Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych-251 > Final exam > Flashcards

Final exam Flashcards

Know topics 1-8

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Parts of a Neuron

A
  1. Dendrites 2. Axon Hillock 3. Axon 4. Synapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Function of Dendrite

A

Input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Function of Axon Hillcock

A

Integrative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Function of Axon

A

Conductive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Function of Synapse

A

Output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The type of neuron connection we focus on

A

Axodendritic Synapse (Synapses on dendrites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the synaptic cleft

A

Gap between synapse between two neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do cell membranes do?

A

Prevent flow of ions, proteins, and other water soluble molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a membranes resting potential

A
  • 70 mV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Two main types of conduits across the membrane

A

Ion channels and Ion pumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ion channel characteristics

A

Passive transport, selective permeability, and can be gated. (It allows Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ion pump characteristics

A

Active transport, and requires energy (ATP) (it allows Na+, K+, Ca2+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What forces push ions through channels

A

Electrical gradient (in) and Concentration gradient (out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens when gradients are equally opposite

A

Electrochemical equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

According to the Nernst Equation what does not help determine equilibrium

A

The Permeability of other ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why is there a diffusional force for potassium ions from inside to outside the cell membrane?

A

Due to greater concentration of potassium ions inside the membrane compared to the outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What voltage dependent process initiates an action potential

A

Voltage-gated sodium channel open, letting more sodium ions into the neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why do action potentials only go one way down an axon

A

Refractoriness: after a action potential that piece of membrane has a cooldown period before it can go again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens when Hyperpolarization occurs

A

An inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSPs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens when Depolarization occurs

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSPs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens when a Action potential occurs (Spike)

A

Rapid depolarization and repolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What threshold does a Action potential occurs

A

-55 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does All or non mean

A

an action either occurs to a full 100 mV or it does not occur, it lasts 1 ms, and has a refractory period of 5 ms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Characteristics of Electronic conduction

A
  1. Passive
  2. Relatively fast
  3. Exponentially attenuating
  4. Travels short distances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Characteristics of self-regenerating propagation

A
  1. Active
  2. Relatively slow
  3. Self-regenerating
  4. Travels long distances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are two components of Saltatory conduction

A

Nodes of Ranvier and Myelinated sections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 3 parts of neural coding

A
  1. Rate 2. Duration 3. Timing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do Postsynaptic Potentials depend on

A

Neurotransmitters (from the presynaptic cell)
Receptors (on the postsynaptic cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What CNS neurotransmitter is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What Major CNS neurotransmitter is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are some other Major CNS neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine, Dopamine, Serotonin, Noradrenaline, Histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Neurotransmitter Biochemical classifications

A
  1. Amino acids (Glutamate, GABA)
  2. Monoamines (Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Histamine, Serotonin)
  3. Peptides (Oxytocin, Endorphin, Somatostatin)
  4. Gases (Nitric oxide, Carbon monoxide)
  5. other (Acetylcholine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Topic 2 Part 1 Foundation: Brain

A

:/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are Glia

A

Non-neuronal cells in the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are Glia functions

A
  1. Support neurons physically
  2. Supply neurons with nutrients and oxygen
  3. Insulate neurons from eachother
  4. Protect neurons from pathogens and clean out dead neurons
  5. Modulate and regulate neural activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How many Glia celss are there

A

100 BILLION (1/2 OF CNS volume)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Function of Astrocytes (CNS) and Satellite Cells (PNS)

A
  1. support neurons structure
  2. Help create blood brain barrier
  3. Provide nutrients
  4. Modulate neural activity through reuptake in neurotransmitters and regulates ion concertation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Function of Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS)

A

Provide the myeline for axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Ependymal cells (CNS)

A

Help produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Microglia (CNS)

A

Macrophages that devour and digest cellular debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the body centric direction terminology

A
  1. Dorsal= back
  2. Ventral=belly
  3. Rostral= nose
  4. Caudal= tail
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Space centric direction terminology

A
  1. Superior=above
  2. Inferior=below
  3. Anterior= before (in front)
  4. Inferior=after (behind)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Side to side direction terminology, same or different side terminology
1. Ipsilateral
2. Contralateral

A
  1. Same side
  2. Opposite side
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

One or both
1. Unilateral
2. Bilateral

A
  1. one side
  2. both sides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Left or right

A

left or right lateralized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

near or far

A

Proximal= near
Distal= far

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the PNS

A

Somatic ( Voluntary control)
Autonomic (regulation of involuntary functions eg organs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Autonomous nervous system
Autonomic motor neuron steps

