Psych 335 exam 2

Question 1

Chapter 6 concept check 6.1

Question 2

The fact that a newborns head is 70 % of its adult size and 25 % of its body length is best explained by which concept of development?
a. the skeletal age trend
b. the cephalocaudal
c. the proximodistal trend
d. the Fontenelle

Answer 2

b

Question 3

Which of the following body parts overshoots adult levels in childhood and then declines to adult levels later in adolescence?
a. the head and brain
b. the muscular system
c. the lymphatic system
d. the skeletal system

Answer 3

c

Question 4

The basic unit of the brain and nervous system are the cells that receive and transmit neural impulses. WHat is the name of these cells?
a. glia cells
b. neurons
c. myelin
d. synapses

Answer 4

b

Question 5

Scientists believe that the human brain has evolved so that the infant brain can be highly responsive to the effects of experience. The brain is thought to produce an excess of neurons and synapses so that it can be responsive to many different kinds of sensory and motor stimulation. This responsiveness also results in synaptic and neural degeneration when the neurons that are not stimulated do not continue to function. What is the term of this aspect of brain development?
a. plasticity
b. myelinization
c. cerebral specialization
d. cerebral laterization

Answer 5

a

Question 6

Gretchen is having a baby. based on her understanding of brain laterization, she predicted the positioning of her fetus when it was examined with ultrasound. If it was two thirds of all fetuses, how was her fetus positioned in her womb?
a. with its left ear facing outward
b. with its right ear facing outward
c. with its ear facing upward
d. with its ear facing downward

Answer 6

b

Question 7

At birth, an infant’s bones are very stiff and brittle and easy to break
true or false

Answer 7

f

Question 8

Individuals neurons have the potential to serve any neural function, depending on where their migration delivers them
true or false

Answer 8

t

Question 9

Very few neurons produced early in life die; instead, they are adapted for different functions in the nervous system
true or false

Answer 9

f

Question 10

Although the brain is lateralized at birth, lateral preferences continue to become stronger across age
true or false

Answer 10

t

Question 11

Explain the ways in which the development if the brain and nervous system help us understand why babies are reflexive, “sensory motor” beings at birth

Question 12

Chapter 6 concepts 6.2

Question 13

Infants who proceed through stages of motor development more quickly than the average are likely to be more intelligent later in childhood than infants who are average or behind average
true or false

Answer 13

f

Question 14

Infants who are mobile may feel bolder when meeting strangers because they know they can easily escape to their caregivers if they begin to feel insecure in the new situation
true or false

Answer 14

t

Question 15

Zach has a young son about 6 months old. Zach believes that helping his son practice motor skills will help his son achieve motor skills earlier than if he did not help his son practice. Consequently when Zach plays with his son, he helps his son practice sitting and walking, and encourages his sons efforts. Zach’s viewpoints about motor development are most closely aligned with which scientific view of motor development?
a. the maturational viewpoint
b. the experiential viewpoint
c. the development sequence viewpoint
d. the dynamical systems viewpoint

Answer 15

b

Question 16

What did dennis (1960 find about the age at which young toddlers could sit, crawl, and walk in his study of orphaned children who were confined to their cribs during their first two years of life?
a. maturation is determined the age at which young toddlers could sit, crawl, and walk, regardless of their experiences
b. experience determined the age at which young toddlers could sit, crawl, and walk regardless of their maturational age
c. maturation was necessary but not suffiecient for the development of motor skills
d. experience was the determining factor, regardless of age, of when young toddlers could sit, crawl, or walk.

Answer 16

c

Question 17

what is the term for the ability to grasp an object using the thumb and forefinger?
a. the pincer grasp
b. the ulnar grasp
c. the proprioceptive grasp
d. the forefinger grasp

Answer 17

a

Question 18

6.3

Question 19

Even if undernutrition occurs for only a short period of time or if it is not severe, children will usually fail to recover growth deficits
true or false

Answer 19

f

Question 20

treatments for overweight and obese children are most effective if they take the systems view that includes the family, culture, and society
true or false

Answer 20

t

Question 21

Matching
a. a wasting away of body tissues caused by insufficient protein and calories
b. a disease marked by a swollen abdomen and severe skin lesions and caused by insufficient protein
c. a disease that is associated with diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart or kidney disease
d. a disease that makes children listless and inattentive, retards their growth, and causes them to score poorly on tests of intelligence

3. Kwashiorkor
4. iron-deficiency anemia
5. overnutrition
6. marasmus

Answer 21

a=6
b=3
c=5
d=4

Question 22

Research has found that the timing of puberty can impact development. Which of the following most accurately describes the effects of early timing for both on girls and boys?
a. only early-maturing boys show advantages to their self-esteem associated with maturing early
b. only early maturing girls show disadvantages to their self-esteem
c. both early-maturing girls and boys engage in more delinquent behaviors than typically developing children
d. both early-maturing girls and boys show a greater potential for depression as well as the possibility of positive outcomes

