PSYCH 405 CH 5

Question 1

the stats of immediate alarm

Answer 1

fear

Question 2

vague sense of being in danger (features include: increases in breathing, muscular tension, perspiration, fear)

Answer 2

anxiety

Question 3

what is the most common mental disorder in the US?

Answer 3

anxiety disorders

Question 4

people with this disorder experience general and persistent feelings of worry and anxiety

Answer 4

generalized anxiety disorder

Question 5

people with this phobia have a persistent and irrational fear of a particular object, activity, or situation

Answer 5

specific phobia

Question 6

people with this phobia fear traveling to public places

Answer 6

agoraphobia

Question 7

people with this phobia are intensely afraid of social/performance situations in which they may become embarrassed

Answer 7

social anxiety disorder

Question 8

people with this disorder had recurrent attacks of terror

Answer 8

panic disorder

Question 9

this group of disorders causes people to feel overrun by recurrent thoughts that cause anxiety or by the need to perform certain repetitive actions to reduce anxiety

Answer 9

obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

Question 10

what is another name for generalized anxiety disorder?

Answer 10

free-floating anxiety

Question 11

How do sociocultural theorists view the likelihood of developing generalized anxiety disorder?

Answer 11

people who face ongoing societal conditions that are dangerous are more likely to develop generalized anxiety disorder

Question 12

what is one of the most powerful forms of societal stress?

Answer 12

poverty

Question 13

What is the psychodynamic perspective on anxiety? (Freud)

Answer 13

freud believed that all children experience some degree of anxiety as part of growing up and use all ego defense mechanisms to help control such anxiety. Those who have high anxiety develop disorders

Question 14

Modern psychodynamic theorists view on generalized anxiety disorder:

Answer 14

• disorder can be traced to inadequacies in the early relationships of children and parents
• extreme protectiveness by parents may lead to high levels of anxiety in children

Question 15

what is the general technique that psychodynamic theorists use to treat all psychological problems:

Answer 15

free association
interpretations of transference, resistance, dreams

Question 16

What do Freudian psychodynamic therapists use psychodynamic techniques for?

Answer 16

help patients become less afraid of their id impulses and more successful in controlling them

Question 17

what do object-relations therapists use psychodynamic techniques for?

Answer 17

help clients identify and settle childhood problems that continue to produce anxiety in adulthood

Question 18

are psychodynamic treatments effective for GAD?

Answer 18

only moderatly for generalized anxiety disorder

Question 19

What do humanist theorists propose about generalized anxiety disorder?

Answer 19

that it arises b/c people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly. Repeated denials of thoughts, emotions, and behavior, make people anxious and unable to fulfill their potential

Question 20

Carl Roger’s explanation for generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 20

people who fail to receive unconditional positive regard from others become overly critical of themselves and develop harsh self-standards

Question 21

humanistic therapy developed by Rogers in which clinicians try to help clients by conveying acceptance, accurate empathy, and genuiness

Answer 21

client-centered therapy

Question 22

What is the research standpoint on humanistic therapy?

Answer 22

• controlled studies have failed to offer strong support for this approach
• client centered therapy is only sometimes superior to placebo therapy

Question 23

What is the cognitive-behavioral view on psych disorders?

Answer 23

caused by problematic behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking

Question 24

The inaccurate and inappropriate beliefs held by people with various psych problems, according to Albert Ellis

Answer 24

basic irrational assumptions, maladaptive assumptions

Question 25

Adrian Wells's theory that people with generalized anxiety disorder implicitly hold both positive and negative beliefs about worrying

Answer 25

metacognitive theory

Question 26

theory where certain individuals cannot tolerate the knowledge that negative events may occur, even if the possibility of the occurrence is very small. Makes them vulnerable to generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 26

intolerance of uncertainty theory

Question 27

Can the intolerance of uncertainty be be biologically based?

Answer 27

yes, it can be passed from parent to child

Question 28

Thomas Borkovec's theory that people with generalized anxiety disorder have greater bodily arousal than others and that worrying reduces arousal, distracting them from their unpleasant physical feelings

Answer 28

avoidance theory

Question 29

a cognitive therapy that helps clients identify and change the irrational assumptions and thinking that cause their disorder

Answer 29

rational-emotive therapy

Question 30

what are some goals of new-wave cognitive behavioral therapists?

Answer 30

clients are expected to see the world as less threatening and less arousing, find more constructive ways of dealing with stress

Question 31

What do biological theorists believe about generalized anxiety disorder?

