophe
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37
Q

What are some examples of cognitive factors of people with a stress disorder?

A
  • difficulty in recalling memories prior to their trauma
  • intolerance of uncertainty
  • inflexible coping style
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38
Q

extreme discomfort with the fact that negative events can occur unpredictably in life

A

intolerance of uncertainty

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39
Q

what are some examples of coping styles?

A

problem solving, positive thinking, distraction, acceptance

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40
Q

the process of adapting well in the face of adversity

A

resilience

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41
Q

What about a traumatic event helps determine whether an individual develops a stress disorder?

A

the severity and nature of a traumatic events

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42
Q

a disorder where a year or more after the death of a loved one, a person continues to display severe symptoms of grief every day

A

prolonged grief disorder

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43
Q

Which perspective on stress disorder is most supported by research today?

A

developmental psychopathy

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44
Q

What factors do developmental psychopathy theorists say about stress disorders?

A
  • the intersection + context of important variable at key points of tie throughout an individuals life span
  • biological predisposition
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45
Q

How does the timing of a traumatic event affect a person’s risk of developing a stress disorder?

A

if extreme trauma occurs at a very young age, the stress could alter the body-brain stressors of a developing kids and make them more likely to develop a disorder

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46
Q

notion that people with similar beginnings may wind up at very different end points

A

multifinity

47
Q

What are some types of therapy used to reduce verterns’ posttruamtic symptoms?

A
  • antidepressant drug therapy
  • CBT
  • couple/family therapy
  • group therapy
48
Q

What is the most effective drug for PTSD?

A

antidepressant drugs

49
Q

How does CBT operate on vertern PTSD?

A

therapists examine and change the dysfunctional attitudes and styles of interpretation they have developed as a result of their traumatic experiences

50
Q

what are the examination and efforts of CBT called

A

cognitive processing therapy

51
Q

What type of behavioral therapy is used on veterans and what is the process?

A
  • exposure techniques to combat weapons, use VR
52
Q

therapists direct clients to confront trauma related objects and painful memories of traumatic experiences

A

prolonged exposure, the memories are called ‘hot spots’ and the client is expected to remember more and more details about the hot spot

53
Q

clients move their eyes in a rhythmic manner from side to side while flooding their minds with images of the situations and objects they try to avoid

A

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

54
Q

group therapy sessions where veterans meet with other like themselves to share experiences and feelings, develop insights, and give mutual support

A

rap groups

55
Q

how might couple and family therapy help veterans with PTSD?

A

clients can come to examine their impact on others, learn to communicate better, improve problem solving skills, reestablish feelings of closeness

56
Q

a form of crisis intervention where victims are helped to talk about their feelings and reactions to traumatic incidents

A

psychological debriefing, critical stress defriefing

57
Q

a disaster response intervention that seeks to reduce the initial distress of victims and foster their adaptive functioning, but without the procedures that may be premature, intrusive, or inflexible

A

psychological first aid

58
Q

a disaster response intervention that seeks to reduce the initial distress of victims and foster their adaptive functioning, but without the procedures that may be premature, intrusive, or inflexible

A

psychological first aid

59
Q

disorders marked by major changes in memory that do not have clear physical causes

A

dissociative disorder

60
Q

What is the main symptom in dissociative disorders?

A

dissociative reactions

61
Q

a sense of who we are and where we fit in our environment

A

idenitity

62
Q

the faculty for recalling past events and past learning

A

memory

63
Q

what happens to someone’s memory in a dissociative disorder?

A

one part of a person’s memory/ identity becomes dissociated, or separated, from other parts of their memory or identity

64
Q

people with this disorder are unable to recall important personal events and information

A

dissociative amnesia

65
Q

people with this disorders ave two or more separate identities that may not always be aware of each others memories, thoughts, feelings, and behavior

A

dissociative identity disorder/ multiple personality disorder

66
Q

people with this disorder feel as though they have become detached from their own mental processes or bodies, observing themselves from the outside

A

depersonalization-derealization disorder

67
Q

a disorder marked by an inability to recall important personal events and information

A

dissociative amnesia

68
Q

What are some different types of dissociative amnesia?

A

localized, selective, generalized, continuous

69
Q

a person loses all memory of events that took place within a limited period of time, almost always beginning with some very disturbing occurence. Most common form of amnesia

A

localized amnesia

70
Q

the forgotten period of events of dissociative amnesia, during this, people may appear confused, wander aimlessly

A

amnestic episode

71
Q

second most common form of amnesia. People remember some, but not all, events that took place during a period of time

A

selective amnesia

72
Q

type of amnesia where memory loss extends to times long before upsetting period

A

generalized amnesia

73
Q

this type of amnesia is where forgetting extends to the future

A

continous amnesia

74
Q

What are some causes of dissociative disorder?

