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SEMESTER 2 > BIO FINAL > Flashcards

BIO FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

asexual reproduction

A

a single parent passes genes to its offspring. 100% parent genotype. offspring are clones No fusion of gametes

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2
Q

Mitosis

A

cell division, DNA is replicated and separated evenly between daughter cells

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3
Q

mutations

A

mistakes in replication

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4
Q

fission

A

splitting into equal daughters

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5
Q

budding

A

new indvividuals arise from out growths of existing ones

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6
Q

fragmentation

A

breaking body into pieces, some or all develop into adults

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7
Q

regeneration

A

regrowth of lost body parts

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8
Q

parthenogenesis

A

growth and development without fertilization, haploid eggs produced

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9
Q

gametogenesis

A

formation of haploid gametes by meiosis

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10
Q

fertilization

A

fusion of gametes from different parents produces diploid zygote

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11
Q

each parent is related to their offspring by what percent?

A

50%

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12
Q

the twofold cost of sexual reproduction

A

sexual females have half as many daughters as asexual females

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13
Q

the reproductive handicap of sex

A

the asexual population quickly outgrows the sexual one. if every female has two offspring, the sexual group wastes one of its offspring to be male

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14
Q

3 reasons why sexual reproduction is more advantageous than asexual reproduction

A
  1. asexual offspring has 100% parental DNA
  2. sexual offspring only have 50% of each parent’s DNA
  3. asexual doesn’t require wasting time or energy finding and wooing mates
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15
Q

red queen hypothesis

A

for an evolutionary system, continuing change is needed just to maintain fitness relative to the systems it is co-evolving with

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16
Q

isogamy

A

one gamete type

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17
Q

anisogamy

A

two gamete types

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18
Q

Oogamy

A

type of anisogamy, egg is non motile

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19
Q

evolution of two gamete types

A

gametes were under the conflicting selective pressures 1. the need to find other gametes 2. the need to give developing embryo enough energy to grow

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20
Q

disruptive selection

A

favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic

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21
Q

sperm

A

motile bags of genetic material (male gamete)

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22
Q

egg

A

maximized nutrient provisioning (female gamete)

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23
Q

internal fertilization

A

requires;

  • behavior interactions
  • compatible copulatory organs
  • critical timing, often mediated by environmental cues, pheromones, and/ or courtship behavior
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24
Q

hermaphrodites

A

each individual produces both eggs and sperm, any individual encountered is a potential mate

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25
parasitic males
males produce enzyme that dissolve his mouth and females skin to blood vessels and then circulatory systems fuse
26
ovulation
the release of mature eggs, most animals exhibit reproduce cycles related to changing seasons, controlled by hormones and environmental cues
27
gamete production and delivery
animals have systems that produce gametes, systems without gonads, form gametes from undifferentiated cells or tissue
28
gonads
organs that produce gametes, complex systems contain many sets of accessory tubes and glands that carry, nourish, and protect gametes and developing embryos
29
hermaphrodites
testes and ovaries stimulated to develop seasonally
30
spermatheca
many female insects store sperm after copulation
31
cloaca
common opening of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems, common in non mammalian vertebrates, mammals usually have a separate digestive tract opening
32
sperm are cheap
small and motile, many can be produced throughout life of mature male, males are limited in fitness by how many females they can find and inseminate
33
spermatogenesis
production of mature sperm
34
eggs are expensive
larger and fewer can be produced, females are limited in fitness by how many eggs they can produce in their lifetimes
35
scorpion flies
an example of male resource defense polygamy, feed on dead arthropods, males use the bugs as nuptial gifts
36
parthenogenesis
sex lost, growth and development of embryos occurs without fertilization by a male all individuals are female.
37
scrotum and penis
external reproductive organs
38
gonads
produce sperm and hormones
39
accessory glands
secrete products needed form sperm movement, and ducts that carry sperm and glandular secretions
40
testes
the male gonads
41
seminiferous tubules
highly coiled tubes surrounded by connective tissue (sperm from here)
42
leydig cells
scattered between tubules produce steroid hormones
43
scrotum
a suspended sack of skin and smooth muscle- holds testes outside abdominal cavity in many mammals
44
why is the scrotum closer to the outside of the body
the temperature is lower outside than in the abdominal cavity (production of normal sperm cannot occur at the body temperature of most mammals
45
epididymis
the coiled duct from the seminiferous tubules of a testis, sperm pass through
46
passage of sperm
sperm of propelled through the muscular vas deferens and the ejaculatory duct, and then exit the penis through the urethra
47
semen
sperm plus secretions from three sets of accessory glands
48
seminal vesicles
contribute about 60% of the total volume of semen
49
prostate gland
secretes its products directly into the urethra through several small ducts
50
bulbourethral glands
secrete a clear mucus before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in the urethra
51
spermatogenesis
sperm production
52
preformationism
a hypothesis which held that, depending on who you asked either the sperm or the egg contained a little person that would begin to grow once conception occurred.
53
how many sperm are made each day
300 million
54
how long does the sperm survive in the female
48 hours
55
female gonads
ovaries
56
follicles
every ovary contains many follicles
57
oocyte
(a partially developed egg) surrounded by support cells)
58
oviduct
fallopian tube, uterine tube, cilia convey the egg to the uterus
59
uterus
(the womb) holds fetus during development in mammals
60
cervix
narrow end opens into the vagina
61
endometrium
uterus lining
62
mammary glands
not part of the reproductive system but important to mammalian reproduction, within the glands, small sacs of epithelial tissue secrete milk
63
oogenesis
production of eggs, some eggs take decades to mature

SEMESTER 2 (4 decks)

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