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Anesthesia Pharm II > Psych (Antidepressants/Antiepileptic/Etc) SG > Flashcards

Psych (Antidepressants/Antiepileptic/Etc) SG Flashcards

Get inside yo head!

1
Q

MOA of SSRIs

A

Block nerve terminal uptake of serotonin
Produce therapeutic action through an ability to increase 5-HT concentration

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2
Q

Clinical uses of SSRIs

A

effective in treating major depressive disorder

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3
Q

Metabolism of SSRIs

A

Oxidized by liver microsomal enzymes

(can inhibit hepatic microsomal oxidases)

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4
Q

Medication interactions with SSRIs

A

Caution in combination with other antidepressants, benzodiazepines, neuroleptics, carbamepazine, as blood levels can increase

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5
Q

Side effects of SSRIs

A

GI effects – nausea and diarrhea
CNS stimulation – insomnia and anxiety
Sexual dysfunction – aorgasmia and delayed ejaculation
Weight loss

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6
Q

Anesthesia effects of SSRIs

A

The anticholinergic and cardiovascular side effects (seen in the TCAs) were not present in the SSRI group

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7
Q

Examples of SSRIs

A

Escitalopram (lexapro)

Fluoxetine (Prozac)

Paroxetine (Paxil)

Sertraline (Zoloft)

citalopram

fluvoxamine

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8
Q

MOA of Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)

A

Inhibition of norepinephrine neuronal reuptake
Mild effect on 5-HT serotonin concentration
All are weak alpha adrenergic antagonists
Potentiate effects of directly acting sympathomimetics
TCAs and heterocyclics block effects of indirectly acting sympathomimetics

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9
Q

Clinical uses of TCAs

A

Effective in treating major depressive disorder

(Benefit p 2-3 wks; Ineffective in treating schizophrenia)

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10
Q

Metabolism of TCAs

A

Oxidized by microsomal liver enzymes

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11
Q

Anesthetic/Medication interactions of TCAs

A

Anesthetics: poss. ↑ incidence of cardiac dysrhythmias on induction
Sympathomimetics: exaggerated response to these meds, use small titrations
Anticholinergics: ↑ risk of central antichol syndrome, less likely with Glycopyrrolate
AntiHTNs: rebound HTN p D/C clonidine
Opioids: ↑ analgesia and ventilatory depressant effects

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12
Q

Side effects of TCAs

A

Antimuscarinic effects
Tachycardia, blurred vision, constipation, dry mouth
Sedation
Toxic delirium
Seizures
Weight gain
Involuntary movements
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

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13
Q

Anesthetic-specific effects with TCAs

A

Most antidepressants will lower the seizure threshold
CNS toxicity presents as a delirium with affective, cognitive, motor, and psychotic symptoms
Overdose is frequently fatal with unresolvable arrhythmias

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14
Q

Examples of TCAs

A

Amitriptyline (Elavil)

clomipramine

desipramine

imipramine

nortriptyline

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15
Q

MOA of MAOis

A

Monoamine Oxidase exists on the body as type A and type B
Transmitter amines, such as norepinephrine, are preferentially metabolized by MAO-A in brain tissue
MAO-B is involved in the catabolism of dopamine
Drugs inhibit both A and B, but A is where the therapeutic effect occurs

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16
Q

Clinical uses of MAOis

A

Reserved for atypical depression

Depression unresponsive to TCAs or SSRIs

Depression resistant to ECT

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17
Q

Metabolism of MAOis

A

oxidation and acetylation by MAO

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18
Q

Medication interactions with MAOis

A

Cyclic antidepressants
Fluoxetine
Cold or allergy medications
Nasal decongestants
Sympathomimetic drugs
Opioids (esp. meperidine)

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19
Q

Side effects with MAOis

A
  • Hepatotoxicity (explored on next card)
  • Cardiovascular effects (explored on next card)
  • Tremors
  • Ejaculatory delay
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Hyperpyrexia with meperidine, dextromethorphan, TCAs
20
Q

Hepatotoxicity and CV effects with MAOis

A
  • Hepatotoxicity
    • Occasionally seen with long term therapy
    • Particularly for those identified as slow acetylators
    • Nonhydrazine derivatives (those used clinically now) have a lower hepatotoxicity risk
  • Cardiovascular effects
    • Can occur with ingestion of certain foods
    • Low tyrosine diet needed
    • Cheese, beer, wine (no wonder they’re depressed!)
21
Q

Anesthesia effects with MAOis

A

minimize SNS stimulation and drug-induced hypotension

regional is good, but avoid epi

minimize opioids

22
Q

Exemplars of MAOis

A

Phenelzine (Nardil)

Tranylcypromine (Parnate)

23
Q

Which SSRI is most associated with cardiac dysrhythmias?

A

Trazadone (S&H, p. 407)

24
Q

Treatment of TCA overdose

A

Management of CNS and cardiovascular toxicity (seizures: diazepam, NaHCO3, phenytoin; Vent. Dysrhythmias: NaHCO3, lidocaine, phenytoin; Heart block: isoproterenol; Hypotension: Crystalloid/colloid, NaHCO3, sympathomimetics, inotropics)

Gastric lavage may be useful p cuffed tube in place (Stoelting & Hillier, p. 414)

25
Q

WHAT TYPES OF FOODS OR THE COMPOUND IN THE FOODS ARE NOT TOLERATED BY PATIENTS TAKING MAO INHIBITORS AND WHY?

A

Cheese, beer, Chianti wine, avocados, fava beans, liver (Dr. Lector would not have done well on an MAOi); Dietary tyramine intake may interact with MAOIs resulting in systemic hypertension (Stoelting & Hillier, p. 414)

26
Q

MOA for Lithium

A

Lithium alters Na+ transport in nerve and muscle cells and results in a shift towards intraneuronal metabolism of catecholamines.

The exact MOA in the treatment of mania in unknown.

27
Q

Side effects with Lithium

A

Polydipsia & polyuria

Benign T-wave flattening

Hypothyroidism

Dermatological toxicities

Sedation

Possible prolongation of NMBAs’ effects

28
Q

Let’s discuss on the next few cards the toxicities seen with Lithium.

A

Toxicities closely correlate with plasma levels.

Mild: 1.0-1.5 mEq/L

(Therapeutic index 1.0-1.2 mEq/L)

Moderate: 1.6-2.5 mEq/L

Severe: >2.5 mEq/L

29
Q

So what is normally seen with mild lithium toxicity (1.0-1.5)?

A

Lethargy

irritability

skeletal muscle weakness

tremor

slurred speech

nausea

30
Q

Ok then, what are you going to see with moderate lithium toxicity (1.6-2.5) mEq/L)?

A

Confusion

Drowsiness

Restlessness

Unsteady gait

Coarse tremor

Skeletal muscle fasciculations

Vomiting

31
Q

Well then smarty-britches, what are you going to see with severe (I always want to say EXTREME!!) lithium toxicity (>2.5 mEq/L)?

A

Impaired consciousness (coma)

delirium

ataxia

EPS

seizures

impaired renal function

32
Q

What are the side effects of antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs?

(This is a booger of a card, so just read it for information)

A

Tardive dyskinesia

laryngeal dyskinesia (laryngospasm → sudden respiratory distress)

opisthonosis and oculogyric crises may occur (we’ll discuss this momentarily)

acute dystonia (responds to diphenhydramine)

hypotension (a-adrenergic blockade, direct vasodilation, and direct cardiac depression)

neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)

↑ prolactin levels (Gynecomastia, galactorrhea)

sedation

antiemetic effects

obstructive jaundice (an allergic reaction 2-4 wks p administration)

hypothermia (with chlorpromazine)

↓ seizure threshold

skeletal muscle relaxation

33
Q

So, what is this opisthonosis junk? (For KNOWLEDGE!!!)

