PSYCH ASSESSMENT Flashcards
process of measuring psychology-related variables by means of devices or procedures designed to obtain a sample of behavior
Psychological Testing
gathering and integration of psychology-related data for the purpose of making psychological evaluation
Psychological Assessment
device or procedure designed to measure variables related to psychology
Psychological Test
the science of psychological measurement
Psychometrics
refer to professional who uses, analyzes, and interprets psychological data
Psychometrist or Psychometrician
assess what a person can do
Ability or Maximal Performance Test
measurement of the previous learning
Achievement Test
refers to the potential for learning or acquiring a specific skill
Aptitude
refers to a person’s general potential to solve problems, adapt to changing environments, abstract thinking, and profit from experience
Intelligence
considerable overlap of achievement, aptitude, and intelligence test
Human Ability
measure usual or habitual thoughts, feelings, and behavior
Typical Performance Test
measures individual dispositions and preferences
Personality Test
provide statement, usually self-report, and require the subject to choose between two or more alternative responses
Structured Personality tests
unstructured, and the stimulus or response are ambiguous.
Projective Personality Tests
elicit personal beliefs and opinions
Attitude Test
measures likes and dislikes as well as one’s personality orientation towards the world of work
Interest Inventories
the interest is the number of times a test taker can answer correctly in a specific period
Speed Tests
reflects the level of difficulty of items the test takers answer correctly
Power Tests
What are the other tests (mentioned on the reviewer)
Values Inventory
Trade Test
Neuropsychological Test
Norm-Referenced test
Criterion-Referenced Tests
method of gathering information through direct communication involving reciprocal exchange
Interview
This is when the questions are prepared
Standardized/Structured
pursue relevant ideas in depth
Non-standardized/Unstructured
It may probe further on specific number of questions
Semi-Standardized/Focused
subject is allowed to express his feelings without fear of disapproval
Non-directive
determines the mental status of the patient
Mental Status Examination
determine why the client came for assessment; chance to inform the client about the policies, fees, and process involved
Intake Interview
biographical sketch of the client
Social Case
determine whether the candidate is suitable for hiring
Employment Interview
more than one interviewer participates in the assessment
Panel Interview (Board Interview)
used by counselors and clinicians to gather information about some problematic behavior, while simultaneously attempting to address it therapeutically
Motivational Interview
samples of one’s ability and accomplishment
Portfolio
refers to records, transcripts, and other accounts in written, pictorial, or other form that preserve archival information, official and informal accounts, and other data and items relevant to an assessee
Case History Data
a report or illustrative account concerning a person or an event that was compiled on the basis of case history data
Case study
result of the varied forces that drive decision-makers to reach a consensus
Groupthink
monitoring of actions of others or oneself by visual or electronic means while recording quantitative and/or qualitative information regarding those actions
Behavioral Observation
observe humans in natural setting
Naturalistic Observation
Stimulus, Organismic Valuables, Actual Response, Consequence
SORC Model
defined as acting an improvised or partially improvised part in a stimulated situation
Role Play
assesses are directed to act as if they are in a particular situation
Role Play Test
What is the Psychological Assessment Process
- Determining the Referral Question
- Acquiring Knowledge relating to the content of the problem
- Data collection
- Data Interpretation
accurately predicts success or failure
HIT RATE
narrative description, graph, table. Or other representations of the extent to which a person has demonstrated certain targeted characteristics as a result of the administration or application of tools of assessment
Profile
an approach to evaluation characterized by the application of empirically demonstrated statistical rules as determining factor in assessors’ judgement and actions
Actuarial Assessment
application of computer algorithms together with statistical rules and probabilities to generate findings and recommendations
Mechanical Prediction
LEVELS OF INTERPRETATION
Level I – there is a minimal amount of any sort of interpretation
Level II
a. Descriptive Generalizations
b. Hypothetical Construct: the assumption of an inner state which goes logically beyond the description of visible behavior
**Level III **– the effort to develop a coherent and inclusive theory of the individual life or a “working image” of the patient
observations made by an examiner regarding what the examinee does and how the examinee reacts during the course of testing that are indirectly related to the test’s specific content but of possible significance to interpretation
Extra-Test Behavior
7 PARTIES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
- Test Author/Developer
- Test Publisher
- Test Reviewers
- Test Users
- Test Takers
- Test Sponsors
- Society
Party that creates the tests or other methods of assessment
Test Author/Developer
they publish, market, sell, and control the distribution of tests
Test Publisher
Party that prepares evaluative critiques based on the technical and practical aspects of the tests
Test Reviewers
Party that uses the test of assessment
Test Users
those parties who take the tests
Test Takers
institutions or government who contract test developers for various testing services
Test Sponsors
7 Assumptions about Psychological Testing and Assessment
Assumption 1: Psychological Traits and States Exist
Assumption 2: Psychological Traits and States can be Quantified and Measured
Assumption 3: Test-Rlated Behavior Predicts Non-Test-Related Behavior
Assumption 4: Test and Other Measurement Techniques have strengths and weaknesses
Assumption 5: Various Sources of Error are part of the Assessment Process
Assumption 6: Testing and Assessment can be conducted in a Fair and Unbiased Manner
Assumption 7: Testing and Assessment Benefit Society
any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in which one individual varies from another
Trait
intelligence, specific intellectual abilities, cognitive style, adjustment, interests, attitudes, sexual orientation and preferences, psychopathology, etc.
