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PSYCH 405 CH 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

a low, sad state marked by significant levels of sadness, lack of energy, low self-worth, guilt, or related symptoms

A

depression

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2
Q

a state or episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking

A

mania

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3
Q

How is a depressive disorder different from normal depression?

A

normal depression is experienced from time to time, but depressive disorders bring sever and long-lasting psychological pain that intensifies as time goes on

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4
Q

Compare depression rates of poor people vs wealthier people

A

rate of mild or sever depression is higher among poor people than wealthier people

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5
Q

Which sex is more likely to have unipolar depression? give percentages

A

women; around 26% women vs 12% men

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6
Q

How many adults in US suffer sever unipolar depression? what about milder forms of depression?

A

8 % ; 5 %

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7
Q

roughly what percent of people with unipolar depression recover within 6 months?

A

85%

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8
Q

an inability to experience any pleasure at all

A

anhedonia

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9
Q

what are some emotional symptoms of depression?

A

feeling sad and dejected, anhedonia

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10
Q

What are some motivational symptoms?

A

lack of drive, initiative, spontaneity
ex. force themselves to world, talk, etc

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11
Q

around what % of people with sever depression die by suicide?

A

6-15%

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12
Q

What are some behavioral symptoms of depressed people?

A

they move and speak slower

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13
Q

What are some cognitive symptoms of depression?

A
  • they are pessimistic
    ex. convinces that nothing will ever improve
  • likely to procrastinate because they think they are the worst
    -complain that intellectual ability is poor, easily distracted
  • perform poorer and not great memory
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14
Q

physical symptoms of depression:

A

-frequently have physical ailments as headaches, indigestion, constipation, dizzy spells, general pain
- eat less, sleep less, feel more fatigues than prior to the disorder

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15
Q

According to DSM-5-TR, a period of two or more weeks marked by at least five symptoms of depression, including sad mood and/or loss of pleasure

A

DSM-5-TR definition of a major depressive episode

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16
Q

bizarre ideas without foundation

A

delusions

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17
Q

perceptions of things that are not actually present

A

hallucinations

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18
Q

a sever pattern of depression that is disabling and not caused by such factors as drugs or a general medical condition

A

major depressive disorder

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19
Q

when a disroder changes with seasons

A

seasonal disorder

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20
Q

disorder is marked by either immobility or excessive activity

A

catatonic

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21
Q

disorder occurs during pregnancy or within 4 weeks of giving birth

A

peripartum

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22
Q

disordered marked by the person is almost totally unaffected by pleasurable events

A

melancholic

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23
Q

a chronic form of unipolar depression marked by ongoing and repeated symptoms of either major or mild depression

A

persistent depressive disorder

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24
Q

persistent depressive order combined with repeated major depressive episodes

A

persistent depressive disorder with major depressive episodes

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25
Q

less severe symptoms of persistent depressive disorder

A

persistent depressive disorder with dysthymic syndrome

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26
Q

a disorder marked by repeated episodes of significant depression and related symptoms during the week before menustration

A

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

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27
Q

Why is premenstrual dysphoric disorder controversial?

A

many clinicians believe it is sexist and pathologies severe cases of premenstrual syndrome– premenstrual discomforts that are common and normal among women

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28
Q

a depressive disorder characterizes by a combination of persistent depressive symptoms and recurrent outbursts of severe temper

A

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

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29
Q

an episode of unipolar depression that is triggered by clear-cut stressful events

A

reactive (exogenous) depression

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30
Q

an episode of unipolar depression that is triggered internal factors

A

endogenous depression

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31
Q

What type of studies are used to show genetic factors of unipolar depression?

A

family pedigree, twin studies, gene studies

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32
Q

a type of study that selects people with unipolar depression, examine their relatives, and see whether depression also afflicts other members of the family

A

family pedigree studies

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33
Q

What did researchers conclude about genetic factors of depressed people?

A

people who have depression can have many as 30% of their relatives also depressed

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34
Q

a neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression and panic disorder

A

norepinephrine

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35
Q

A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, OCD, and eating disorders

A

serotonin

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36
Q

What two neurotransmitters have been linked to unipolar depression?

A

norepinephrine and serotonin

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37
Q

In addition to relieving depression, what else do antidepressants do?

A
  • they increase norepinephrine and/or serotonin activity
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38
Q

a neurotransmitter responsible for stimulating neurons in the brain and promoting connectivity and communications among neurons

A

glutamate

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39
Q

what neurotransmitters may either reflect or help produce dysfunction of a depression-related circuit in the brain?