Answer 22

d

Question 23

7.1

Question 24

Visual perception develops rapidly in the first year. At what age do we describe infants as “stimulus seekers” who prefer to look at moderately complex, high contrast stimuli (especially those who move)?
a. 0 to 2 month
b. 2 to 6
c. 6 to 9
d. 9 to 12

Answer 24

a

Question 25

Researchers devised a clever method for investigating infants depth perception. With this method, researchers learned when infants can perceive but do not fear changes in depth. The method also revealed when infants begin to fear changes in depth. What is the name for this research method? a. the habituation method b. the visual cliff method c. the high-amplitude sucking method d. the preference method

Answer 25

b

Question 26

What is the term for the ability to recognize by one sensory modality an object or experience that is already familiar through another sensory modality? a. sensory integration b. sensory learning c. intermodal perception d. visual integration

Answer 26

c

Question 27

Newborns visual acuity is ( poor/good/very good)

Answer 27

poor

Question 28

Newborns can hear and discriminate sounds ( very poorly/ very well)

Answer 28

very well

Question 29

Newborns are (insensitive/quite sensitive) to touch, temperature, and pain

Answer 29

sensitive

Question 30

What is the method used when two pictures are presented to the infant and the length of time the infant looks at each picture is measured and compared? a. the preference method b. the habituation method c. the evoked potentials method d. the high-amplitude sucking method

Answer 30

a

Question 31

What method is used when a pacifier is connected to a speakers system and the infant controls whether she listens to her mothers voice or a strangers voice by sucking or not sucking on the pacifier ? a. the preference method b. the habituation method c. the evoked potentials method d. the high-amplitude sucking method

Answer 31

d

Question 32

7.2

Question 33

Fetuses have been found to learn through habituation procedures true or false

Answer 33

t

Question 34

learning can be a change in behavior that is a result of hereditary or maturational process, or to psychological damage resulting from injury true or false

Answer 34

f

Question 35

Individual differences in infant habituation patterns are correlated with standardized intelligence test scores later in childhood true or false

Answer 35

t

Question 36

Researchers paired a tone with the presentation of a nipple to infants 2 to 3 days old. After several of these trials, the infants began sucking motions at the sound of the tone, before the nipple was presented. In this classical conditioning learning demonstration, what does the tone represent? a. the unconditioned stimulus b. the unconditioned response c. the conditioned stimulus d. the conditioned response

Answer 36

c

Question 37

Rachel and Ross discover that when they sing rap music to their infant daughter. Emma, she smiles and laughs. They try other methods to get her to laugh, but she consistently laughs only when they rap to her. Consequently, they eventually rap music over and over to enjoy her laughter. what type of learning is this? a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. observational learning d. imitation

Answer 37

a

Question 38

Researchers examined infant learning by teaching infants to kick their legs when a mobile hanging over their cribs was attached to their legs by a ribbon. What is the term for this form of learning a. habituation b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. observational learning

Answer 38

c

Question 39

a. New born imitation b deferred imitation c. Infant imitation 7. between 8 and 12 months, infants can imitate novel behaviors that a model presents and continues to perform while the infant imitates 8. as early as 7 days after birth, the infant can imitate facial expressions such as tongue protrusions. 9. by 9 months of age, the infant can imitate novel responses up to 24 hours after observing a model perform the response

Answer 39

a=8 b= 9 c= 7

Question 40

8.1

Question 41

according to Piaget, what does the term accommodation refer to? a. the modification or distortion of new information in order to incorporate it into current schemes b. the fact that every structure has its genesis in previous structures c. the tendency to integrate structures into higher-order systems of structures d. the changing of a current scheme in order to incorporate new information

Answer 41

d

Question 42

According to Piaget, what does the term cognitive equilibration refer to? a. the tendency to integrate structures into higher-order systems or structures b. the individual seeking to stabilize his or her cognitive structures c. the tendency to modify structures in order to incorporate new information into existing structures d. the fact that every structure has its genesis in earlier structures

Answer 42

b

Question 43

Professor Johansson believes that children's thinking follows an invariant developmental sequence. Does prof Johansson generally agree or disagree with Piaget? a. Prof agrees with Piaget and is a stage theorist b. prof agrees with Piaget and is not a stage theorist c. prof disagrees with Piaget and believes that children's thinking is uneven at different times of development d. prof disagrees with Piaget and believes that children's thinking strongly reflects sociocultural influence

Answer 43

a

Question 44

In Piagets theory, a basic life function that enables an organism to adapt to its environment a. Scheme b. Constructivist c. cognitive equilibration d. intelligence e. organization f. assimilation