Psychological Trait
distinguish one person from another but are relatively less enduring
States
Psychological Traits exists as _____________
construct
an informed, scientific concept developed or constructed to **explain a behavior, inferred from overt behavior **
Construct
an observable action or the product of an observable action
Overt Behavior
Whether a trait manifests itself in observable behavior, and to what degree it manifests, is presumed to depend, not only on the strength of the trait in the individual, but also on the nature of the action
Situation-dependent
Once the trait, state or other construct has been defined to be measured, a test developer consider the types of item content that would provide insight to it, to gauge the strength of that trait
Explanation: When making a test to measure something like a personality trait, you first decide what to measure and then create questions that help assess how strong that trait is in a person.
assumption that the more the testtaker responds in a particular direction keyed by the test manual as correct or consistent with a particular trait, the higher that testtaker is presumed to be on the targeted ability or trait
Cumulative Scoring
Measuring traits and states means of a test entails developing not only appropriate tests items but also appropriate ways to score the test and interpret the results
Explanation: Making a test involves not just writing questions but also determining how to score the test and understand what the scores mean about the person taking it.
Competent test users understand and appreciate the limitations of the test they use as well as how those limitations might be compensated for by data from other sources
Explanation: People who use tests effectively know the test’s weaknesses and understand how to make up for them using information from other places.
refers to something that is more than expected; it is component of the measurement process
Error
Refers to a long-standing assumption that factors other than what a test attempts to measure will influence performance on the test
Error
the component of a test score attributable to sources other than the trait or ability measured
Error Variance
What are the 3 Potential Sources of error variance
- Assessors
- Measuring Instruments
- Random errors such as luck
each testtaker has true score on a test that would be obtained but for the action of measurement error
Classical Test Theory
Considering the many critical decisions that are based on testing and assessment procedures, we can readily appreciate the need for tests
In important decisions that rely on testing and assessments, we understand why tests are necessary.
dependability or CONSISTENCY of the instrument or scores obtained by the same person when re-examined with the same test on different occasions, or with different sets of equivalent items
Reliability
……….. number of items = …………. reliability
More, Higher
The True score can be found. True or False?
False (True score cannot be found)
index of reliability, a proportion that indicates the ratio between the true score variance on a test and the total variance
Reliability Coefficient
score on an ability tests is presumed to reflect not only the testtaker’s true score on the ability being measured but also the error
Classical Test Theory (True Score Theory)
refers to the component of the observed test score that does not have to do with the testtaker’s ability
Error
True or False:
Errors of measurement are random.
True
True Score Formula
X=T+E
True or False
When you average all the observed scores obtained over a period of time, then the result would be farthest to the true score
False (Should be closest to the true score)
The ……….. number of items, the ………. the reliability
Greater, Higher
Factors the contribute to consistency: ………….
stable attributes
Factors that contribute to inconsistency:
characteristics of the individual, test, or situation, which have nothing to do with the attribute being measured, but still affect the scores
Goals of Reliability
- Estimate errors
- Devise techniques to improve testing and reduce errors
useful in describing sources of test score variability
Variance
variance from true differences
True Variance
variance from irrelevant random sources
Error Variance
all of the factors associated with the process of measuring some variable, other than the variable being measured
Measurement Error
Positive: can ………… one’s score
Negative: can ………… one’s score
increase, decrease
3 Sources of Error Variance
- Item Sampling/Content Sampling
- Test Administration
- Test Scoring and Interpretation
A source of Error variance that refers to variation among items within a test as well as to variation among items between tests
Item Sampling/Content Sampling
True or False
The extent to which testtaker’s score is affected by the content sampled on a test and by the way the content is sampled is a source of error variance
TRUE.
Explanation:
The error variance in a test score happens when the score is influenced by the specific topics on the test and how those topics are presented.
testtaker’s motivation or attention, environment, etc.
Test Administration
may employ objective-type items amenable to computer scoring of well-documented reliability
Test Scoring and Interpretation
source of error in measuring a targeted variable caused by unpredictable fluctuations and inconsistencies of other variables in measurement process (e.g., noise, temperature, weather)
Random Error
source of error in a measuring a variable that is typically constant or proportionate to what is presumed to be the true values of the variable being measured
Systematic Error
True or False
Systematic Error has consistent effect on the true score
True
It refers to the proportion of total variance attributed to true variance
Reliability
The …………. the proportion of the total variance attributed to true variance, the ………….. the test
greater, more reliable
True or False
Error variance may increase or decrease a test score by varying amounts, consistency of test score, and thus, the reliability can be affected
TRUE.
Explanation: Errors in measurement can cause a test score to go up or down by different amounts, making the test score less consistent and less reliable.
TRUE SCORE FORMULA
True Score = Rxx (x-xbar)+xbar
