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SEMESTER 2 > psych > Flashcards

psych Flashcards

1
Q

PDM

A

physical development and motor skills

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2
Q

SED

A

Social and emotional developmental

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3
Q

APL

A

approaches to play and learning

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4
Q

CLL

A

communication language literacy

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5
Q

CD

A

cognitive development and general knowledge

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6
Q

rooting

A

strokes baby’s cheek and they turn to open their mouths

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7
Q

babinski

A

stroke feet, expand their toes

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8
Q

moro

A

startle reflex

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9
Q

stepping

A

motions for walking

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10
Q

tonic neck

A

looks like fencing when laying down

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11
Q

10 newborn reflexes/ abilities

A 
eye blink
suckling
swimming
palmer grasp
reflexes 
rooting
babinski
moro
stepping
tonic neck
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12
Q

what is the purpose of newborn reflexes?

A
  1. survival
  2. help build and maintain interactions with their primary care givers
  3. form basis for complex motor skills
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13
Q

pediatricians monitor reflexes to make sure of what?

A

that there are no neurological problems

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14
Q

jean piaget

A

developed the first theory of child’s cognitive development

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15
Q

schema

A

mental representation of objects, situations, experience, something new- we form a schema

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16
Q

assimilation

A

trying to fit a new experience or object into a schema you already have

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17
Q

accommodation

A

make changes in the schema to differentiate between, shape, size, color, speed, etc

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18
Q

the four stages of jean piagets theory

A
  1. sensorimotor stage
  2. preoperational stage
  3. concrete operations
  4. formal operations
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19
Q

object permanence

A

8-12 months begin to mentally represent objects

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20
Q

egocentrism

A

can’t understand the perspective of others

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21
Q

animism

A

type of mechanical thinking, inanimate objects have life-like qualities

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22
Q

inability to converse

A

various conservation tasks that children are present with ex: conservation of volume, mass @ 2 different drinks

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23
Q

seriation

A

6-7 year olds place objects in order by height or weight

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24
Q

mary ainsworth and john bowlby

A

parental attachment correlated to infant temperament. social development forms within first six months

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25
Q

four types of attachment

A
  1. secure
  2. avoidant
  3. ambivalent
  4. disorganized
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26
Q

secure

A

explore room while having touch base with mom, wary of stranger but calm if mom was there. child will be upset if mom leaves, stranger could comfort them but its better if the mom does

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27
Q

avoidant

A

willing to explore but no touch base, no response to stranger, no interest in mom if she left (mother- insensitive)

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28
Q

ambivalent

A

clingy and unwilling to explore, upset by presence of strangers, hard to soothe, mixed behavior of demanding to be picked up and pushing the mother away

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29
Q

disorganized

A

similar to ambivalent, fearfulness and depressed looks, mother is abusive and or neglectful

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30
Q

three types of attachment in adult relationships

A

secure, anxious/avoidant, anxious/ambivalent

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31
Q

secure (adult relationship)

A

happiness, trust, friendship, (accept and support partner faults)

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32
Q

anxious/ambivalent

A

fear of intimacy, emotional highs an lows, jealous

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33
Q

anxious/ambivalent

A

obsessional love, emotional highs and lows, desire for reciprocation/union.

34
Q

two dimensions of parenting

A

warmth/responsiveness
control/ demandingness
(self explanatory)

35
Q

diana Baumind

A

2 dimensions of parenting styles with four sub styles

36
Q

4 sub styles of parenting

A

authoritarian
permissive
authoritative
neglectful

37
Q

authoritarian

A

imposes rules and expects obedience, aim to cultivate hard work, respect, and obedience.

38
Q

permissive

A

make few demands and use little punishment, offers warmth

39
Q

neglectful

A

no warmth or control, may meet physical but not emotional needs

40
Q

authoritative

A

both demanding and responsive impulses rules, but also explain reasons for rules, high level of warmth.