A

serious threats to health and safety, wartime, natural disasters, childhood abuse, sexual abuse

75
Q

a form of dissociative amnesia in which persons travel to a new location and may assume a new identity, simultaneously forgetting their past

A

dissociative fugue

76
Q

Describe the aftermath and duration of a dissociative fugue

A
  • they are usually brief and majority of people who go through one regain most or all of their memories and never have a recurrence. usually non-serious aftermath
77
Q

a dissociative disorder in which a person developed two or more distinct personalities. Also know as multiple personality disorder

A

dissociative identity disorder

78
Q

the 2+ distinct personalities found in individuals suffering with dissociative identity disorder

A

subpersonalities, alternative personalities

79
Q

a sub-personality that appears much more often than the others

A

primary/host personality

80
Q

the transition from one sub-personality to another

A

switching

81
Q

a relationship where subpersonalities have no awareness of one another

A

mutually amnesic relationships

82
Q

a relationship where each sub-personality is aware of the rest

A

mutually cognizant patterns

83
Q

a relationship where sub-personalities are aware of others, but the awareness is not mutual

A

one-way amnesic relationships

84
Q

the sub-personalities that are aware of the others but do not interact with them

A

conscious sub-personalities

85
Q

What is the average amount of sub-personalities per patient?

A

women: 15
men: 8

86
Q

What are some identifying features of sub-personalities?

A

age, gender, race, family history

87
Q

What are some abilities and preferences of sub-personalities?

A
  • they can have different abilities: driving, bilingual, music, etc
  • different tastes in food, friends, music, and literature
88
Q

brain response patterns recoded on an electroencephalograph

A

evoked potentials

89
Q

what are some physiological responses of subpersonalities?

A

blood pressure levels, allergies

90
Q

dissociative identity cases that are believed to be unintentionally produced by practitioners

A

iatrogenic

91
Q

What does it mean for some theorists to believed dissociate identity disorder seems to be culture-bounded?

A

the commonality of this disorder varies across counties and cultures.
ex. rising number of cases in North America

92
Q

What is the psychodynamic view of dissociative disorders?

A
  • caused by repression, people with dissociative amnesia/identity repress their memories excessively
  • dissociative amnesia is a single of episode of massive repression
  • dissociative identity disorder is though to result from a lifetime of excessive repression
93
Q

learning that becomes associated with the conditions under which it occurred, so that it is best remembered under the same conditions

A

state-dependent learning

94
Q

what causes state-dependent learning?

A

arousal levels that are an important part of learning and memory. a particular level is attached to learning

95
Q

what happens with the state-to-memory links of people with how dissociative disorder?

A

they are rigid and narrow
each of their thoughts may be tied exclusively to a particular state of arousal, so they may recall a event only when their experience an arousal state when it is almost identical to the state where the memory was first acquired

96
Q

hypnosis that can make people forget facts, events, and even personal identities

A

hypnotic amnesia

97
Q

compare hypnotic amnesia and dissociative disorders

A
  • conditions in which people forget certain material for a period of time yet later remember it
  • people forget without any insight into why thay are forgetting
98
Q

the process of hypnotizing oneself, sometimes for the purpose of forgetting unpleasant events

A

self-hypnosis

99
Q

how do theorists tie self-hypnosis to dissociative identity disorder?

A

children who experience abuse manage to escape abuse through self-hypnosis

100
Q

what are the leading treatments for dissociative amnesia?

A

hypnotic therapy
drug therapy
psychodynamic therapy
- some believe this is the most appropriate treatment fo dissociative amnesia

101
Q

Why do some people believed psychodynamic therapy may be the most appropriate for dissociative amnesia?

A

the general approach of psychodynamic therapists is not uncover memories that are repressed

102
Q

a treatment in which the patient undergoes hypnosis and is then guided to recall forgotten events or perform other therapeutic activities

A

hypnotic therapy

103
Q

what barbiturates help patients with dissociative amnesia?

A

sodium amobarbital (Amytal), sodium pentobarbital (Pentothal)

  • they help calm people and free their inibitions
104
Q

What are the steps therapists take for help treat dissociative amnesia?

A
  1. recognize fully the nature of their disorder
    2, recover gaps in their memory
  2. integrate their subpersonalities
105
Q

How do therapists help patients recognize their disorder?

A

therapists try to bond with the primary personality of each other the sub-personalities
- therapists educate patients to recognize the full nature of their disorder

106
Q

how do therapists help patients recover pieces of their past?

A
  • use psychodynamic, hypnotherapy, drug treatment methods
107
Q

what is the final goal of therapy for dissociative disorders?

A

to integrate different sub personalities into a single, integrated identity

108
Q

the final merging of two or more sub personalities in dissociative identity disorder

A

fusion

109
Q

what happens when the sub-personalities are integrated?

A

further therapy is typically needed to maintain the complete personality and teach social and coping skills that may help later dissociations

110
Q

a dissociative disorder marked by the presence of persistent and recurrent episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both

A

depersonalization derealization disorder

111
Q

a sensation where the mind seems to be floating a few feet above them

A

doubling

112
Q

how is derealization different from depersonalization

A

derealization is the feeling that the external world is unreal and strage

113
Q

what are the symptoms of depersonalization-derealization disorder?

A

persistent, recurrent, considerable distress, impair social relationships and job performance

psych 405 exam 2 (4 decks)

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