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Psychology 202 > Psych 202: Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Psych 202: Psychopharmacology Flashcards

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0
Q

Routes of administration (general description of each, as well as specific route of administration for drugs discussed in class and the text)

A

Smoking - bioavailable
Injection - bioavailable
Ingestion - biotransformation

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1
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Collective name for all the factors that affect the relationship between a drug and it’s target receptors, such as affinity and efficacy.

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2
Q

Bioavailable

A

Referring to a substance, usually a drug, that is present in the body in a form that is able to interact with physiological mechanisms

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3
Q

Biotransformation

A

The process in which enzymes convert a drug into a metabolite that is itself active, possibly in ways that are substantially different from the actions of the original substance

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4
Q

Factors affecting drug effectiveness

A

Genetics, tolerance, sensitization

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5
Q

Affinity

A

Binding affinity

The propensity of molecules of a drug (or other ligand) to bind to receptors

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6
Q

Efficacy

A

Intrinsic activity

The extent to which a drug activates a response when it binds to a receptor

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7
Q

Dose-response curve

A

A formal plot if a drug’s effects (y-axis) versus the dose given (x-axis)

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8
Q

Tolerance

A

A condition in which, with repeated exposure to a drug, an individual becomes less responsive to a constant dose

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9
Q

Sensitization

A

A process in which the body shows enhanced response to a given drug after repeated doses

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10
Q

Withdrawal

A

Uncomfortable symptoms that arise when a person stops taking a drug he or she used frequently, especially at high doses

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11
Q

Exogenous

A

Arising from outside the body

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12
Q

Endogenous

A

Produced inside the body

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13
Q

Agonists

A

A molecule, usually a drug, that binds a receptor molecule and initiates a response like that of another molecule, usually a neurotransmitter

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14
Q

Antagonists

A

A molecule, usually a drug, that interferes with or prevents the action of a neurotransmitter

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15
Q

Sites of action

A

.

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16
Q

Drug effects on production of neurotransmitter

A

In the soma or cell body precursors to neurotransmitter are synthiesized

Agonists act as precursors, increasing the production/amount of neurotransmitter made

Antagonists inactivate enzymes needed to neurotransmitter synthesis, decreasing the production/amount of neurotransmitter made

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17
Q

Drug effects on storage of NT

A

Antagonists inactivate transporter molecules and prevent the storage of neurotransmitter so that no neurotransmitter will be released into the synapse

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18
Q

Drug effects on release of NT

A

Agonists increase Ca++ coming into the axon terminal so that more vesicles fuse and rupture into the synapse

Antagonists block Ca++ channels so Ca++ can’t get into the axon terminal and neurotransmitter will not be released

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19
Q

Drug effects on receptors

A

Direct agonists bind to the binding site of the endogenous neurotransmitter
Indirect agonists bind to a different binding site on the receptor and open ion channels to produce post synaptic potential

Direct antagonists bind to and block the binding sites for the endogenous neurotransmitter
Indirect antagonists bind to a different binding site on the receptor and prevent ion channels from opening

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20
Q

Drug effects on autoreceptors

A

Agonists block the autoreceptor to increase the amount on neurotransmitter released

Antagonists activate the autoreceptor to decrease the amount of neurotransmitter released

21
Q

Drug effects on termination of synaptic transmission

A

Agonists inactive transporter molecules that do reputable or deactivate enzymes responsible for breakdown

Antagonists act as enzymes to break down neurotransmitter and increase efficiency of breakdown and transporters molecules

22
Q

Amines

A

A neurotransmitter based on modifications of a single amino acid nucleus

Acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine

23
Q

Acetylcholine (characteristics, origination, systems, receptors, drug effects at various sites of action)

A 
Moron neurons (ventral horn)
 - released at neuromuscular junctions
 - controls muscle contractions 
Pons
 - projects to cortex and thalamus
 - controls cortical arousal and REM sleep
Basal forebrain
 - projects to the hippocampus, amygdala, cortex
 - facilitates learning and memory