A
  1. Brain stem/ Spinal cord
  2. Sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia cells
  3. Effector cells (Smooth muscle cells, gland cells, Cardiac muscle cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Why do sympathetic and parasympathetic functions work against each other

A

To achieve homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Sympathetic functions

A
  • Fight or flight
  • quick response
  • increase blood flow to skeletal muscle
  • increased heart rate
    inhibits digestion
  • pupils dilate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Parasympathetic

A
  • Rest and digest
  • increase blood flow to gut
  • Facilitates digestion
  • Constricts pupils for near vision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

CNS Protection

A

Meninges: covering
Cerebrospinal fluid (CFS): cushioning
Ventricles: fluid filled spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

3 Layers of Meninges

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia Mater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Ventricles (4)

A

Left lateral
right lateral
third
fourth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid functions

A

Buancy and protection
Chemical stability
clearing of waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Types of matter in spinal cord and what they are (2)

A

White Matter: Myelinated axons
Grey Matter: Cell bodies of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Afferents

A

Signals coming in from the peripheral come in through the dorsal side (Senses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Efferent

A

Signals coming out of the Ventral side are sent to the peripherals (muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Major Development Divisions of Brain

A

Telencephalon, Diencephalon (Forebrain)
Mesencephalon (Mid Brain)
Metencephalon, Myelencephalon ( hind brain )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the parts of the Mid brain (mesencephalon)

A
  1. Superior colliculus
  2. Inferior colliculus
  3. Motor Nuclei
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what are the parts of the Hind brain

A

Pons (Metencephalon)
Medulla (Myelencephalon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Medulla Functions

A

Breathing, heart rate, blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Pons

A

Balance, taste, Swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Subcortical Structures

A

Hippocampus
Basal Ganglia
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Basal Ganglia Components

A

Caudate
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Nucleus acumbens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is an important function of the Amygdala and Hippocampus

A

Episodic long term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Lobes of the Cerebral cortex

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What are sulci and fissures

A

Folds/clefts in the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Important sulci and fissures for class

A

Sylvian Fissure (separates temporal lobe from frontal lobe)
Central sulcus (separates Frontal lobe from Parietal lobe)
Longitudinal fissure (Separates left and right hemisphere)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Sulci hidden inside the midbrain

A

Cingulate sulcus (
Calcarine sulcus (primary visual cortex sits on top of it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What are the peaks or ridges of the folds called

A

Gyri

72
Q

What are important gyri

A

Precentral gyrus (is where the primary motor cortex is)
Postcentral gyrus ( is where primary somatosensory cortex is)

73
Q

more important gyri

A

Cingulate Gyrus
Cuneus (Visual cortex)

74
Q

Commissures

A

bundles of axons that connect between hemispheres

75
Q

What are the three commissures

A

Corpus Collosum (main connection of hemispheres)
Fornix (important for long term memory wiring)
Anterior Commissure (Good for a reference point for mapping)

76
Q

Topic 3 Perception

A

:|

77
Q

The inverse problem

A

Perception involves inferring the properties of a distal stimulus from a proximal stimulus

78
Q

Proximal Stimulus

A

Image on the retina

79
Q

Distal stimulus

A

Object being perceived

80
Q

What part of the eye does the transduction of light into neural signals

A

Retina

81
Q

Components that transduce light into neural signals (components of retina)

A

Rods and cones
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells
Optic nerve

82
Q

How do rods and cone differ

A

Rods- good in dim light
cones- color vision, require lots of light

83
Q

How does the visual field work

A

Inner left and outer right of the eyes are the left visual field
Inner right and outer left of eyes are the right visual field
Left visual field is in Right V1
Right visual field is in the Left V1

84
Q

Outer ear components

A

Ear lobe (auricle)
External auditory meatus
Tympanum (ear drum)

85
Q

Middle ear components

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

86
Q

Inner ear components

A

Cochlea
Hair cells
Basilar membrane

87
Q

Auditory process

A

-Sound changes air pressure
-Ear drum converts air pressure into -vibrations
-Vibrations travel through bones of middle ear to oval window of cochlea
-Hair cells in cochlea detect the vibrations
- Hair cells open ion channels releasing neurotransmitters

88
Q

Types of Somatosensorial

A

Mechanoreception (pressure vibration distortion)
Thermoception (temperature)
Nociception (harmful chemical, mechanical, or thermal stimuli)
Proprioception ( mechanical forces on muscles, tendons, and joints)

