Psych 335 exam 1 Flashcards by Kyle Muir

According to developmentalists, what are the primary causes of developmental change?
a) maturation and recapitulation
b. learning and experience
c. experience and recapitulation
d. maturation and learning

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among the following, who would not be considered a developmentalist
a. sociologist
b. anthropologist
c. historian
d. all of the above may be considered a developmentalist
e. none of the above

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Anthony is a developmentalist who is interested in helping children to reach their full potential in math and reading skills. Anthony’s goal is consistent with which of the following global goals of developmental sciences?
a. the description of development
b. explanation of development
c. optimization of development
d. reorganization of development

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Enrique is a developmental psychologist. He studies children’s adjustment following their parents divorce and remarriage. He finds that sullen children who become withdrawn and isolated after their parents divorce can be helped to become happier and more social through play therapy. What aspect of developmental change does this research reflect?
a. development is a continual and cumulative process
b. development is marked with plasticity
c. development is a holistic process
d. development depends on the historical and cultural context in which it occurs

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In the developmental sciences, typical patterns of change are called ____, whereas individual variations in patterns are called ____.

normative development, ideographic development

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Explain the scientific significance of baby biographies and diaries. Why are these publications scientifically flawed?

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Suppose Dr. Smith is a developmental psychologist who is interested in whether intelligence changes as children develop. She creates a test of intelligence and adminsters it to a group of children. Her results lead her to conclude that her test actually measured years of schooling, not intelligence. What scientific idea did her study violate?
a. Her measure was not reliable
b. her measure was not valid
c. it did not follow the scientific method
d. her treatment group was not randomly assigned

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What is the term of the belief that investigators should be objective and use scientific data to test their theories?
the:
a. scientific attitude
b. scientific objective
c. scientific method
d. scientific value

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If you were to check to make sure that two observers obtained the same results when observing the same event, what would you be measuring?
a. interrater validity
b. interrater reliability
c. temporal stability
d. temporal validity

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which of the following methods would be the LEAST practical to use when studying infants?
a. naturalistic observation
b. structured observation
c. psychophysiological methods
d. clinical method

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Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal research design?
a. it does not evaluate individual differences in development
b. it is subject to the cross-generational design
c. it violates scientific method
d. it may cause developmental delays and trauma to participants

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which of the following is a disadvantage of the cross-sectional research design?
a. it does not evaluate individual differences in development
b. it is subject to the cross-gender problem
c. violates scientific method
d. it may cause developmental changes that would not occur naturally and that may not be long lasting.

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Which of the following is a disadvantage of the microgenetic research design
a. it does not evaluate individual differences in development
b. It confounds cohort and age effects
c. it violates scientific method
d. it may cause developmental changes that would not occur naturally and that may not be long lasting

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one primary problem with longitudinal designs is that participants may drop out of the study before it is concluded is called_____

attrition

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A group of children who are the same age and develops in the same cultural and historical times is called a _____

cohort

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making sure that any research conducted with children causes no harm is the responsibility of _____

experimenter

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chapter 2

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Freuds psychosexual theory of development emphasized all of the following EXCEPT which one?
a. conscious drives and motivations
b. repression of unconscious feelings or events
c. the coordination of id, ego, and super ego
d. sexual and aggressive drives

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who’s theory focuses on the psychological stages or life crises that individuals must resolve during their lives to achieve healthy develpoment?
a. Freud
b. Erikson
c. Watson
d. Bandura

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Watson and Raynor conditioned a 9 month old Albert to be afraid of a white rat. These findings led Watson to develop advice for parents. What did he suggest to do?
a. bang a steel rod with a hammer when the child did something wrong they wished to discourage
b. show carful attention and physical acts of affection for their children so that they would not develop irrational fears
c. begin to train their children at birth and not coddle their children to instill good habits
d. bang steel rod while punishing the child in order to instill good habits

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Dr. Macalister is interested in studying adolescents identity development. She believes that adolescents struggle with breaking away from their parents and with forming their own ideas about who they are. Dr. McAlister’s theory is mostly associated with Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development
True or False?

