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Psych 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Emotions play a significant role in our what?

A

Decision-making. They’re essential motivators.

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2
Q

Rational decision-making is possible without emotional markers. True or false?

A

False, it’s nearly impossible.

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3
Q

What did pre-frontal lobotomies prove about emotions?

A

They eliminated people’s emotions, proving that emotions are essential for our daily functioning as humans. These surgeries did not affect IQ, just emotions.

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4
Q

What is the biological component of emotions?

A

Physiological reactions that occur when we experience an emotion, light an increased heart rate.
(Automatic bodily responses)

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5
Q

What is the behavioural component of emotions?

A

They’re expressed through body language and facial expressions.

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6
Q

What is the cognitive component of emotions?

A

Our thoughts, perceptions, and evaluations that our emotions rely on.

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7
Q

What do our emotions stem from?

A

How we interpret and evaluate our environment and experiences.

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8
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

It says that our facial expressions can influence our emotional experiences. Making a face will reinforce the emotion itself. Ex) Making a disgusted face will make you feel disgusted.

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9
Q

What is nonverbal leakage?

A

Our bodies revealing our emotions even when we’re trying to suppress them.

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10
Q

What are the 7 primary emotions?

A

Joy
Suprise
Anger
Sadness
Fear
Disgust
Contempt

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11
Q

Why is contempt an emotion that is different from the other primary emotions?

A

Because we’re unsure of what it’s evolutionary purpose is, and because it can look different in different cultures.

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12
Q

What are secondary emotions?

A

They’re not as innate or universally expressed and are formed as a combo of primary emotions.

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13
Q

What are display rules?

A

Socially prescribed norms regarding when and how it’s appropriate to express emotions.
They guide our behaviour in social contexts.

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14
Q

What’s an example of a display rule?

A

Men aren’t allowed to cry in public, but women are.

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15
Q

Secondary emotions are innate and evolutionarily based. True or false?

A

False, primary emotions are.

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16
Q

What is the discrete emotions theory? Give an example of walking in the forest and seeing a bear.

A

It says that emotions are nothing more than physiological responses to external stimuli. Your body informs you of the emotion you’ll feel.
Example: You see a bear. Your heartrate increases and you tense up, which signals fear.

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17
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

Says our facial expressions influence our emotional experiences.
Making a specific facial expression (even without meaning to) can intensify the associated emotion.

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18
Q

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion? Give an example of walking in the forest and seeing a bear.

A

It says our emotions are the result of our interpretation of physiological responses. Your body creates the emotion.
Example: You see a bear. Your heart races, which generates fear.

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19
Q

What is the somatic marker theory?

A

Says that when we’re faced with choices, we follow our gut feeling to decide how to react.
If one option gives us a better feeling, we’ll choose it.

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20
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion? Give an example of walking in the forest and seeing a bear.

A

It says emotions cannot be solely the result of interpreting physiological responses.
Says emotions and bodily responses occur simultaneously, and it’s our cognitive evaluation of the situation that determines the emotion we feel.
Example: You see a bear. Your heart rate increases, but you don’t consciously process this until seconds later, so it’s not the interpreting of your body’s changes that tells you you’re scared, but evaluating the stimuli (bear) that triggers the emotion.

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21
Q

What is the two-factor theory of emotion? Give an example of walking in the forest and seeing a bear.

A

Says emotions occur due to the interaction of your physiological response and cognitive interpretation (evaluation of the stimulus).
Our cognitive interpretation can overwrite our automatic bodily response.
Example: You see a bear. Your heart rate increases, you realize bears are dangerous, so you feel fear.
Example: You see a bear. Your heart rate increases, you like bears, so you interpret that increase as excitement.

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22
Q

The distance we maintain between ourselves and others reflects what?

A

Our emotional closeness or distance.

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23
Q

How close are people for public distance, where they have no emotional connection to the person?

A

Around 3 meters or more.

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24
Q

How close are people for social distance, when they start to know each other?

A

Around 1.25 to 3 meters.

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25
Q

How close are people for personal distance, when they’re friends?

A

Around 0.5 to 1.25 meters.

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26
Q

How close are people for intimate distance, when they’re romantic partners or super close friends?

A

0 to 0.5 meters.

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27
Q

How accurately can we detect lies in natural settings?

A

50% accuracy.

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28
Q

What can happen if someone takes a class on detecting lies?

A

They can have an increase in confidence, which only leads to more false positives (saying people are lying when they aren’t).

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29
Q

What do lie detector tests/polygraphs measure?

A

Your automatic responses (like heart rate and sweating) when you’re answering questions.

30
Q

What is a control question test? Does this help?

A

When they ask you basic questions, like what your name is, while on the polygraph. But they still only have a 50% accuracy.

31
Q

What is a guilty knowledge test? Does this help?

A

When you’re hooked up to a polygraph and one question on the test is one that only the guilty party would know the answer to. It has a 90% accuracy, with 3-4% false positives.

32
Q

What is the broaden-and-build theory?

A

Says that we strive to be happy, and when we’re happy, our cognitive processes tend to broaden, leading to new experiences.