Acts on nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

24
Q

Acetylcholine Drugs

A

Botulinum toxin (Botox)
- prevents the release of Ach, causes paralysis
Nicotine
- stimulates nicotinic receptors, increases CNS function
Curare
- blocks nicotinic receptors, causes paralysis
Muscarine
- stimulates muscarinic receptors, causing convulsions
Neostigime
- deactivates AchE, blocking the breakdown of Ach
- more Ach in synapse
- used to treat myasthenia gravies

25
Q

Monoamines

A

Derived from a single amino acid

Catecholamines - from tyrosine

  • dopamine
  • norepinephrine
  • epinephrine (hormone)

Indolamines - from tryptophan

  • serotonin
  • melatonin (hormone)
26
Q

Catecholamines

A

From tyrosine

  • dopamine
  • norepinephrine
  • epinephrine (hormone)
27
Q

Indolamines

A

From tryptophan

  • serotonin
  • melatonin (hormone)
28
Q

Dopamine (characteristics, origination, systems, receptors, drug effects at various sites of action)

A

Mesostriatal system - the cell bodies in the substantia nigra

  • axons project to the striatum
  • movement control

Mesolimbic system - cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area

  • axons project to the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus
  • reinforcing effects of rewards

Mesocortical system - cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area

  • axons project to the prefrontal cortex
  • formation of short-term memories, attention, planning and problem solving

Receptors: DAD1, DAD2,…

29
Q

Dopamine drugs

A

Levodopa - L-Dopa

  • DA precursor increases DA production
  • improves motor function inpatients with Parkinson’s disease

Amphetamine

  • stimulate DA release and prevent reuptake of DA by reversing the DA transporter molecule
  • causes euphoria, heightened arousal and energy, decreased appetite
  • highly addictive, repeated use damages DA neurons throughout the brain and causes acute and chronic psychosis

Cocaine

  • stimulate DA release and prevent reuptake of DA by inactivating the DA transporter molecule
  • causes euphoria, heightened arousal and energy, decreased appetite
  • highly addictive, repeated use damages DA neurons throughout the brain and causes acute and chronic psychosis

Many antipsychotic drugs block DA receptors

  • DAD2 are blocked by typical neuroleptics
  • atypical neuroleptics block DA and other classes of receptors

Methylphenidate

  • inactivates transporter molecules to prevent the reuptake of DA
  • more DA in the synapse, increases attention
30
Q

Norepinephrine (characteristics, origination, systems, receptors, drug effects at various sites of action)

A

Noradrenaline

Locus coeruleus (pons)

  • projects to limbic system, thalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord
  • responsible for mood, arousal, and vigilance

Lateral tegmental system (midbrain)

  • projects to hypothalamus
  • involved in endocrine system

Acts on adrenergic receptors

Methamphetamine

  • reverses the NE and DA transporter molecules
  • more NE and DA in the synapse
  • causes euphoria, increased arousal and energy, preservative behaviors, loss of appetite, irritability and agitation
  • highly addictive, repeated use causes a lot of gross stuff

Bupropion (Wellbutrin / zyban)

  • inactivates NE and DA transporter molecules and blocks the nicotinic ACh receptors
  • increases NE and DA, decreases the effects of ACh
  • antidepressant/anti smoking drug
31
Q

Serotonin(characteristics, origination, systems, receptors, drug effects at various sites of action)

A

Raphe nuclei of the midbrain

  • axons project widely throughout the brain
  • involved in regulation of mood, control of appetite, sleep, dreaming, arousal and pain regulation

19+ types of 5-HT receptors

Drugs:
Lysergic acid diethylamide
- stimulates 5-HT2A receptors in the forebrain
- powerful agonist, causes hallucinations

MDMA

  • reverses the 5-HT and NE transporter molecules
  • more 5-HT and NE in the synapse
  • euphoria, decreased anxiety, feelings of well being, empathy and intimacy
  • repeated u causes damage to 5-HT system and cognitive impairment

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

  • prevents reuptake of 5-HT by the transporter molecule
  • increased mood, decreased anxiety whe used long term
32
Q

Amino acid neurotransmitters

A

Produced by cell metabolisation act as neurotransmitter

2 major:
GABA
Glutamate

33
Q

Glutamate (characteristics, origination, systems, receptors, drug effects at various sites of action)

A

Excitatory

Acts on NMDA, AMPA, Kainate, Metabotropic

Directly affects other axons
- lowers the threshold of excitation, so less depolarization is needed to produce an auction potential