A

Opisthotonos [ō′pisthot′ənəs]: a prolonged severe spasm of the muscles causing the back to arch acutely, the head to bend back on the neck, the heels to bend back on the legs, and the arms and hands to flex rigidly at the joints. It is related to meningitis.

34
Q

Alright, then what is that oculogyric crisis business? (For MORE KNOWLEDGE!!!)

A

Oculogyric crisis [ok′yəlōjī′rik]: a paroxysm in which the eyes are held in a fixed position, usually up and sideways, for minutes or several hours, often occurring in postencephalitic patients with signs of parkinsonism. In some cases, the eyes are held down or sideways, and there may be spasm or closing of the lids. Oculogyric crises may be precipitated by emotional stress and neuroleptic overdose, and patients with the disorder frequently show psychiatric symptoms.

35
Q

What is this Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome all the hip kids are talking about nowadays?

A

Hyperthermia

hypertonicity of skeletal muscles

ANS instability (alterations in systemic BP, tachycardia, cardiac dysrhythmias)

fluctuating levels of consciousness

Likely R/T dehydration and intercurrent illness in pts treated with antipsychotic drugs.

36
Q

Hmm… So what is the treatment for NMS?

A

Treatment is empirical and supportive: Dantrolene (direct-acting muscle relaxant) and bromocriptine or amantadine (dopamine agonists)

Malignant hyperthermia and central anticholinergic syndrome may mimic NMS (NDNMBDs produce flaccid paralysis in NMS pts but NOT in MH pts!)
(S&H p. 424-425)

37
Q

WHAT IS THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF DROPERIDOL AND HALOPERIDOL?

A

MOA thought to be due to the blockade of DA receptors (DA2) in the basal ganglia and limbic portions of the forebrain (blockade of DA receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla is responsible for the antiemetic effects)

38
Q

To which class of drugs does DROPERIDOL belong?

A

Why, butyrophenones (antipsychotics/neuroleptics), of course!

39
Q

WHAT ARE CLINICAL USES OF DROPERIDOL?

A

FDA labeled: acute or prophylactic treatment of N/V with surg/diag procedures

Non-FDA labeled: Agitation-psychotic disorder, chemo-induced N/V, benign HA, migraine

40
Q

WHAT DISEASE IS DROPERIDOL CONTRAINDICATED? WHY? (These all-caps questions were just copied and pasted here. Ask Shores about his syntax and desire to yell at the students…)

A

Heart block?

Prolongation of QT interval (this is the best answer I could find within the book)

Also: “Of note, since droperidol was approved in 1970, not a single case report has surfaced in which droperidol in doses used for the management of port-operative N/V has been associated with QTc prolongation, cardiac dysrhythmias, or cardiac arrest.” (S&H)

I like this quote because I love this drug. And now you know.

41
Q

Define epilepsy, please. Thank you.

A

Recurring disturbance in the normal pattern of neuronal activity.

Must occur more than once to be considered epilepsy, as opposed to a single episodic seizure (e.g., febrile)

FYI: not a mental illness, not a sign of low intelligence, and not contagious.

42
Q

WHAT ARE THE DRUG INTERACTIONS OF COMMON ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS?

A

Opioids

(ventilatory depressant, miotic, sedative, and analgesic effects likely exaggerated)

43
Q

How does levodopa work?

A

Crosses BBB and converted to DA by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase; this acts to replenish DA stores in the basal ganglia

44
Q

What are these Peripheral Decarboxylase Inhibitors?

A

Carbadopa or benserazide

Administered with levodopa to increase the CNS action of levodopa; think of it as a “fall guy” that takes the metabolic hit while allowing levodopa to escape across the BBB to act on the CNS.

45
Q

MOA of Selegiline?

A

MAO-B inhibitor; ↓ catabolism of endogenous DA

Anesthesia Pharm II (19 decks)

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