True

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Dr. Rosen studies children’s observational learning. He believes that children can learn a great deal by simply observing behaviors of people around them. He also believes that children influence the actual environments they experience. Dr. Rosen’s research theory is most closely related with Banduras cognitive social learning theory
True or False

True

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The id, ego, and superego have been compared to the three branches of government. Which component of Freudian personality seems to serve an executive function? Judicial Function? Legislative function?

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Piaget proposed that children use the processes of _____ and _____ to resolve disequilibrium’s and help them adapt to their environments.

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The evolutionary perspective argues that certain adaptive characteristics in humans are most likely to develope during_____, provided that the environment fosters this development.

biological influences (hereditary, maturation) and environmental influences (culture, parenting styles, schools, and peers) both contribute to development. Overall, however: a. Biological factors contribute more than environmental factors b. biological and environmental factors contribute equally c. Environmental factors contribute more

Children and adolescents are a. active beings who play a major role in determining their own developmental outcomes b. passive beings whose developmental outcomes largely reflect the influences of other people and circumstances beyond their control

development proceeds a. through distinct stages so that the individual changes abruptly into a quite different kind of person than he or she was in an earlier stage b. continuously in small increments without abrupt changes

Various aspects of child development, such as cognitive, social, and biological development a. are basically distinct and interact little with each other in the course of a child's development b. are interrelated, with each area development having effects upon the other areas of development so that we cannot seriously consider one aspect without also addressing the other areas

matching a. Capable of making explicit predictions about future events so that the theory can be supported or disconfirmed b. builds on existing knowledge by continuing to generate testable hypotheses that may lead to a deeper understanding of the phenomena of interest c. uses a small number of participants to explain a large range of phenomena 5. heuristic 6. parsimonious 7. falsifiable

a= 7 b= 5 c= 6

what is the term for the observable characteristics that arise from the expression of a persons genes a. gene b. chromosome c. genotype d. phenotype

DNA is to gene as a. gen is to chromosome b. meiosis to mitosis c. crossing-over is to independent assortment d. germ cell to gamete

Which of the following is NOT a process that contributes to each gamete recieving a unqiue set of chromosomes a. meiosis b. mitosis c. crossing over .d independent assortment

each human cell contains 22 pairs of which of the following a. genes b. alleles c. sex chromosomes d. autosomes

which process results in dizygotic twins? a. fertilization of two different ova by two different sperm b. fertilization of a single ova by two different sperm c. the division of the zygote into two different cells d. the division of the gamete into two germ cells

all of the following EXCEPT which one can result in congenital disorders? a. abnormal genes b. abnormal chromosomes c. abnormal contact between mother and child during postnatal development d. abnormalities in prenatal development

what does genetic counsilling refer to the prediction of? a. abnormalities of the chromosomes b. abnormalities in meiosis c. abnormalities in mitosis d. abnormalities in the ovum

what is the term for a complete family history a genetic counselor will use to determine the likelihood that a child will inherit a congenital disorder? a. a pedigree b. a DNA analysis c. DNA map d. a background check

which test to detect congenital disorders during prenatal development can be performed earliest in the pregnancy ( at 9 weeks) allowing the parents more time to consider terminating the pregnancy a. amniocentesis b. ultrasound c. chorionic villus sampling d. material blood analysis

Amniocentesis can detect only the sex of the fetus, not whether or not it has any genetic disorders True or False

False

Predicting, detecting, and treating genetic disorders are the three ways a couple can deal with the possibility that their child will inherit a disorder TRue or False

True

Describe the cause and effect of down syndrome

describe the three methods of dealing with hereditary disorders

What does the heritability coefficient compare? a. identical twins in the same environment to identical twins in different environments b. fraternal twins in the same environment to fraternal twins in different environments c. identical twins to fraternal twins d. fraternal twins to non twin siblings

heredity is a major contributor of all of the following conditions except a. schizophrenia b. bipolar disorder c. anorexia nervosa d. alcoholism

the limited number of ways a person will respond to the environment is determined by his or her genotype. What is the term for the possible responses a person can make a. his or her possible outcome scenario b. his or her range of reaction c. his or her non shared environmental influences d. his or her shared environmental influence

Genes are more important in earlier life, whereas experience alone determines intellectual performance after adolescence True or false

False

Genes influence both the course and the extent of infants mental development T or F

True

Both nonshared environmental influences and genetic influences contribute to phenotypes T or F

True

which of the following events marks the transition between when we label the developing organism a zygote to when we begin to label it an embryo a. conception b. ovulation c. implantation d. cell division

which organ is responsible for the transmission of nutrients and waste between the developing organism and the pregnant woman a. amnion b. placenta c. chorion d. embryonic disk

what is the most critical period in prenatal development for potential damage to the developing organism from teratogens a. the period of the embryo b. the period of the zygote c. the period of the fetus d. the period of the blastocyst

matching a. eye and brain damage; late pregnancy miscarriage b. missing or malformed arms and legs c. blindness, deafness, intellectual disability 4. rubella 5. toxoplasmosis 6. thalidomide

A= 5 B= 6 c= 4

when a pregnant woman drinks alcohol during her pregnancy, she risks having a child born with_____

FASD Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Teratogens are external factors such as____, _____ or chemicals that harm a developing child

Drugs, disease (or heavy metals)

Sexual differentiation begins when a gene on the _____ chromosome instructs the _____ to produce testes if the developing organism is male

Y chromosome, indifferent gonad

A severe form of depression suffered by about 6.5 to 12.9 % of new mothers leaves these women feeling like they don't want their babies perceiving their babies to be "difficult" and not interacting with their babies. These feelings can last for months. What is the term for this? a. Maternity depression b. maternity blues c. postpartum depression d. post-birth depression

what is the term of oxygen deprivation at birth a. breech delivery b. anoxia c. oxygen depletion d. umbilical cord deficiency

What is the disorder in which a deficiency in surfactin causes irregular breathing or stops breathing? a. persistent fetal respiration b. persistent raspatory distress c. respiratory distress syndrome d. respiratory surfactin disorder

The delivery of a baby occurs during the _____ stage of labor

2nd

Juanita seemed fine at birth and scored well on the Apgar test. However, a few days after her birth she was given the _____ test, which assessed her reflexes, changes in her state, her reactions to comforting, and her reactions to social stimuli. She scored very low on this test and the doctors suspected that she might have_____

NBAS Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

When a mother is unable to push effectively during delivery, a baby is sometimes pulled from the birth canal using _____ or ______

Forceps, Vacuum

Matching A. a mothers initial emotional response to her newborn, with close contact with the newborn soon after birth B. a fathers initial emotional response to his newborn, with close contact with the newborn soon after birth 7. Engrossment 8. Emotional bonding

A= 8 B= 7

Mark notices that his newborn spends many hours sleeping. while he sleeps his eyes appear to move rapidly under his closed eyelids. Mark also finds that when he spends time giving his son lots of different things to look at and explore visually, this eye movement during sleep is less pronounced. Which theory would developmental psychologist say is supported by Marks experience? a. irregular sleep b. REM sleep c. auto stimulation d. visual stimulation

WHich of the following is NOT a viable recommendation to help lower the chances of sudden death syndrome? a. ensure the babies sleeping environment is free of soft materials b. have a baby tested for SIDS virus by a pediatrician c. do not allow smoking in the baby's environment d. consider breastfeeding the baby if possible

which of the following is FALSE concerning an infants crying a. crying is an infant state by which an infant communicates its distress b. Shrill and nonrythmic crying may be an indicator of brain damage c. crying diminishes rapidly over the first 2 weeks as the brain matures d. crying diminishes over the first 6 months of life, partially because parents become better at preventing infants from becoming distressed

Matching 4. Baby's eyes are open and breathing is irregular; may become fussy and display various bursts of diffuse motor activity 5. intense crying that may be difficult to stop and is accompanied by high levels of motor activity 6. baby is still, with eyes closed and unmoving; breathing is slow and regular a. regular sleep b. ireegular sleep c. drowsiness d. alert inactivity e. alert activity f. crying

4= e 5= f 6= a

by 2 to 6 weeks of age, babies are sleeping approx _______ hours a day

14 -16

_______ is an active, irregular state of sleep characterized where the brain wave activity resembles wakefulness

REM sleep

_____ reflexes disappear in the first year of life, signifying that development is proceeding normally

Primitive

______ reflexes help newborns adapt to their surroundings and satisfy basic needs

Survival