Drugs:
Alcohol
- blocks glutamate binding site on the NMDA receptor
- depresses CNS activity

Dissociative drugs

  • act at the PCP receptor
  • phencyclidine (PCP)
    • blocks Ca2+ channel on the NMDA receptor
  • ketamine
    • blocks the Na+ channel on the NMDA receptor
  • they both interrupt memory and thought formation and cause dissociation and psychotic symptoms
34
Q

GABA (characteristics, origination, systems, receptors, drug effects at various sites of action)

A

Inhibitory

GABAA and GABAB receptors

Also directly effects other axons
- raises the threshold of excitation, causing a need for more depolarization to produce an action potential

Drugs:
Alcohol, benzodiazepine and barbiturates
- indirect GABAA receptor agonists

Alcohol and gamma-hydroxy butyric acid (GBH)
- direct GABAB receptor agonists

All GABA agonists are CNS depressants
- sleep, anxiety relief, muscle relaxation, seizure alleviation

35
Q

Neuropeptides

A

A neurotransmitter consisting of a short chain of amino acids

36
Q

Endogenous opioids (characteristics, receptors, drug effects at various sites of action)

A

Enkephalins, day orphan, endorphins

Mu, delta and kappa receptors

  • periaqueductal grey area, limbic system, and hypothalamus
  • analgesia, reinforcement, inhibition of species-specific behaviors

Drugs:
Opium, morphine and derivatives
- stimulate opiate receptors
- analgesia, hypothermia, sedation, euphoria
- rapid tolerance, and intense withdrawal symptoms

Naloxone and Naltrexone

  • block opiate receptors
  • used to treat opiate addiction
37
Q

Soluble gases

A

Diffuse across the synapse from the post-synaptic membrane to the pre-synaptic membrane

38
Q

Nitric oxide (characteristics, origination and transport)

A

A soluble gas that serves as a retrograde gas neurotransmitter in the nervous system

39
Q

Endocannabinoids (characteristics, origination and transport, receptors, drug effects at various sites of action)

A

Anandamide, 2-Ag, oleamide

Retrograde transport, CB1 and CB2 receptors
Throughout CNs and PNS

THC

  • stimulates CB receptors
  • prevents exciotoxicity, produces analgesia and sedation, stimulates appetite, reduced nausea and vomiting, interferes with concentration, memory, and visual and auditory and time perception
40
Q

Addiction

A

Dependence on a particular substance or activity

Where homeostasis relies on the drug for normalcy

41
Q

Perspectives on drug abuse

A

Moral model - lack of moral and self control
The disease model - addiction is a disease
the physical dependence model - withdrawal avoidance
The positive reward model - addicting because of positive reward system in brain

42
Q

Diagnostic criteria for dependence and substance abuse

A

Have to be addicted. Other, more important things come in second to obtaining and using the drug

43
Q

Tolerance

A

Decreased behavioral effectiveness of a drug, more of the drug is needed for the same response

Metabolic tolerance - the metabolism becomes more efficient at removing the drug, so it won’t reach the brain

Functional tolerance - up and down regulation of receptors

44
Q

Sensitization

A

Increased behavioral effectiveness in response to the drug, so less of the drug is needed

Results from long term structural changes, growth of dendrites and synaptogenisis

Usually the effects no one wants

45
Q

Physical dependence

A

The body and brain adjust to the presence of the drug, the drug becomes necessary to function at normal levels

46
Q

Psychological dependence

A

Drugs are reinforcing, removal of withdrawal symptoms and the added dopamine in the limbic rewards system

Characterized by cravings

47
Q

Reinforcement

A

Removal of withdrawal symptoms, increased dopamine in the mesolimbic system (reward system)

48
Q

Craving

A

A psychological fixation on obtaining the drug

Associated with long term changes in the brain
Persist after long periods of abstinence
Psychological dependence is much more enduring

49
Q

Genetics and addiction

A

Common and specific genetic factors seem to have an effect on addiction and who becomes addicted

Common - like temperament as a baby
Specific - certain genes that have the brain be slightly different

50
Q

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

A

Syndrome of distractibility, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity that, in children, interferes with school performance

Psychology 202 (5 decks)

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