89
Q

Topic 3 part 2

A

:|

90
Q

What is sensory adaptation

A

Our perception of stimulus is relative not absolute, our senses adjust to stimuli over time

91
Q

What is Weber’s law

A

Is a just noticeable difference (smallest detectable change)

92
Q

Weber fraction for senses

A

Loudness- .05
Brightness- .08
Heaviness- .02

93
Q

Visual receptive field of retinal ganglion field

A

One ganglion cell receives signals from multiple bipolar cells and even more photoreceptors

94
Q

what happens when light falls on the on area of a photoreceptor receptive field

A

Action potentials increase

95
Q

What happens when light hits the off area

A

There are less Action potentials than baseline

96
Q

What happens when light does not hit the receptive field

A

It stays at the baseline for that receptive field/ganglion cell

97
Q

Auditory receptive fields
What is the receptive field of a hair cell

A

a region of hair cells along the cochlea
(different areas react to different frequencies)

98
Q

Somatosensory receptive fields
Receptive field of a mechanoreceptor

A

Area of the skin ( some area have much smaller more precise fields)

99
Q

What is plasticity

A

Changes in neural organization
occurs from molecular to the systems level

100
Q

What is synaptic plasticity

A

Changes in strength of synapses

101
Q

Cortical Reorganization (Plasticity)

A

Changes in topographic maps

102
Q

What is topography

A

Spatial organization of sensory surface, is generally preserved in primary cortex

103
Q

what is cortical Magnification

A

Area of cortex is proportional to density of sensory receptors (and is inversely related to receptive field)

104
Q

What sense is related to a Retinotopic map

A

Visual

105
Q

what sense is related to a Tonotopic map

A

Hearing

106
Q

What sense is related to Somatotopic maps

A

Feeling

107
Q

In hierarchical organization where are lower order and higher order neurons in the sequence of processing

A

Lower order neurons are closer to the sensory receptors
Higher order are farther away

108
Q

What does V4 focus on

A

Colors

109
Q

what does V1 focus on

A

orientation feature detectors

110
Q

what does MT/V5 focus on

A

Motion

111
Q

What are higher order sensory processing generally divided into

A

What and where streams

112
Q

Characteristics of where (how) stream

A

Dorsal pathway (occipital lobe into parietal lobe}
Emphasis on location and motion
Processing for action

113
Q

Characteristics of what (why) stream

A

Ventral pathway (Occipital lobe into temporal lobe)
Emphasis on shape and color
Processing for object recognition

114
Q

Characteristics of Bottom up processing

A

Stimulus driven
Feedforward connections
Depends on proximal stimulus and genetic “hard-wiring” of sensory systems

115
Q

Characteristics of Top down processing

A

Driven by goals and expectations
Feedback connections
Depends on past experience, internal state, environmental context

116
Q

What is the likelihood principle

A

We perceive the world in a way that is most likely based on our past experience

117
Q

where do high level action plans occur

A

Motor cortex

118
Q

What are the three parts of the motor cortex and what do they do

A

Premotor and supplementary motor cortices (high level action plans)
and Primary motor cortex (more detailed motor plans)

119
Q

What part of the brain determines when actions are taken or not taken

A

Basal Ganglia

120
Q

What part of the brain makes our actions smooth and coordinated

A

Cerebellum

121
Q

What function does local circuit neurons do

A

Reflex coordination

122
Q

How is motor control organized

A

Hierarchically

123
Q

Sequence of the Inverse model

A

Current position and desired position–> motor commands
Used to create motor plans

124
Q

sequence of Forward model

A

Current position and motor commands–> predicted position
Used to evaluate motor plans and/ or actions

125
Q

Characteristics of Feedforward control

A

Motor command sent to muscle
Faster but less accurate

126
Q

Characteristics of feedback control

A

Motor command sent to muscle
Actual state compared to desired state
Adjustments made based on errors
Slower but more accurate

127
Q

What is the Supplementary motor cortex involved in

A

involved in selecting goals and planning actions at a conceptual level
Particularly when plans involve internally generated sequences of actions

128
Q

Which parts of the body are heavily represented in the homunculus

A

Hands and mouth

129
Q

How does the Basil Ganglia help select, initiate, and inhibit movement

A

through cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops

130
Q

what are the steps of the direct pathway

A

1- Cortex
2- striatum
3- Globus pallidus pars Interna (GPi)/ Substantia nigra pars reticula (SNr)
4- Thalamus
5- Cortex

