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SEMESTER 2 > BIO FINAL > Flashcards

BIO FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

asexual reproduction

A

a single parent passes genes to its offspring. 100% parent genotype. offspring are clones No fusion of gametes

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2
Q

Mitosis

A

cell division, DNA is replicated and separated evenly between daughter cells

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3
Q

mutations

A

mistakes in replication

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4
Q

fission

A

splitting into equal daughters

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5
Q

budding

A

new indvividuals arise from out growths of existing ones

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6
Q

fragmentation

A

breaking body into pieces, some or all develop into adults

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7
Q

regeneration

A

regrowth of lost body parts

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8
Q

parthenogenesis

A

growth and development without fertilization, haploid eggs produced

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9
Q

gametogenesis

A

formation of haploid gametes by meiosis

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10
Q

fertilization

A

fusion of gametes from different parents produces diploid zygote

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11
Q

each parent is related to their offspring by what percent?

A

50%

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12
Q

the twofold cost of sexual reproduction

A

sexual females have half as many daughters as asexual females

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13
Q

the reproductive handicap of sex

A

the asexual population quickly outgrows the sexual one. if every female has two offspring, the sexual group wastes one of its offspring to be male

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14
Q

3 reasons why sexual reproduction is more advantageous than asexual reproduction

A
  1. asexual offspring has 100% parental DNA
  2. sexual offspring only have 50% of each parent’s DNA
  3. asexual doesn’t require wasting time or energy finding and wooing mates
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15
Q

red queen hypothesis

A

for an evolutionary system, continuing change is needed just to maintain fitness relative to the systems it is co-evolving with

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16
Q

isogamy

A

one gamete type

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17
Q

anisogamy

A

two gamete types

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18
Q

Oogamy

A

type of anisogamy, egg is non motile

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19
Q

evolution of two gamete types

A

gametes were under the conflicting selective pressures 1. the need to find other gametes 2. the need to give developing embryo enough energy to grow

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20
Q

disruptive selection

A

favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic

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21
Q

sperm

A

motile bags of genetic material (male gamete)

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22
Q

egg

A

maximized nutrient provisioning (female gamete)

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23
Q

internal fertilization

A

requires;

  • behavior interactions
  • compatible copulatory organs
  • critical timing, often mediated by environmental cues, pheromones, and/ or courtship behavior
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24
Q

hermaphrodites

A

each individual produces both eggs and sperm, any individual encountered is a potential mate

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25
Q

parasitic males

A

males produce enzyme that dissolve his mouth and females skin to blood vessels and then circulatory systems fuse

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26
Q

ovulation

A

the release of mature eggs, most animals exhibit reproduce cycles related to changing seasons, controlled by hormones and environmental cues

27
Q

gamete production and delivery

A

animals have systems that produce gametes, systems without gonads, form gametes from undifferentiated cells or tissue

28
Q

gonads

A

organs that produce gametes, complex systems contain many sets of accessory tubes and glands that carry, nourish, and protect gametes and developing embryos

29
Q

hermaphrodites

A

testes and ovaries stimulated to develop seasonally

30
Q

spermatheca

A

many female insects store sperm after copulation

31
Q

cloaca

A

common opening of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems, common in non mammalian vertebrates, mammals usually have a separate digestive tract opening

32
Q

sperm are cheap

A

small and motile, many can be produced throughout life of mature male, males are limited in fitness by how many females they can find and inseminate

33
Q

spermatogenesis

A

production of mature sperm

34
Q

eggs are expensive

A

larger and fewer can be produced, females are limited in fitness by how many eggs they can produce in their lifetimes

35
Q

scorpion flies

A

an example of male resource defense polygamy, feed on dead arthropods, males use the bugs as nuptial gifts

36
Q

parthenogenesis

A

sex lost, growth and development of embryos occurs without fertilization by a male all individuals are female.

37
Q

scrotum and penis

A

external reproductive organs

38
Q

gonads

A

produce sperm and hormones

39
Q

accessory glands

A

secrete products needed form sperm movement, and ducts that carry sperm and glandular secretions

40
Q

testes

A

the male gonads

41
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

highly coiled tubes surrounded by connective tissue (sperm from here)

42
Q

leydig cells

A

scattered between tubules produce steroid hormones

43
Q

scrotum

A

a suspended sack of skin and smooth muscle- holds testes outside abdominal cavity in many mammals

44
Q

why is the scrotum closer to the outside of the body

A

the temperature is lower outside than in the abdominal cavity (production of normal sperm cannot occur at the body temperature of most mammals

45
Q

epididymis

A

the coiled duct from the seminiferous tubules of a testis, sperm pass through

46
Q

passage of sperm

A

sperm of propelled through the muscular vas deferens and the ejaculatory duct, and then exit the penis through the urethra

47
Q

semen

A

sperm plus secretions from three sets of accessory glands

48
Q

seminal vesicles

A

contribute about 60% of the total volume of semen

49
Q

prostate gland

A

secretes its products directly into the urethra through several small ducts

50
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

secrete a clear mucus before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in the urethra

51
Q

spermatogenesis

A

sperm production

52
Q

preformationism

A

a hypothesis which held that, depending on who you asked either the sperm or the egg contained a little person that would begin to grow once conception occurred.

53
Q

how many sperm are made each day

A

300 million

54
Q

how long does the sperm survive in the female

A

48 hours

55
Q

female gonads

A

ovaries

56
Q

follicles

A

every ovary contains many follicles

57
Q

oocyte

A

(a partially developed egg) surrounded by support cells)

58
Q

oviduct

A

fallopian tube, uterine tube, cilia convey the egg to the uterus

59
Q

uterus

A

(the womb) holds fetus during development in mammals

60
Q

cervix

A

narrow end opens into the vagina

61
Q

endometrium

A

uterus lining

62
Q

mammary glands

A

not part of the reproductive system but important to mammalian reproduction, within the glands, small sacs of epithelial tissue secrete milk

63
Q

oogenesis

A

production of eggs, some eggs take decades to mature

SEMESTER 2 (4 decks)

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