A

norepinephrine, serotonin, glutamate

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40
Q

a route between the brain and the body that brings about the release of hormones at various locations throughout the body, and those hormones spur the assorted body organs into action, causing us to temporarily experience a heightened sense arousal

A

hypothalamic-pituitayr-adrenal (HPA) axis

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41
Q

What does research suggest about the HPA axis of people with depression?

A

it is overly active in the face of stress, causing excessive release of cortisol and related hormones at times of stress

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42
Q

networks of brain structure that work together, triggering each other into action and producing a particular kind of emotional o behavioral reaction

A

circuits

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43
Q

What are some brain structures that are members of the depression related brain circuit?

A

prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, subgenual cingulate

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44
Q

What happens to the blood flow of depressed people

A

low in certain parts of the brain and higher i other parts of the prefrontal cortex

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45
Q

What happens to the hippocampus of people with depression

A

undersized and low production of new neurons

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46
Q

What happens to the subgenual cingulate of depressed people

A

particulalry small and active

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47
Q

What is problematic between various brain structure in people with depression

A

interconnectivity

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48
Q

body’s network of activities and body cells that fight off bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders

A

immune system

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49
Q

proteins that spread throughout the body and cause inflammation and various illnesses

A

pro-inflammatory cytokines

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50
Q

What are some biological treatments for depression?

A

anti-depressant drugs
brain stimulation

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51
Q

What kind of drugs are available for depression?

A

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO), tricycles, second-generation antidepressants, ketamine-based drugs

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52
Q

an antidepressant drug that prevents the action of the enzyme monoamine oxidase

A

MAO inhibitors

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53
Q

What do MAO inhibitors od?

A

increase activity of serotonin and norepinephrine in brain

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54
Q

What is a downside of MAO Inhibitors?

A

eat them with a diet otherwise blood pressure rises dangerously. Food containing tyramin are a no no

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55
Q

an antidepressant drugs such as imipramine that has three rings in molecular structure and can relieve uni[polar depression

A

tricyclics

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56
Q

How do tricyclics help relieve depression?

A

they inhibit over vigorous reuptake process, allowing norepinephrine and serotonin to last in synapse longer

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57
Q

What happens to reuptake process in depressed people?

A

the reuptake process limit the neurotransmitter’s time in the synapse to prevent overstimulation, however, depressed people have a reuptake process that happens too quickly, resulting in understimulation

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58
Q

A group of second-generation antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin activity specifically, without affecting other neurotransmitters

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs)

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59
Q

SSRIs that increase norepinephrine activity only

A

selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

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60
Q

What are some examples of SSRIs?

A

Prozac, Zoloft, Lexapro

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61
Q

What is an advantage of SSRIs?

A

they do not produce as many undesired effects as MAO inhibitors or tricyclics

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62
Q

What are some side effects of SSRIs?

A

weight gain and reduced sex drive

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63
Q

an anesthetic drug that is also used as an antidepressant, bringing rapid relief to many people with depressions

A

ketamine

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64
Q

What are some advantages of ketamine?

A

they are fast acting and can be effectively combined with other drugs

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65
Q

what are some downsides of ketamines?

A

they only has short term impact
side effects: dizziness, confusion, memory problems, feelings of derealization, high blood pressure

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66
Q

What does ketamine do to the brain?

A

it increases the activity of neurotransmitter glutamate in the brain

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67
Q

Interventions that directly or indirectly stimulate the brain in order to bring about psychological improvement.

A

brains timulation

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68
Q

What types of brain stimulation have been developed to treat depressive disorders?

A

vagus nerve stimulation
transcranial magnetic stimulation
deep brain stimulation

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69
Q

a biological treatment in which a brain seizure is triggered when an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patient’s forehead.

A

electroconculsive therapy (ECT)

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70
Q

what is ECT used frequently?

A

very effective and relatively fast-acting intervention for unipolar depression

71
Q

What happens during an ECT procedure?

A

two electrodes are attached to the patient’s head and 65- 140 volts of electricity are passed through the brain for 1/2 a second. This results in a brain seizure that lasts from 25 to 70 seconds, and people feel less depressed

72
Q

How do practitioners minimize broken bones in today’s ECT?

A

by giving patients muscle relaxants to minimize convulsions, use anesthetics to put patients to sleep

73
Q

A treatment for depression in which an implanted pulse generator sends regular electrical signals to a person’s vagus nerve; the nerve then stimulates the brain.