Answer 44

d

Question 45

Piaget's term for the state of affairs in which there is a balanced, or harmonious, relationship between ones thought processes and the environment a. Scheme b. Constructivist c. cognitive equilibration d. intelligence e. organization f. assimilation

Answer 45

c

Question 46

The process of interpreting new experiences by incorporating them into existing schemes a. Scheme b. Constructivist c. cognitive equilibration d. intelligence e. organization f. assimilation

Answer 46

f

Question 47

One who gains knowledge by acting or otherwise operating on objects and events to discover their properties a. Scheme b. Constructivist c. cognitive equilibration d. intelligence e. organization f. assimilation

Answer 47

b

Question 48

An organized pattern of thought or action that a child constructs to interpret some aspect of the child's experience a. Scheme b. Constructivist c. cognitive equilibration d. intelligence e. organization f. assimilation

Answer 48

a

Question 49

an inborn tendency to combine and integrate available schemes into coherent systems or bodies of knowledge a. Scheme b. Constructivist c. cognitive equilibration d. intelligence e. organization f. assimilation

Answer 49

e

Question 50

8.2

Question 51

The first major period in Piaget's stage theory is the sensorimotor stage, which lasts from birth to 2 years of age. According to Piaget , how do children at this stage think about the world? a. They are not able to comprehend the world yet and must rely on others to do their thinking for them b. They are able to think logically and comprehend their environment c. They cannot comprehend the world because they are unable to verbalize fully d. They are able to comprehend the world around them through their actions on it

Answer 51

d

Question 52

According to Piaget, imitation is the purest example of which of the following? a. assimilation b. accommodation c. the coordination of both assimilation and accommodation d. abstract representation

Answer 52

a

Question 53

Six month old Pedro is playing with his stuffed rabbit in his crib. He sets the rabbit down and as he moves to reach his bottle, his blanket covers his toy. Pedro then turns to reach for it but only sees a bump in his blanket, he cries. According to Piaget, what do Pedro's actions in this situation reflect? a. a lack of object permanence b. a lack of deferred imitation c. a lack of primary circular reactions d. a lack of assimilation

Answer 53

a

Question 54

What does Piaget's concept of object permanence refer to? a. the knowledge that objects have an existence in space and time independent of ones perceptions of and actions on them b. The knowledge that an inanimate object will remain in a given location when put there, although an animate object may not c. the tendency for semantic knowledge of objects to remain permanently in long term memory d. the tendency to memorize the spatial location of permanent objects in the environment

Answer 54

a

Question 55

A theory that describes how infants learn about the properties of objects based on very small sets of exemplars? a. Invariant developmental sequence b. coordination of secondary circular reactions c. explanation based learning d. neo-nativism e. theory theories f. primary circular reactions

Answer 55

c

Question 56

Second substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage; a pleasurable response, centered on the infant's own body, that is discovered by chance and performed over and over a. Invariant developmental sequence b. coordination of secondary circular reactions c. explanation based learning d. neo-nativism e. theory theories f. primary circular reactions

Answer 56

f

Question 57

A series of developments that occur in one particular order because each development in the sequence is a prerequisite for those appearing later a. Invariant developmental sequence b. coordination of secondary circular reactions c. explanation based learning d. neo-nativism e. theory theories f. primary circular reactions

Answer 57

a

Question 58

Theories of cognitive development that combine neo-nativism and constructivism, proposing that cognitive development progresses by children generating, testing, and changing theories about the physical and social world a. Invariant developmental sequence b. coordination of secondary circular reactions c. explanation based learning d. neo-nativism e. theory theories f. primary circular reactions

Answer 58

e

Question 59

The fourth substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage; infants begin to coordinate two or more actions to achieve simple objectives. This is the first sign of goal-directed behavior. a. Invariant developmental sequence b. coordination of secondary circular reactions c. explanation based learning d. neo-nativism e. theory theories f. primary circular reactions

Answer 59

b

Question 60

The idea that much cognitive knowledge, such as object concept, is innate, requiring little in the way of specific experiences to be expressed, and that there are biological constraints, in that the mind/brain is designed to process certain types of information in certain ways a. Invariant developmental sequence b. coordination of secondary circular reactions c. explanation based learning d. neo-nativism e. theory theories f. primary circular reactions

Answer 60

d

Question 61

8.3

Question 62

Glens mother has short dark hair; Glen thinks that all mothers have short dark hair. This an example of a. conservation b. disequilibrium c. egocentrism d. accommodation

Answer 62

c

Question 63

What characterizes the preoperational child? a. introspective and abstract thinking b. logical, concrete, and nonabstract thinking c. symbolic, intuitive, and egocentric thinking d. logical, abstract, and egocentric thinking