Answer 31

that it is caused by biological factors, for exmaple how many of your relative have it

Question 32

a research design in which investigators determine how many and which relative of a person with a disorder have the same disorder

Answer 32

family pedigree studies

Question 33

the most common group of anti-anxiety drugs ;includes Valium and Xanax

Answer 33

benzodiazepines

Question 34

How do benzodiazepines reduce anxiety?

Answer 34

dupe card just pass

Question 35

a neurotransmitter whose low activity in the brain's fear circuit has been linked to anxiety

Answer 35

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Question 36

How does GABA work?

Answer 36

it carries a inhibitory message and causes neurons to stop firing

Question 37

a network of particular brain structures that work together to trigger a reaction

Answer 37

brain circuit

Question 38

What brain structures does the fear circuit contain?

Answer 38

prefrontal cortex anterior cingulate cortex insula amygdala

Question 39

What did studies reveal about the fear circuit and people with generalized anxiety disorder?

Answer 39

people with the disorder have an hyperactive fear circuit, low GABA

Question 40

drugs that help calm people in low doses and help them fall asleep in higher doses

Answer 40

sedative-hypnotic drugs

Question 41

How do benzodiazepines work to reduce anxiety?

Answer 41

by traveling to receptor sites in the brain circuit--amygdala and bind to these sites and increase the ability of GABA to bind to the sites and stop neurons from firing

Question 42

What are some disadvantages of benzodiazepines?

Answer 42

1. the effects are short lived 2. people who take them in large doses may become dependent on them 3. can produce undesirable results like drowsiness, lack of coordination, memory loss, depression 4. if mixed with other drugs/substances it can become dangerous

Question 43

drugs that are usually used to lift the moods of depressed persons

Answer 43

antidepressant medications

Question 44

drugs commonly given to people with schizophrenia and other forms of psychosis

Answer 44

antipsychotic meds

Question 45

a persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object

Answer 45

phobia

Question 46

what is difference between fear and phobia according to DSM-5?

Answer 46

phobias are more intense and persistent and may interfere dramatically with lives

Question 47

examples of specific phobias:

Answer 47

animals, heights, close spaces, blood

Question 48

extreme and sudden expressions of fear

Answer 48

panic attacks

Question 49

which model for phobias has the most support?

Answer 49

cognitive-behavioral model

Question 50

What are some ways cognitive-behavioral theorists propose phobias develop?

Answer 50

1. classical conditioning 2. modeling (research does not support this, phobias are not normally acquired this way)

Question 51

a predisposition to developed certain fears. explains why some fears are more common than others

Answer 51

prepardness

Question 52

Where might such predispositions to fear come from?

Answer 52

- maybe transmitted genetically through and evolutionary process

Question 53

What is the most widely used model to treating phobias?

Answer 53

cognitive-behavioral; very effective for specific phobias

Question 54

treatment in which person is exposed to the objects/situation they dread

Answer 54

exposure treatment

Question 55

an exposure treatment that uses relaxation training and fear hierarchy to help clients with phobias react calmly to things they dread

Answer 55

systematic desensitization

Question 56

therapist has client confront something at the bottom of their fear hierarchy

Answer 56

in vivo desensitization

Question 57

imagined fear confrontation

Answer 57

covert desensitization

Question 58

exposure therapy treatment in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a fear object made to see that it is actually harmless

Answer 58

flooding

Question 59

an exposure technique where the client watches the therapist confront the feared object/situation

Answer 59

modeling

Question 60

an exposure technique where the client watches the therapist confront the feared object/situation and then client joins in

Answer 60

participant modeling

Question 61

What is the key to success in all forms of exposure treatment?

Answer 61

be in actual contact with all forms of exposure treatment

Question 62

program where clincians give clients and families detailed instructions for carrying out exposure treatments themselves

Answer 62

home-based self-help programs

Question 63

a psychological disorder in which people fear social situations

Answer 63

social anxiety disorder.

Question 64

What are some beliefs cognitive-behavioral theorists believe cause social anxiety disorder?

Answer 64

- holding unrealistically high social standards - believing they are unattractive beings - believing they have no control over feelings of anxiety

Question 65

What medication can help alleviate social fears?

Answer 65

benzodiazepines, anti-depressants

Question 66

What types of therapy can help with social anxiety disorder?

Answer 66

exposure therapy and systematic therapy

Question 67

a therapy approach that helps people learn or improve social skills and assertiveness through role-playing and rehearsing of desirable behaviors

Answer 67

social skills training

Question 68

what are some symptoms of panic?