A

vagus nerve stimulation

74
Q

During vagus nerve stimulation, how do electrical signals travel to the vagus nerve?

A

through the pulse generator under the skin of the chest

75
Q

What did researchers find about the effectiveness of vagus nerve stimulation?

A

it can bring significant relief, people who have not responded to any other form of treatment may improve significantly when treated with this procedure

76
Q

A treatment in which an electromagnetic coil, which is placed on or above a patient’s head, sends a current into the individual’s prefrontal cortex

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

77
Q

What did researchers find about the effectiveness of TMS?

A

increases neuron activity in that structure and may improve brain’s depression-related circuit

78
Q

A treatment for depression in which a pacemaker powers electrodes that have been implanted in the subgenual cingulate, thus stimulating that brain area.

A

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

79
Q

What are the psychodynamic explanations of depressive diroders?

A

when one experiences grief they regress back into the oral stage
major losses, especially ones that happen in early life, set up for later depression

80
Q

What is the object relations perspective on depressive disorders?

A

depression results when people’s relationships — especially their early relationships — leave them feeling unsafe, insecure, and dependent on others

81
Q

What are psychodynamic treatments for depression?

A
  • psychodynamic therapists seek to help clients being these underlying issues to consciousness and work them through
  • free association, interpretation of client’s associations, dreams, resistance, and transference
82
Q

What does research say about psychodynamic therapy?

A

it is only occasionally helpful in the cases of unipolar depression, short term psychodynamic therapies perform better than long term therapies

83
Q

What limits the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy?

A

depressed clients may feel to passive and weary to join in therapy discussions. they may become discouraged and end treatment too early

84
Q

What does the cognitive behavioral model suggest about depressive disorders?

A

it’s a combination of problematic behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking

85
Q

What is the behavioral dimension theory for depression?

A

positive rewards in life dwindle for some people, leading them to perform fewer and fewer constructive behaviors
social rewards are particularly important in downward spiral of depression

86
Q

what is the negative thinking theory of depression?

A

According to Beck, maladaptive attitudes, cognitive triad, errors in thinking, and automatic thoughts combine to produce unipolar depression

87
Q

in depression, people repeatedly interpret their experiences, themselves, and their futures in negative ways that lead them to feel depressed

A

cognitive triad

88
Q

what errors in thinking do depressed people make?

A

they draw negative conclusions based on little evidence.
minimize the significance of positive experiences or magnify the negative ones

89
Q

a steady train of unpleasant thought that keep suggesting to them that they are inadequate and their situation is hopeless

A

automatic thoughts

90
Q

What do researches say about Beck’s theories?

A

they are backed up with a lot of evidence, depressed people indeed hold maladaptive attitudes and they the more they hold, the more depressed they are
- automatic thoughts are tied to depression

91
Q

to repeatedly dwell mentally on their mood without acting to change it– more likely to develop clinical depression in later life

A

ruminative responses

92
Q

According to Freudian theory, the loss of a valued object (for example, a loss of employment) that is unconsciously interpreted as the loss of a loved one. Also called imagined loss.

A

symbolic/imagined

93
Q

The perception, based on past experiences, that one has no control over the reinforcements in one’s life.

A

learned helplessness

94
Q

when people view events as beyond their control, they ask themselves why this is so

A

attribution-helplessness theory

95
Q

what happens when people attribute their present lack of control to some internal cause that is global and stable?

A

they feel helpless in preventing future negative outcomes and they may experience depression

96
Q

What are some limitations of the learned helplessness theory?

A

that much of its conclusions rely on animal subjects

97
Q

What is the goal of CBT therapy on people with depression?

A

behavioral side: to get clients to engage and enjoy more activities
cognitive side: they guide clients to think in more adaptive, less negative ways

98
Q

A therapy for depression in which the therapist works systematically to increase the number of constructive and pleasurable activities and events in a client’s life.

A

behavioral activation

99
Q

How is behavioral activation therapy conducted?

A

the therapist selects activities that the client considered pleasurable and sets up a weekly schedule for the client to engage in them.

guide clients to monitor negative behaviors and try new ones

train cleints in effective social skills

100
Q

What do behavioral activation therorists argue about depressed people’s behaviors?

A

when people becomes depressed, their negative behaviors keep others at a distance, reducing the chances of rewarding experiences and interactions

101
Q

What is a limitation of behavioral activation techniques?

A

they are not that helpful for depression that is over moderate level serverity

102
Q

a therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people identify and change the maladaptive assumptions and ways of thinking that help cause their psychological disorders

A

cognitive therapy

103
Q

What are the phases of cognitive therapy?