Answer 63

c

Question 64

A 5 year old child suggest that John, who is 1.8 m tall, must be older than his aunt Mary, who is only 1.5 m tall. What can this approach of interpreting age based solely on height of an individual be attributed to? a. this child's seeing events as specific states and ignoring transformations b. the child's egocentricity c. this child's inability to deal with a superordinate and subordinate concept simultaneously d. Child's perceptual centration

Answer 64

d

Question 65

what is the term for children's developing concepts of mental activity, including some coherent framework for organizing facts and making predictions? a. dual encoding b. reflective abstraction c. theory of mind d. representation insight

Answer 65

c

Question 66

A person's concepts of mental activity; used to refer to how children conceptualize mental activity and how they attribute intention to and predict the behavior of others a. representational insight b. animism c. conservation d. theory of mind e. horizonal decalage f. hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Answer 66

d

Question 67

The knowledge that an entity can stand for something other than itself a. representational insight b. animism c. conservation d. theory of mind e. horizonal decalage f. hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Answer 67

a

Question 68

The recognition that properties if an object or substance do not change when its appearance is altered in some superficial way a. representational insight b. animism c. conservation d. theory of mind e. horizonal decalage f. hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Answer 68

c

Question 69

In Piaget's theory, a formal operational ability to think hypothetically a. representational insight b. animism c. conservation d. theory of mind e. horizonal decalage f. hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Answer 69

f

Question 70

Attributing life and lifelike qualities to inanimate objects a. representational insight b. animism c. conservation d. theory of mind e. horizonal decalage f. hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Answer 70

b

Question 71

Piaget's term for child's uneven cognitive performance; an inability to solve certain problems even though the child can solve similar problems requiring the same mental process a. representational insight b. animism c. conservation d. theory of mind e. horizonal decalage f. hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Answer 71

e

Question 72

8.4

Question 73

Vygotsky discussed four perspectives of development that should be considered in any theory of intellectual development. Which one of the following is not one of these perspectives? a. microgenetic development b. phylogenetic c. sociocultural d. prenatal

Answer 73

d

Question 74

Miller and his colleagues observed that Chinese children learned to count to 20 before American children. What do they attribute this discrepancy to? a. differences in numbers of words used in Chinese and English b. differences in the amount of instruction in counting that Chinese and American children receive c. differences in the amount of scaffolding that Chinese children and American children receive d. differences in genetic dispositions, with Chinese children being genetically disposed to better arithmetic abilities than most American children

Answer 74

a

Question 75

Five year old Erin sits on the floor with her mother as they play a board game. Erin rolls a and 3 on the dice. She picks up her game piece, a small toy dog, moving it along the board she says "I move my doggy 1,2... then i move my doggy 1,2,3." what does Erin's behavior reflect? a. Piaget's perspective: that private speech reflects the child's egocentricity of though and represents the child's unsuccessful attempt at social speech b. Piaget's perspective: that private speech is a necessary precursor to social speech in that it serves as preparation for successful social communication c. Vygotsky's perspective: that private speech serves as a cognitive self-guidance system for young children d. Vygotsky's perspective: that private speech serves only to initiate or inhibit motor actions and has no influence on guiding cognition

Answer 75

c

Question 76

Vygotsky's term for the range of tasks that are too complex to be mastered alone but can be accomplished with guidance and encouragement from a more skillful partner a. tools of intellectual adaptation b. zone of proximal development c. scaffolding d. ontogenetic development e. microgenetic development f. guided participation

Answer 76

b

Question 77

Development of the individual over his or her lifetime a. tools of intellectual adaptation b. zone of proximal development c. scaffolding d. ontogenetic development e. microgenetic development f. guided participation

Answer 77

d

Question 78

Adult child interactions in which children's cognition and modes of thinking are shaped as they participate with or observe adults engaged in culturally relevant activities a. tools of intellectual adaptation b. zone of proximal development c. scaffolding d. ontogenetic development e. microgenetic development f. guided participation

Answer 78

f

Question 79

Changes that occur over relatively brief periods, in seconds, minutes, or days, as apposed to larger scale changes, as conventionally studied in ontogenetic development a. tools of intellectual adaptation b. zone of proximal development c. scaffolding d. ontogenetic development e. microgenetic development f. guided participation

Answer 79

e

Question 80

Process by which an expert, when instructing a novice, responds contingently to the novice's behavior in a learning situation, so that the novice gradually increases his or her understanding of a problem. a. tools of intellectual adaptation b. zone of proximal development c. scaffolding d. ontogenetic development e. microgenetic development f. guided participation

Answer 80

c

Question 81

Vygotsky's term for methods of thinking and problem-solving strategies that children internalize from their interactions with more competent members of society a. tools of intellectual adaptation b. zone of proximal development c. scaffolding d. ontogenetic development e. microgenetic development f. guided participation

Answer 81

a