psych (6.2)

Question 1

avoidance learning

Answer 1

a specific type of negative reinforcement that removes the possibility that a stimulus will occur

Question 2

Chaining

Answer 2

linking together two or more shaped behaviors into a more complex action or sequence of actions

Question 3

continuous reinforcement

Answer 3

every response made results in reinforcement

Question 4

discrimination (operant)

Answer 4

occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original discriminative stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus

Question 5

discriminative stimulus

Question 6

escape learning

Answer 6

occurs if a response removes a stimulus that is already present

Question 7

extinction (operant)

Answer 7

the reduction of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together

Question 8

fixed-interval schedule

Question 9

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 9

reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been completed

Question 10

generalization (operant)

Answer 10

a process in which a response that originally occurred for a specific stimulus also occurs for different, though similar, stimuli

Question 11

law of effect

Answer 11

the idea that responses followed by satisfaction will occur again in the same situation whereas those that are not followed by satisfaction become less likely

Question 12

negative punishment

Answer 12

occurs when a behavior decreases because it removes or diminishes a particular stimulus

Question 13

negative reinforcement

Answer 13

involves the strengthening of behaviour because it removes or diminishes a stimulus

Question 14

operant conditioning

Answer 14

a type of learning in which behaviour is influenced by consequences

Question 15

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Answer 15

only a certain number of responses are rewarded, or a certain amount of time must pass before reinforcement is available

Question 16

partial reinforcement effect

Answer 16

refers to a phenomenon in which organisms that have been conditioned under partial reinforcement resist extinction longer than those conditioned under continuous reinforcement

Question 17

positive punishment

Answer 17

a process in which a behaviour decreases in frequency because it was followed by a particular, usually unpleasant, stimulus

Question 18

positive reinforcement

Answer 18

the strengthening of behaviour after potential reinforcers such as praise, money, or nourishment follow that behaviour

Question 19

primary reinforcer

Answer 19

consist of reinforcing stimuli that staisfy basic motivational needs - needs that affect an individual’s ability to survive (and, if possible, reproduce)

Question 20

punisher

Answer 20

a stimuli that contingent upon response, and that results in a decrease in bahviour

Question 21

punishment

Answer 21

a process that decreases the future probability of a response

Question 22

reinforcement

Answer 22

a stimulus that is contingent upon response and that increases the probability of that response occurring again

Question 23

reinforcer

Answer 23

a stimulus that is contingent upon response and that increases the probability of that response occurring again

Question 24

schedules of reinforcement

Answer 24

rules that determine when reinforcement is available

Question 25

secondary reinforcer

Answer 25

consist of stimuli that acquire their reinforcing effects only after we learn that they have value

Question 26

shaping

Answer 26

the process of reinforcing successive approximations of a specific operant response

Question 27

variable-interval schedule

Answer 27

the first response is reinforced following a variable amount of time

Question 28

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 28

the number of responses required to receive reinforcement varies according to an average

Question 29

applied behaviour analysis

Answer 29

(ABA), which involves using close observation, prompting, and reinforcement to teach behaviours, often to people who experience difficulties and challenges owing to a developmental condition such as autism