A
  1. increasing activities and elevating moods
  2. challenging automatic thoughts
    3.identifying negative thinking and biases
    4, changing primary attitudes
104
Q

a short series of booster CBT therapy session that focus on reducing negative automatic thoughts and developing a relapse prevention plan

A

preventive cognitive therapy

105
Q

CBT therapy using mindfulness training and other cognitive behavioral techniques to help depressed clients recognize and accept their negative conditions

A

acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

106
Q

What does ACT CBT therapy aim to do?

A

help depressed clients recognize and accept their negative conditions and work around them in life

107
Q

what is the sociocultural model of unipolar depression?

A

unipolar depression is strongly influence by the social context that surrounds people.

108
Q

What is the family-social perspective of depression?

A

they have weak social skills and communicate poorly
seek reassurance from others and speak more slowly and quietly than nondepressed people

these behaviors may cause others to avoid the depressed individuals. As a result, the depressed person feels even more isolated

109
Q

What is the link between isolation, loneliness, and depressions

A

the more isolated and lonely you are, the higher risk for depression

110
Q

what is the goal of family- social treatments?

A

to change how clients deal with close relationships in their lives

111
Q

A treatment for unipolar depression that is based on the belief that clarifying and changing one’s interpersonal problems help lead to recovery.

A

interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

112
Q

the loss of a loved one

A

interpersonal loss

113
Q

How does IPT deal with personal loss?

A

encouraging the clients to explore their relationship with the lost person and express any feelings of anger they may discovers

114
Q

when two people have different expectation of their relationship and of the role each should play

A

interpersonal role dispute

115
Q

feeling overwhelmed by role changes that accompany the life change

A

interpersonal role transition

116
Q

example include extreme shyness or social awkwardness, that prevents them from having intimate relationships

A

interpersonal deficiets

117
Q

How do IPT therapists face interpersonal deficiets?

A

by having clients recognize their deficits and teach them social skills and assertiveness in order to improve their social effectiveness

118
Q

How are IPT treatments successful?

A

they have a similar success rate to CBT (50-60%)
considered especially useful for depressed people who are struggling with social conflicts or undergoing changes in career or social roles

119
Q

A therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long-term relationship. Also called marital therapy.

A

couple therapy

120
Q

a type of therapy that combines CBT and sociocultural techniques to teach couples specific communication and problem-solving skills to become more accepting and supportive of each other

A

integrative behavioral couples therapy

121
Q

What does the Multicultural perspective on depression propose?

A

there is a link between gender and depression, cultural/ethnic background and depression

122
Q

theory that holds that women and men are equally prone to depression but that clinicians often fail to detect depression in men

A

artifact theory

123
Q

theory that holds that hormone changes trigger depression in many women, particularly during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause

A

hormone explanantion

124
Q

why the hormone explanation controversial?

A

it has been criticized as sexist, since they imply a woman’s normal biology is flawed

125
Q

the theory that suggest that women in our society are more subject to stress than men due to social factors

A

life stress theory

126
Q

females in Western society are taught, almost from birth, but particularly during adolescence, to seek a low body weight and slender body shape — goals that are unreasonable, unhealthy, and often unattainable

A

body dissatisfaction explanantion

127
Q

draws on the learned helplessness research, proposes that women may be more prone to depression because they feel less control than men over their lives.

A

lack or control theory

128
Q

theory stating women are more likely than men to ruminate when their mood darkens, perhaps making them more vulnerable to the onset of clinical depression

A

rumination theory

129
Q

Which races are more likely to have recurrent depressive episodes?

A

hispanic americans and african americans are 50% more likely than non-hispanic whites to have episodes

130
Q

therapies that are designed to address the unique issues faced by members of cultural minority groups

A

culture-sensitive therapies

131
Q

What do developmental theorists say causes depression?

A

that depression is caused by a combination of factors. staring with early negative factors that later set the stage for later negative factors

132
Q

later positive factors that can offset lingering impact of earlier negative factors

A

protective factors

133
Q

What have studies found about individuals who experience a moderate and manageable adversities throughout childhood

A

resilience

134
Q

what percent of people with bipolar disorder commit suicide?

A

10 - 15%

135
Q

what areas of functioning do the symptoms of mania happen?

A

emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive, physical

136
Q

What type of emotions does a person with mania have?

A

it can range from euphoria to irritation

137
Q

What is the motivational realm of mania?

A

want constant excitement, involvement, and companionship, want constant excitement, involvement, and companionship

138
Q

What is the behavior of people with mania?

A

very active, talk rapidly and loudly, flamboyance, even getting involved in dangerous activities

139
Q

what the is cognitive realm of people with mania?

A

poor judgement and planning, rarely listen to others, inflated opinion of themselves

140
Q

what is the physical realm of mania?

A

feel very energetic, get little sleep

141
Q

when are people considered to be in full mania?

A

when for 1 week they display an abnormally high or irritable mood, increased activity and energy, and at least 3 other symptoms of mania

142
Q

when symptoms of mania are less severe

A

hypomanic episode

143
Q

What are some symptoms of manic episode?

A

grandiosity or overblown self-esteem
reduced sleep need
increased talkativeness
changing ideas
excessively risky activities

144
Q

A type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes.

A

biopolar I disorder

145
Q

What are the types of episodes someone with bipolar I disorder may face?

A

alteration: weeks of mania followed by a period of wellness, followed by an episode of depression

mixed: display both manic and depressive symptoms in the same episode

146
Q

A type of bipolar disorder marked by mildly manic (hypomanic) episodes and major depressive episodes.

A

bipolar II disorder

147
Q

What distinguishes bipolar I and II from manic episode?

A

both bipolar disorders las longer and and more frequent then manic episodes

148
Q

If a person has four or more episodes within a one-year period, their disorder is considered to be ________________

A

rapid cycling

149
Q

what percent of adults suffer from bipolar disorder at any given time?

A

1 - 2.8%

150
Q

what person of adults experience one of the bipolar disorders at some point in their life?

A

4.4%

151
Q

A disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms.

A

cyclothymic disorder

152
Q

when do bipolar disorders and cyclothymic disorder begin to emerge?

A

adolescence or early adulthood

153
Q

Are women or men more likely to get bipolar disorders?

A

they are equally likely

154
Q

What are some factors in the biological causes of bipolar disorder?

A

neurotransmitter activity
ion activity
brain structure and circuitry
genetic factors

155
Q

What neurotransmitters have abnormal activity in brains of people with bipolar disorders?

A

norepinphrine, serotonin, glutamate, dopamine

156
Q

What are ions role in the brain?

A

they relay messages within a neuron, transmit messages down the neuron’s axon to nerve endings

157
Q

What brain structures are abnormal in people with bipolar disorder?

A

hippocampus
basal ganglia
cerebellum
- smaller than normal, lower amount of gray matter
raphe nuclei, amygdala, striatum, prefrontal cortex are abnormal

158
Q

What supports the idea that people inherit a biological predisposition to develop bipolar disorders?

A

family pedigree studies, identical twin studies, molecular biology

159
Q

A metallic element that occurs in nature as a mineral salt and is an effective treatment for bipolar disorders.

A

lithium

160
Q

Psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from bipolar disorder. Also known as antibipolar drugs.

A

mood-stabilizing drugs

161
Q

what are these examples: lamitcal, tegretol, depakote

A

mood-stabilizing drugs

162
Q

What other type of drugs can be mixed in with mood-stabilizing drugs to relieve bipolar disorder?

A

antipsychotic drugs

163
Q

What percent of people with mania improve on these types of drugs?

A

60%

164
Q

drugs that actually help prevent symptoms from developing

A

prophylactic

165
Q

What episodes of bipolar disorder are harder to treat with medication?

A

depressive episodes

166
Q

What type of drugs have limited effectiveness. in the case of bipolar depression?

A

antidepressants

167
Q

which number transmitter is a neurotransmitter considered?

A

first messenger

168
Q

What is one possibility lithium and antiseizure drugs are effective in cases of bipolar disorder?

A

they change synaptic activity by operating within neurons

169
Q

The substances in the neuron that carry out those changes that occur when a receive neuron is firing

A

second messenger

170
Q

proteins within certain neurons whose job it is to prevent cell death. The drugs may increase the health and functioning of those cells and thus reduce bipolar symptoms

where are they found in?

A

brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
found in mood-stabilizing drugs

171
Q

How might mood stabilizing drugs help relieve bipolar depression?

A

they may improve the functioning of or communications between key structures in the brain

172
Q

How do clinicians now improve the effectiveness of treatment ( combining what therapy with what medication)?

A

offer individual, family, group therapy in addition to mood-stabilizing drugs
this therapy triples the likelihood that bipolar individuals will continue to take their medications properly

173
Q

which psychological model best explains bipolar disorder?

A

biological

psych 405 exam 2 (4 decks)

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