33
Q

Happiness isn’t solely about feeling pleasure. True or false?

A

True.

34
Q

No matter how wonderful certain things are, they cannot sustain our happiness indefinitely. True or false?

A

True.

35
Q

What do we know about money and happiness?

A

There’s a financial setpoint, and making any more money than that won’t make you happy. In 2004, it was 50,000, so now it’d be around 82,140.

36
Q

What do we know about negative experiences and happiness?

A

People who became paralyzed returned to their pre-accident happiness levels within 2-3 months.

37
Q

What do we know about winning the lottery and happiness?

A

The happiness is only temporary, and after 2-3 months, you’ll return to your baseline happiness.

38
Q

What is the positivity effect?

A

As we age, we tend to reflect more on the positive experiences we’ve had, so the older we are, the happier we are.

39
Q

What do we know about climate and happiness?

A

It has no effect, cold or warm, on our overall happiness.

40
Q

What do we know about climate and anger?

A

People in warm weather are prone to anger because their heart rate is already increased, making them easily irritated.

41
Q

What are 7 things that actually make us happy for long periods of time?

A

Friends
Exercise
Education
Religion
Marriage
Flo States

42
Q

How long does marriage’s happiness increase last?

A

Around 2-3 years.

43
Q

What is a flo state?

A

An intense state of focus where all irrelevant stimuli fades away, and you’re fully absorbed in a task.

44
Q

What is affective forecasting?

A

Our ability (or lack thereof) to predict our own and other’s happiness.
We’re terrible at predicting what will make us happy and how long it will last.

45
Q

What is durability bias?

A

It leads us to incorrectly assume that our good and bad moods will persist longer than they do.

46
Q

What is the hedonic treadmill?

A

It’s designed to make us seek happiness. Our brains are hardwired to seek a happiness homeostasis.

47
Q

Things that make us happy won’t do so forever. True or false?

A

True.

48
Q

What is motivation?

A

The physiological processes that arise, direct, and maintain our behaviour as we try to achieve certain objectives.

49
Q

What theory says that our motivation only stems from internal drives? What are the drives?

A

The Drive Reduction Theory.
The 2 main drives are hunger/thirst and sexual frustration.

50
Q

What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?

A

It describes the relationship between arousal levels and our performance. Says that too little or too much arousal can hinder our performance in a task, like an exam.

51
Q

What are incentive theories?

A

Says that external stimuli regulates our emotional states

52
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

Being motivated by external goals or rewards.

53
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

Arises from internal goals or personal satisfaction.

54
Q

Which is more powerful, extrinsic or intrinsic motivation?

A

Intrinsic.
But sometimes, extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation.

55
Q

What part of our brain plays a large role in hunger regulation? What does it do?

A

The hypothalamus. It monitors various factors, like our glucose levels.

56
Q

What is insulin?

A

A hormone that increases hunger. Makes you feel hungry and want to eat.

57
Q

What is leptin?

A

A hormone that influences our metabolic rate and reduces hunger, telling us we’re full.

58
Q

Which gene variant is related to obesity?

A

A variant of leptin: it’s lacking, and so they never feel full, leading to constant hunger and overeating.

59
Q

What is a set point?

A

The range of weight that our bodies tend to maintain as adults.

60
Q

What do estrogens do?

A

They play a crucial role in the development of female secondary sex traits.

61
Q

What are androgens?

A

Primarily represented by testosterone. Associated with male sexual traits.

62
Q

During the prenatal stage, high levels of ___________ lead to a boy being born.

A

Androgens.

63
Q

Which impacts sexual arousal, estrogen or androgens?

A

Androgens, estrogen doesn’t at all.

64
Q

When do men show signs of schizophrenia and when do women and why does it exist?

A

Men at 17.
Women at 60-70 years old.
Too much androgens. Men’s androgen’s kick in earlier than women’s.

65
Q

What is the Coolidge effect?

A

Across all species, there’s an increased sexual motivation when a potential partner is introduced.
If a married couple experiences a sexless period, seeing a new potential partner may spark the couple to have sex again.
It’s primarily observed in males.

66
Q

What does the incentive model of sex say?

A

That one’s motivation to engage in sex is influenced by availability of and attraction to the partner. Both must be met for sexual motivation to arise.

67
Q

What are conditioned emotional responses?

A

People can be conditioned to feel attraction/arousal towards a certain gender, even if they weren’t naturally inclined that way. But they don’t develop an emotional desire for that gender.

68
Q

If there’s a higher than normal androgen exposure during prenatal development, there’s a decreased chance of homosexuality. True or false?

A

False, there’s an increased chance.

69
Q

Building romantic relationships is guided by what 4 factors?

A

Proximity
Similarity
Reciprocity
Physical Attraction.

70
Q

Most people find average faces more appealing than extremely attractive ones. True or false?

A

True.

71
Q

What is Sternberg’s triangular theory?

A

Says there’s 3 essential factors: intimacy, passion, and commitment. If all 3 are met, your relationship is complete. If not, the relationship may be incomplete or resemble a friendship.

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