psych Flashcards
1
Q
PDM
A
physical development and motor skills
2
Q
SED
A
Social and emotional developmental
3
Q
APL
A
approaches to play and learning
4
Q
CLL
A
communication language literacy
5
Q
CD
A
cognitive development and general knowledge
6
Q
rooting
A
strokes baby’s cheek and they turn to open their mouths
7
Q
babinski
A
stroke feet, expand their toes
8
Q
moro
A
startle reflex
9
Q
stepping
A
motions for walking
10
Q
tonic neck
A
looks like fencing when laying down
11
Q
10 newborn reflexes/ abilities
A
eye blink suckling swimming palmer grasp reflexes rooting babinski moro stepping tonic neck
12
Q
what is the purpose of newborn reflexes?
A
- survival
- help build and maintain interactions with their primary care givers
- form basis for complex motor skills
13
Q
pediatricians monitor reflexes to make sure of what?
A
that there are no neurological problems
14
Q
jean piaget
A
developed the first theory of child’s cognitive development
15
Q
schema
A
mental representation of objects, situations, experience, something new- we form a schema
16
Q
assimilation
A
trying to fit a new experience or object into a schema you already have
17
Q
accommodation
A
make changes in the schema to differentiate between, shape, size, color, speed, etc
18
Q
the four stages of jean piagets theory
A
- sensorimotor stage
- preoperational stage
- concrete operations
- formal operations
19
Q
object permanence
A
8-12 months begin to mentally represent objects
20
Q
egocentrism
A
can’t understand the perspective of others
21
Q
animism
A
type of mechanical thinking, inanimate objects have life-like qualities
22
Q
inability to converse
A
various conservation tasks that children are present with ex: conservation of volume, mass @ 2 different drinks
23
Q
seriation
A
6-7 year olds place objects in order by height or weight
24
Q
mary ainsworth and john bowlby
A
parental attachment correlated to infant temperament. social development forms within first six months
25
four types of attachment
1. secure
2. avoidant
3. ambivalent
4. disorganized
26
secure
explore room while having touch base with mom, wary of stranger but calm if mom was there. child will be upset if mom leaves, stranger could comfort them but its better if the mom does
27
avoidant
willing to explore but no touch base, no response to stranger, no interest in mom if she left (mother- insensitive)
28
ambivalent
clingy and unwilling to explore, upset by presence of strangers, hard to soothe, mixed behavior of demanding to be picked up and pushing the mother away
29
disorganized
similar to ambivalent, fearfulness and depressed looks, mother is abusive and or neglectful
30
three types of attachment in adult relationships
secure, anxious/avoidant, anxious/ambivalent
31
secure (adult relationship)
happiness, trust, friendship, (accept and support partner faults)
32
anxious/ambivalent
fear of intimacy, emotional highs an lows, jealous
33
anxious/ambivalent
obsessional love, emotional highs and lows, desire for reciprocation/union.
34
two dimensions of parenting
warmth/responsiveness
control/ demandingness
(self explanatory)
35
diana Baumind
2 dimensions of parenting styles with four sub styles
36
4 sub styles of parenting
authoritarian
permissive
authoritative
neglectful
37
authoritarian
imposes rules and expects obedience, aim to cultivate hard work, respect, and obedience.
38
permissive
make few demands and use little punishment, offers warmth
39
neglectful
no warmth or control, may meet physical but not emotional needs
40
authoritative
both demanding and responsive impulses rules, but also explain reasons for rules, high level of warmth.
41
lawrence kohlberg
theory of moral development, looked at how individuals of various ages responded to stories about people caught up in moral dilemmas, his theory has three stages.
42
three stages of kohl bergs theory
1. pre conventional morality
2. conventional morality
3. post conventional morality
43
adolescence limitations in thinking
come more confident
more due to environment
expression of emotions influence relationships
have self regulatory skills- able to control emotions
understanding that inner emotions do not have to correspond to order expressions
be aware of you emotions
being able to identify the emotions in others
44
ivan pavlov
classical conditioning
| learning to make a reflex respond (involuntary) to stimulus other than the original natural stimulus that produce reflex
45
unconditioned stimulus
unlearned or naturally occurring or naturally occurring leads to reflex ex:food
46
unconditioned response
reflex response to us or naturally occurring stimulus Ex: saliva
47
conditioned stimulus
stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex, response by being paired with original us
48
stimulus generalization
tendency to respond to stimulus that is similar to original cs in the cs-cr pairing
49
stimulus discrimination
tendency to stop making generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to original cs
50
extinction
disappearance or weakening of cr following removal of US
51
john watson's
"little albert experiment" earliest forms of classical conditioning to accomplish ex: child fear of dentist chair
52
vicarious conditioning
to be classically conditioned by simply watching someone else respond to stimulus. Ex: children lined up at school to get vaccines
53
conditioned taste aversion
development of nausea or aversive response to particular taste because taste was followed by nausea reaction. can occur in association, survival mechanism
54
edward thorndike
law of effect, puzzle box, cat video
55
bf skinner
operant conditioning,
56
operant conditioning
learning of voluntary behavior through effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to response
57
positive reinforcement
involve a pleasurable consequence (reward)
58
Negative reinforcement
involving the removal of a stimulus, escape form or avoidance of unpleasant stimuli
59
fixed ratio
reward for certain number of responses
60
variable ratio
number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial ex: slot machines produces high rates of responding
61
fixed interval
reinforcement after fixed time period ex: paycheck
62
variable interval
interval of time that must pass before reinforcement will vary ex: pop quizzes
63
observational learning
learning new behaviors through observation of a model
64
albert bandura
placed child in room with experiment and model
65
4 elements in observation learning
1. attention
2. memory
3. imitation
4. motivation
66
attention
observer must pay attention to model
67
memory
retain information of what was done
68
imitation
has to be capable of reproducing or imitating actions of the model
69
motivation
must have desire to perform the action
70
two types of memory
1. short term
| 2. long term memory
71
short term memory
(STM) information is held for brief periods of time while being used
72
long term memory
(LTM) information is placed to be kept aware or less permanent
73
three difficulties retrieving LTM
1. state dependent learning- memory formed during particular physiological or psychological state
2. recall vs. recognition memory
3. tip of the tongue phenomena
74
difficulties relieving LTM
1. serial position effect- information at beginning and end of a list is easier to remember
2. primary effect
3. recency effect
75
```
earliest memory
(autobiographical memory)
```
1. must have a clear self image
| 2. usually around age 2
76
infantile amnesia
inability to retrieve memories from before age 3
77
tools used for thought processes
mental images, representations that stand in for objects or events and have a picture like quality
78
mental images
use it everyday, helps us to remember things, able to mentally rotate or turn images, one form of mental representation
79
cognition
not act image but rather approximate visual image, tend to think of geographical locations in terms of larger units, another example of imprecision of visual images
80
concepts
ideas that represent a class or category of objects/ events or activities, thinking about categories vs. specific examples in category, allow for identification of new objects and events that might fit a concept.