131
Q

what are the steps of the indirect pathway

A

1- Cortex
2- Striatum
3- Globus pallidus pars externa (GPe)
4- Subthalamic nucleus (STN)
5- Globus pallidus pars interna (GPi)/Substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr)
6- Thalamus
7- Cortex

132
Q

What does the GPi and SNr do to the thalamus

A

Inhibit

133
Q

How does the direct path works

A

1- motor cortex excites striatum
2- Striatum inhibits GPi/SNr
3- GPi/SNr disinhibit thalamus
4- Thalamus excites cortex

134
Q

What cells are in the Cerebular cortex

A

Granule cells (50 billion)
Purkinje cells (200,000 inputs per cell)

135
Q

What model does the cerebellum use

A

Forward model

136
Q

Topic 5 attention

A

:(

137
Q

what does exogenous source mean

A

In the environment, reflexive, automatic, bottom up

138
Q

What does Endogenous source mean

A

In the mind, voluntary, intentional, top down

139
Q

What does an external target mean

A

sensory info, in the environment

140
Q

What does internal target mean

A

mental representations, in the mind

141
Q

Types of attention

A

Overt vs Covert
Transient vs Sustained
Selective vs Divided

142
Q

What are Event Related Potentials

A

Electric fields recorded outside the brain averaged across many experimental trials

143
Q

What kind of attention has an effect on the Posner orientation task (Endogenous or exogenous) which mechanisms are be used (top down or bottom up)

A

Exogenous and bottom up

144
Q

What does attention increase (what effect does it have on parts of the brain)

A

Synchronization

145
Q

What else does attention do

A

-Affects reaction time, accuracy, and awareness of sensory stimuli
-Modulates neural activity
- enhances neural response to attended stimuli

146
Q

What is neglect

A

Deficit of attention

147
Q

What is change blindness

A

Changes in a picture or scene over time are not immediately apparent if not attended to

148
Q

Unilateral neglect

A

Neglect that is only affecting one hemisphere

149
Q

topic 6

A

:[

150
Q

Long Term Memory Processes

A

Encoding
Consolidation
Storage
retrieval
reconsolidation

151
Q

What does double dissociation do

A

provides strong evidence for separable systems that depend on different brain regions and distinct cognitive processes

152
Q

What is habituation

A

Reduced response to unchanging stimulus (A noisy street outside begins to have a reduced repsonse)

153
Q

Sensitization

A

Increased response to an unchanging stimulus (rubbing your arm for extended periods of time will get more sensitive)

154
Q

Topic 7

A

:’(

155
Q

what is the smallest unit of perceived speech

A

Phonemes

156
Q

what is the smallest unit that signals meaning

A

Morphemes

157
Q

Smallest units of stand alone meaning

A

words

158
Q

Organized grouping of one or more words

A

Phrases

159
Q

Set of words or phrases that tells a complete thought

A

Sentances

160
Q

What is morphology

A

rules for combining morphemes into words

161
Q

What is syntax

A

Rules for combing words into phrases into sentences

162
Q

Surface structure

A

The order in which words are spoken

163
Q

Deep structure

A

The actual meaning of the phrase structure

164
Q

What is lexical ambiguity

A

when a word has two meanings

165
Q

Syntactic ambiguity

A

When same words can be grouped together into more than one phase structure

166
Q

Referential ambiguity

A

When same word/phrase can refer to two different things within a sentence

167
Q

topic 8

A

KMS

168
Q

What does prospect theory suggest

A

That people make decisions based on subjective utility, decision weights, and relative outcomes

169
Q

What is subjective utility

A

People transform objective value into subjective utility

170
Q

What is loss aversion

A

When losses loom larger that gains

171
Q

What is decision weight

A

People transform objective probability into subjective decision weights

172
Q

How are small probabilities weighted vs how large possibilities are weighted

A

Small are overweighted (1% is much better that 0%)
Large are underweighted (99% is a lot less than 100%

173
Q

Framing effect

A

People make decisions based on gains and losses relative to a point of reference

174
Q

What is Reward Prediction Error

A

Actual reward vs expected reward

175
Q

What does dopamine actually do

A

It codes deviations from predictions about time and magnitude of reward. (expected outcomes)

176
Q

What are the conclusions of the Iowa Gambling task

A

conceptual knowledge alone does not lead to good decision making
- emotions are neccessary for good decision making
- Patients with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex could not generate expected emotions
-patients overemphasized immediate reward over long term outcomes

177
Q
A

Psych-251 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions