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psych + bio Flashcards

1
Q

psychology

A

The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. This role includes conducting research, counselling, giving evidence in court and helping athletes improve their performance.

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2
Q

psychiatry

A

Medical doctors who have completed specialised training in psychiatry which is how to diagnose, treat, prevent mental, emotional and behavioural disorders.

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3
Q

Biology

A

Biology is a branch of science that deals with living organisms and their vital processes.

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4
Q

Behaviour

A

OBSERVABLE - refers to an observable action by an individual. Eg, sneezing, writing, typing.

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5
Q

Mental processes

A

An experience that occurs within an individual and cannot be directly observed. love, guilt anger

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6
Q

The nervous system

A

is made of two parts. the central and peripheral nervous system. The CNS is made of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS is outside the spinal cord and brain (any nerve outside).

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7
Q

CNS (Brain to body)

A

Brain and spinal cord -
The brain is the control centre of the body. The spinal cord allows the brain to communicate with the rest of the body. It runs from the brainstem to the lower back.

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8
Q

PNS (Body to brain)

A

Somatic and Autonomic -
The first function to communicate information from the bodies organs, muscles and glands to the brain. Eg. smell of pizza and an ache.

The second function is to communicate information from the brain to the bodies organs, glands and muscles. Eg. heart beat faster or picking up a pen.

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9
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system (autonomic NS)

A

Parasympathetic -
(Rest, digest) Helps calm down our body and returns our body to normal homeostasis.

  • constrict pupils
  • increased saliva
  • contract bladder
  • slow heartbeat
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10
Q

Sympathetic nervous system (autonomic NS)

A

Sympathetic -
(Fight, flight) Prepares for action and is responsible to the bodies natural reaction to danger.

  • stop activity of intestine
  • relax airways
    -dilate pupils
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11
Q

Cerebrum

A

Located above the cerebellum. The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres and each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes .

For conscience thought.

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12
Q

Left and right hemispheres

A

Most functions of the brain involve both hemispheres, even though they work together they are also said to specialise.

The left side is speaking, reading, logic and reasoning.

The right side is emotion, music and art awareness, visual and facial recognition.

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13
Q

Frontal lobe - including Primary Motor Cortex and Broca’s Area

A

Larges of the 4 lobes.
Functions include problem solving, planning, decision making, personality, emotion.

The Broca’s area is used for production of speech.

The primary motor cortex initiates voluntary movement.

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14
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Found in the upper back half of the brain.

Functions include processing information, spatial awareness, direction.

The primary somatosensory cortex - this part of the brain receives and processes information about touch, temperature and the position of muscles.

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15
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Almost all of this area of the brain is dedicated to vision. The left lobe receives information from the right visual field and the right lobe receives information from the left visual field.

Including Primary Visual Cortex

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16
Q

Temporal lobe- including Primary Auditory Cortex and Wernicke’s Area

A

Located next to the ear. Contains areas responsible for hearing and language comprehension (Wernicke’s area)

Has a role in recognising faces, places songs and paintings.

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17
Q

Cerebellum

A

Located at the back, base of the brain and is about the size of a tennis ball.

Responsible for muscle coordination and balance.

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18
Q

Broca’s area and Aphasia

A

Found in the left frontal lobe, responsible for coordination, the movements of the muscles required for production of speech.

(Speech that flows and is effortless)

Aphasia characterised by partial loss of the ability to produce language, although comprehension generally remains intact. A person with expressive aphasia will exhibit effortful speech

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19
Q

Wernicke’s area and Aphasia

A

Found in the left temporal lobe. Responsible for comprehension of speech.

(Speech makes sense)

Wernicke’s aphasia affects your ability to make sense when speaking. It also affects your ability to understand what others are saying. Although speaking may seem easy, what you say can be confusing to others.

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20
Q

3 types of neurons

A

Sensory neuron- picks up information from your senses to send to your brain.

Interneuron- only found in CNS, allows for communication between S&M neurons.

Motor neuron- moves your muscles/organs/glands/

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21
Q

What is a neuron

A

A neuron is an individual nerve cell and are commonly known as the ‘building block’ of the nervous system because the entire nervous system is made up of neurons.

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22
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal of one neuron and they enter the synaptic gap. They then travel across the synaptic gap and bind with the dendrite of another neuron.

This process is called synaptic transmission.

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23
Q

Synaptic gap (can you describe what happens and what structures are involved)

A

The space between neurons is called
the synaptic gap. There are neurotransmitters, secretion points, and the axon terminal and dendrites from each neuron.

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24
Q

Neurotransmitters

Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

If a neurotransmitter is excitatory then it makes the post-synaptic (after the synapse) neuron more likely to fire

If a neurotransmitter is inhibitory then
it makes the post-synaptic neuron less likely to fire.

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25
Synaptic plasticity
Sometimes the brain can recover after it has been damaged. This is due to something called plasticity. DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY the natural changes that take place in all peoples brains as we mature older and have new experiences. ADAPTIVE PLASTICITY the ability of the brain to compensate for lost function in the event of brain injury. Also explains how the brain changes when we learn something new.
26
Mechanisms of synaptic plasticity- pruning, sprouting, rerouting, synaptogenesis
Sprouting- growth of an axon and dendrite branches to enable the neuron to make new connections. Rerouting- when and undamaged neuron that has lost connections with an active neuron may seek new active neuron to connect with. Synaptogenesis- is the formation of synapses between neurons in the nervous system.
27
Normal waking consciousness
This is when you are awake and aware of your thoughts, feelings and perceptions both internally and from the external thoughts.
28
Altered states of consciousness.
Is used to describe a state of consciousness that is distinctly different to NWC in terms of leve of awareness and experience.
29
define sleep
A naturally occuring altered state of conscience, that involves a loss of awareness and disengagement with internal and external stimuli.
30
Stages of NREM sleep including brainwaves, length of time and any other characteristics.
Makes up approximately 75-80% of a sleep episode. The amount of sleep spent in NREM is during the first half. Characterised by lack of REM and is in 3 different stages. NREM 1 - When moving into stage 1 of NREM sleep, the sleeper transitions from being awake into a light sleep. **Beta/ alpha waves** NREM 2 - In stage 2 of NREM sleep, the sleeper is still in a relatively light sleep. Individuals spend the majority of their time asleep in NREM stage 2. **Alpha/ theta waves** NREM 3 - In stage 3 of NREM sleep, the sleeper is in a deep stage of sleep. It is difficult to wake the sleeper in this stage of NREM. **Theta/ delta waves**
31
REM sleep including brainwaves, length of time and any other characteristics.
Makes up approximately 20-25% of a sleep episode. The amount of time in REM is increased as the sleep episode progresses. Vivid dreaming and paralysed.
32
Electroencephalograph - what does it measure and how can it be used to tell us what stage of sleep someone is in?
(EEG) It is a device that **D**etects, **A**mplifys and **R**ecords **E**lectrical activity of the brain.
33
Electromyograph - what does it measure and how can it be used to tell us what stage of sleep someone is in?
(EOG) It is a device that **D**etects, **A**mplifys and **R**ecords **E**lectrical activity of the muscles for eye movement.
34
Electroculargraph- what does it measure and how can it be used to tell us what stage of sleep someone is in?
(EMG) It is a device that **D**etects, **A**mplifys and **R**ecords **E**lectrical activity of the muscles. It will detect less muscle contractions when we are asleep. DARE
35
How many sleep cycles a night
A typical night's sleep consists of 4 to 5 sleep cycles, with the progression of sleep stages in the following order: N1, N2, N3, N2, REM.
36
How long is each cycle
a complete sleep cycle takes arounf\d 90 to 110 minutes.
37
What happens to the amount of REM and NREM with each sleep cycle?
The amount of time spent in NREM is highest during the first half. The amound of time speant in REM increases as the sleep cycle progresses.
38
How does sleep change across the lifespan. Include reference to amounts of REM and NREM.
During adolescence there is a hormonal incduced shift of the body clock (circadiumrythm) forward 1-2 hours restulting in a delay in sleep. Teenages tend to go to sleep later and want to wake up later. Adults and elders require less sleep as their brains aren't developing. Adolescence have more nrem and rem sleep than adults.
39
Circadium Rhythm
Are 24hr cycles that are part of the body's internal clock, synchronised with a master clock in the brain, influenced by environmental cues, especially light.
40
How much sleep do adolescents require?
Adolescents require 9.5 hours sleep a night to function well but are often getting substantially less. Adolescents typically have irregular sleep patterns which have significant effects on their normal daytime functioning. **Lack of sleep in teenagers leads to many problems including:** Lack of concentration and motivation Irritability Hyperactivity Problems with memory Control of emotions
41
How much sleep do newborn babies require?
16 hours - 8 of rem and 8 of nrem
42
How much sleep do adults require?
Around 7-7.75 hours. Mostly NREM.
43
What is meant by delayed onset of sleep in adolescents? Which hormone is involved?
During adolescence there is a hormonally induced shift of the body clock (circadian rhythm) forward 1-2 hours resulting in delayed onset of sleep This is caused by a delay in the release of melatonin.
44
Partial sleep deprivation
Partial sleep deprivation can cause: Hand tremors Slurred speech Sleepiness/fatigue Drooping eyelids Difficulty focussing the eyes
45
Total Sleep deprivation
Total sleep deprivation can cause: Body temperature to decrease Respiration to slow Impairment to immune system and reduction in production of some hormones
46
Psychological effects of partial sleep deprivation.
Lack of concentration Short attention span Feel irritable and moody Anxiety Lack of motivation
47
Physiological effects of total sleep deprivation.
irrational thought processes hallucinations depression paranoia
48
What is DNA?
DNA is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Genes are made up of DNA.
49
Describe the relationship between chromosomes, DNA and genes.
Chromosomes contain DNA, which is made up of genes that determine an organism's traits.
50
What is a nucleotide?
Are joined together by their sugar phosphate groups. By hydrogen bonds and are the building block of DNA.
51
What are the 4 bases in DNA? What base pairs with what?
Adenine - Thymine Cytosine- Guanine
52
What bonds hold together the bases in DNA?
Hydrogen bonds
53
What is protein synthesis?
The instructions for assembling amino acids (that have come from consuming and digesting other living organisms) into new proteins that are needed for our body. This process is known as protein synthesis.
54
Describe each step of protein synthesis.
Transcription (DNA - mRNA) Translation (mRNA - protein)
55
RNA polymerase
an enzyme that helps copy DNA during protein synthesis, it converts DNA to RNA.
56
Where do transcription and translation occur in the cell?
Transcription-nucleus Translation-cytoplasm
57
What is mRNA?
Carries instructions for one gene, is synthesised in the nucleus and its function is to make a copy of a gene and take it to the nucleus.
58
How is mRNA paired with DNA?
mRNA is paired with DNA through complementary base pairing: adenine pairs with uracil, and cytosine pairs with guanine.
59
Steps of transcription
1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination
60
What is the role of the ribosome?
The ribosome's role is to facilitate protein synthesis by decoding mRNA and linking amino acids together to form proteins.
61
What is a polypeptide chain? How is this different to a protein?
A polypeptide chain is a linear sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
62
What is tRNA? What is the role of tRNA?
Transfer RNA, is a type of RNA that transports specific amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis. Its role is to match the appropriate amino acid to the corresponding codon on the mRNA strand, ensuring correct protein assembly.
63
What is a triplet, codon and anticodon?
Codon: A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis. Anticodon: A sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that is complementary to a codon on mRNA, allowing tRNA to bring the correct amino acid to the ribosome.
64
Point mutation and frameshift
Point mutation involves a single nucleotide change, while frameshift mutation results from insertions or deletions, altering the entire amino acid sequence.Mutations can be caused by environmental factors, such as radiation or chemicals, as well as errors during DNA replication.
65
Causes of mutations
Mutations can be caused by environmental factors, such as radiation or chemicals, as well as errors during DNA replication.
66
How do mutations impact protein synthesis
Mutations can alter the amino acid sequence in proteins, potentially affecting their structure and function, leading to functional changes or diseases.
67
Huntington’s
Huntington's Disease: A genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the HTT gene, leading to neurodegeneration, movement disorders, and cognitive decline. Symptoms typically appear in mid-adulthood.
68
Sickle cell anaemia
Sickle Cell Anemia: A genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the HBB gene, resulting in abnormal hemoglobin. This leads to misshapen red blood cells, causing pain, anemia, and organ damage. Symptoms can appear in early childhood.
69
Somatic nervous system
Responsible for carrying messages from the brain to skeletal muscles (voluntary movement) and carrying messages from the senses to the brain to process.
70
Motor neurons
Communicate messages from the CNS to the particular muscles that an organism intend to move.
71
Sensory neurons
Carry messages from the senses to the CNS so our brain can interact with the environment.
72
Autonomic nervous system
Controls the body's non skeletal muscles. Eg. heart, pupil of the eye. These carry out basic bodily functions for everyday survival such as digestion.
73
The structures that protect the brain.
1. skull 2. cerebrospinal fluid 3. meninges (3 layers of tissues)
74
Pons
The pons is the largest part of the brainstem and is a group of nerves that function as a connection between the cerebrum and cerebellum. It has a role in regulating breathing and sleep.
75
Dendrite
Receives information from other neurons and transmits it into the soma.
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Soma
The cell body. Contains and maintains the neuron and keeps it functioning.
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Axon
Thin tube that transports info from the soma to the axon terminal.
78
Axon terminal
Secretes neurotransmitters.
79
Myelin
Insulation coating of the axon which helps insulate a neuron and keeps the electrical-chemical signal on a direct route.
80
Brain stem
Regulates survival functions such as our heartbeat, blood pressure and breathing rates.
81
Thalamus
Sensory data arrives here and is then relayed to specific areas of the somatosensory cortex.
82
Hypocampus
Responsible for making new memories, is also out direction finder or navigation.
83
Hypothalamus
Responsible for regulating body temperature, appetite, thirst and hormones.
84
Pineal gland
Controls our internal body clock, regulate our sleep/wake cycles and releases our 'sleep' hormone melatonin.
85
Amygdala
Plays a key role in our emotional responses. Located deep within the temporal lobe. It is associated with the autonomic responses related to fear, processing and condensing memory, emotional responses and hormonal secretion.
86
Why do we sleep?
**-Restorative** We sleep in order to seek restoration, healing the body and mind. NREM sleep is important for restoring physiological functions, REM sleep is essential in restoring mental functions. **-Evolutionary** Species have adapted to sleep during periods of time when wakefulness would be the most hazardous. **-Information consolidation** The information consolidation theory of sleep suggests that people sleep in order to process information that has been acquired during the day.
87
rRNA
Reads mRNA and the codes as it moves along and helps translate.
88
plasticity
adaptive and developmental

sem 2 (5 decks)

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