psych being investigated Flashcards
play
Play - allows humans to self-express which creates pleasure
-Always voluntary (we play because we want to)
-Adaptive: patience of the skills required in adulthood
Seashore (1913) defined play as: “pleasure gained in self-expression”
This definition may not apply to animals as animals may not have a sense of self to express.
Bergen (2015): play is always voluntary - we play because we chose to, not because we have to
We choose what we wish to play with, how and with whom.
what is the purpose of play
Purpose of play
Many psychologists agree that play allows individuals to practice the skills required in adulthood, true of both humans and animals.
Play is adaptive, it helps us survive.
sex differences and the role of nature
In mammals, biological sex is determined by our sex chromosomes (XX for females, XY for males).
Typically: these chromosomal differences can determine levels of hormones such as testosterone and oestrogen (causing differences in male and female brain development).
who is most likely to play with the opposite genders toy girl or boy
girl
what is sex
biological term used
what is gender
what is identified by socialization
Socialisation and the role of nurture
In humans, gender refers to the individual’s sense of their own masculinity and/or femininity.
Children learn about gender and societal expectations of how males and females behave through interactions with parents and other children.
Social interactions gradually lead boys and girls to conform to stereotypical gender roles and seek out specific toys.
Boys are less likely to play with female toys than girls playing with stereotypically masculine toys - suggesting that boys are more actively discouraged from opposite sex behavior.
role of hormones
Role of hormones — sex differences are dependent on hormones, both in the body but also in behaviour.