Answer 68

1. palpitation of the heart 2. tingling of hands and feet 3. trembling 4. chest paints

Question 69

an anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks

Answer 69

panic disorder

Question 70

When does panic disorder typically develop?

Answer 70

late adolescence or early adulthood

Question 71

What model best describes panic disorder?

Answer 71

biological model

Question 72

a small area of the brain that seems to be active in the regulation of emotions. Many of its neurons use norepinephrine

Answer 72

locus coeruleus

Question 73

What drug can help alleviate symptoms of panic disorder and what does it do?

Answer 73

antidepressants; they increase activity of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain

Question 74

What benzodiazepine drug can also alleviate panic disorder symptoms? Why are they the second choice behind antidepressants?

Answer 74

- alprazolan (Xanax) they might increase physical dependency

Question 75

What do cognitive-behavioral theorists believe about panic attacks?

Answer 75

they are experienced only by people who misinterpret he physiological events taking place within their bodies

Question 76

a procedure used to produce panic in participants or clients having them exercise vigorously or perform some other potentially panic-induing task in the presence of a researcher or therapist

Answer 76

biological challenge test

Question 77

tendency to focus on one's bodily sensations, asses them illogically, and interpret them as harmful

Answer 77

anxiety sensitivity

Question 78

how does cognitive-behavioral therapy treat panic disorder?

Answer 78

1. educate clients on the general nature of panic attacks 2. teach clients to apply more accurate interpretations during stressful situations

Question 79

persistent thoughts, impulses, ideas, images that invade one's conciousness

Answer 79

obsessions

Question 80

repetitive and rigid behaviors/mental acts that people feel they must perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety

Answer 80

compulsions

Question 81

a disorder in which a person has recurrent obsession, compulsions, or both

Answer 81

obsessive-compulsion disorder

Question 82

Is obsessive compulsive disorder classifies as an anxiety disorder in the DMS-5?

Answer 82

no

Question 83

What is a difference between compulsions and obsessions?

Answer 83

compulsion are technically voluntary whereas obsessions are not

Question 84

What is the psychodynamic perspective on OCD?

Answer 84

it is a battle between the id impulses and defense mechanisms played over thoughts and actions

Question 85

How did freud say OCD developed?

Answer 85

in the anal stage of development, a child experience extreme shame as a result of potty training

Question 86

How do psychodynamic theorists try to treat OCD?

Answer 86

by helping the client undercover underlying conflicts and defenses using free association and therapist interpretation

Question 87

a person's attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right interanally, making up for unacceptable thoughts

Answer 87

neutralize

Question 88

How does the cognitive-behavioral perspective view OCD?

Answer 88

that everyone has these types of thoughts and those with OCD must blame themselves for having them and expect terrible things to happen endless cycle of obsessions causing anxiety and compulsions reducing anxiety

Question 89

what happens when you limit neutralization?

Answer 89

it might turn into an obsession

Question 90

belief that intrusive thoughts are equivalent to actions and capable of causing harm

Answer 90

thought-action fusion

Question 91

How do cognitive behavioral therapists treat OCD?

Answer 91

educating the clients on misinterpretations, the neutralizing the thoughts, guide clients to identify and challenge distorted cognitions

Question 92

a cognitive behavior technique used to treat OCD by exposing clients to anxiety-arousing thoughts/situations and preventing them from performing their compulsive acts

Answer 92

exposure and response prevention

Question 93

Which brain circuit is hyperactive in people with OCD?

Answer 93

cortio-stratio-thalamocortical circuit, makes it difficult to turn off their various impulses, needs, related thoughts

Question 94

what is the most widely used biological treatment for OCD?

Answer 94

antidepressatn drugs, ones that increase serotonin activity

Question 95

disorders in which obsessive-like concerns drive people to repeatedly perform certain abnormal patterns of behavior

Answer 95

obsessive-compulsive-related disorders

Question 96

a disorder where people feel compelled to save items and become very distressed it they try to discard them

Answer 96

hoarding disorder

Question 97

a disorder where people repeatedly pull out hair from their scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, or other parts of body.

Answer 97

tricotillomania/ hair-pulling disorder

Question 98

a disorder where people repeatedly pick at their skin, resulting in significant sores or wounds.

Answer 98

excoriation

Question 99

a disorder where individuals become preoccupied with the belief that they have certain defects or flaws in their physical appearance.

Answer 99

body dismorphic disorder

Question 100

psychological perspective that focuses on the intersection and context of important factors at key points of time throughout an individual's life span

Answer 100

developmental psychopathy perspective

Question 101

children show a withdraw, isolated, and cautious pattern

Answer 101

behavioral inhibition