41
Q

lawrence kohlberg

A

theory of moral development, looked at how individuals of various ages responded to stories about people caught up in moral dilemmas, his theory has three stages.

42
Q

three stages of kohl bergs theory

A
  1. pre conventional morality
  2. conventional morality
  3. post conventional morality
43
Q

adolescence limitations in thinking

A

come more confident
more due to environment
expression of emotions influence relationships
have self regulatory skills- able to control emotions
understanding that inner emotions do not have to correspond to order expressions
be aware of you emotions
being able to identify the emotions in others

44
Q

ivan pavlov

A

classical conditioning

learning to make a reflex respond (involuntary) to stimulus other than the original natural stimulus that produce reflex

45
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

unlearned or naturally occurring or naturally occurring leads to reflex ex:food

46
Q

unconditioned response

A

reflex response to us or naturally occurring stimulus Ex: saliva

47
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex, response by being paired with original us

48
Q

stimulus generalization

A

tendency to respond to stimulus that is similar to original cs in the cs-cr pairing

49
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

tendency to stop making generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to original cs

50
Q

extinction

A

disappearance or weakening of cr following removal of US

51
Q

john watson’s

A

“little albert experiment” earliest forms of classical conditioning to accomplish ex: child fear of dentist chair

52
Q

vicarious conditioning

A

to be classically conditioned by simply watching someone else respond to stimulus. Ex: children lined up at school to get vaccines

53
Q

conditioned taste aversion

A

development of nausea or aversive response to particular taste because taste was followed by nausea reaction. can occur in association, survival mechanism

54
Q

edward thorndike

A

law of effect, puzzle box, cat video

55
Q

bf skinner

A

operant conditioning,

56
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning of voluntary behavior through effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to response

57
Q

positive reinforcement

A

involve a pleasurable consequence (reward)

58
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

involving the removal of a stimulus, escape form or avoidance of unpleasant stimuli

59
Q

fixed ratio

A

reward for certain number of responses

60
Q

variable ratio

A

number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial ex: slot machines produces high rates of responding

61
Q

fixed interval

A

reinforcement after fixed time period ex: paycheck

62
Q

variable interval

A

interval of time that must pass before reinforcement will vary ex: pop quizzes

63
Q

observational learning

A

learning new behaviors through observation of a model

64
Q

albert bandura

A

placed child in room with experiment and model

65
Q

4 elements in observation learning

A
  1. attention
  2. memory
  3. imitation
  4. motivation
66
Q

attention

A

observer must pay attention to model

67
Q

memory

A

retain information of what was done

68
Q

imitation

A

has to be capable of reproducing or imitating actions of the model

69
Q

motivation

A

must have desire to perform the action

70
Q

two types of memory

A
  1. short term

2. long term memory

71
Q

short term memory

A

(STM) information is held for brief periods of time while being used

72
Q

long term memory

A

(LTM) information is placed to be kept aware or less permanent

73
Q

three difficulties retrieving LTM

A
  1. state dependent learning- memory formed during particular physiological or psychological state
  2. recall vs. recognition memory
  3. tip of the tongue phenomena
74
Q

difficulties relieving LTM

A
  1. serial position effect- information at beginning and end of a list is easier to remember
  2. primary effect
  3. recency effect
75
Q 
earliest memory
(autobiographical memory)
A
  1. must have a clear self image

2. usually around age 2

76
Q

infantile amnesia

A

inability to retrieve memories from before age 3

77
Q

tools used for thought processes

A

mental images, representations that stand in for objects or events and have a picture like quality

78
Q

mental images

A

use it everyday, helps us to remember things, able to mentally rotate or turn images, one form of mental representation

79
Q

cognition

A

not act image but rather approximate visual image, tend to think of geographical locations in terms of larger units, another example of imprecision of visual images

80
Q

concepts

A

ideas that represent a class or category of objects/ events or activities, thinking about categories vs. specific examples in category, allow for identification of new objects and events that might fit a concept.

SEMESTER 2 (4 decks)

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