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Psychology 202 > Psych 202: Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Psych 202: Psychopharmacology Flashcards

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0
Q

Routes of administration (general description of each, as well as specific route of administration for drugs discussed in class and the text)

A

Smoking - bioavailable
Injection - bioavailable
Ingestion - biotransformation

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1
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Collective name for all the factors that affect the relationship between a drug and it’s target receptors, such as affinity and efficacy.

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2
Q

Bioavailable

A

Referring to a substance, usually a drug, that is present in the body in a form that is able to interact with physiological mechanisms

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3
Q

Biotransformation

A

The process in which enzymes convert a drug into a metabolite that is itself active, possibly in ways that are substantially different from the actions of the original substance

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4
Q

Factors affecting drug effectiveness

A

Genetics, tolerance, sensitization

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5
Q

Affinity

A

Binding affinity

The propensity of molecules of a drug (or other ligand) to bind to receptors

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6
Q

Efficacy

A

Intrinsic activity

The extent to which a drug activates a response when it binds to a receptor

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7
Q

Dose-response curve

A

A formal plot if a drug’s effects (y-axis) versus the dose given (x-axis)

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8
Q

Tolerance

A

A condition in which, with repeated exposure to a drug, an individual becomes less responsive to a constant dose

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9
Q

Sensitization

A

A process in which the body shows enhanced response to a given drug after repeated doses

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10
Q

Withdrawal

A

Uncomfortable symptoms that arise when a person stops taking a drug he or she used frequently, especially at high doses

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11
Q

Exogenous

A

Arising from outside the body

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12
Q

Endogenous

A

Produced inside the body

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13
Q

Agonists

A

A molecule, usually a drug, that binds a receptor molecule and initiates a response like that of another molecule, usually a neurotransmitter

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14
Q

Antagonists

A

A molecule, usually a drug, that interferes with or prevents the action of a neurotransmitter

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15
Q

Sites of action

A

.

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16
Q

Drug effects on production of neurotransmitter

A

In the soma or cell body precursors to neurotransmitter are synthiesized

Agonists act as precursors, increasing the production/amount of neurotransmitter made

Antagonists inactivate enzymes needed to neurotransmitter synthesis, decreasing the production/amount of neurotransmitter made

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17
Q

Drug effects on storage of NT

A

Antagonists inactivate transporter molecules and prevent the storage of neurotransmitter so that no neurotransmitter will be released into the synapse

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18
Q

Drug effects on release of NT

A

Agonists increase Ca++ coming into the axon terminal so that more vesicles fuse and rupture into the synapse

Antagonists block Ca++ channels so Ca++ can’t get into the axon terminal and neurotransmitter will not be released

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19
Q

Drug effects on receptors

A

Direct agonists bind to the binding site of the endogenous neurotransmitter
Indirect agonists bind to a different binding site on the receptor and open ion channels to produce post synaptic potential

Direct antagonists bind to and block the binding sites for the endogenous neurotransmitter
Indirect antagonists bind to a different binding site on the receptor and prevent ion channels from opening

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20
Q

Drug effects on autoreceptors

A

Agonists block the autoreceptor to increase the amount on neurotransmitter released

Antagonists activate the autoreceptor to decrease the amount of neurotransmitter released

21
Q

Drug effects on termination of synaptic transmission

A

Agonists inactive transporter molecules that do reputable or deactivate enzymes responsible for breakdown

Antagonists act as enzymes to break down neurotransmitter and increase efficiency of breakdown and transporters molecules

22
Q

Amines

A

A neurotransmitter based on modifications of a single amino acid nucleus

Acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine

23
Q

Acetylcholine (characteristics, origination, systems, receptors, drug effects at various sites of action)

A 
Moron neurons (ventral horn)
 - released at neuromuscular junctions
 - controls muscle contractions 
Pons
 - projects to cortex and thalamus
 - controls cortical arousal and REM sleep
Basal forebrain
 - projects to the hippocampus, amygdala, cortex
 - facilitates learning and memory

Acts on nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

24
Acetylcholine Drugs
Botulinum toxin (Botox) - prevents the release of Ach, causes paralysis Nicotine - stimulates nicotinic receptors, increases CNS function Curare - blocks nicotinic receptors, causes paralysis Muscarine - stimulates muscarinic receptors, causing convulsions Neostigime - deactivates AchE, blocking the breakdown of Ach - more Ach in synapse - used to treat myasthenia gravies
25
Monoamines
Derived from a single amino acid Catecholamines - from tyrosine - dopamine - norepinephrine - epinephrine (hormone) Indolamines - from tryptophan - serotonin - melatonin (hormone)
26
Catecholamines
From tyrosine - dopamine - norepinephrine - epinephrine (hormone)
27
Indolamines
From tryptophan - serotonin - melatonin (hormone)
28
Dopamine (characteristics, origination, systems, receptors, drug effects at various sites of action)
Mesostriatal system - the cell bodies in the substantia nigra - axons project to the striatum - movement control Mesolimbic system - cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area - axons project to the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus - reinforcing effects of rewards Mesocortical system - cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area - axons project to the prefrontal cortex - formation of short-term memories, attention, planning and problem solving Receptors: DAD1, DAD2,...
29
Dopamine drugs
Levodopa - L-Dopa - DA precursor increases DA production - improves motor function inpatients with Parkinson's disease Amphetamine - stimulate DA release and prevent reuptake of DA by reversing the DA transporter molecule - causes euphoria, heightened arousal and energy, decreased appetite - highly addictive, repeated use damages DA neurons throughout the brain and causes acute and chronic psychosis Cocaine - stimulate DA release and prevent reuptake of DA by inactivating the DA transporter molecule - causes euphoria, heightened arousal and energy, decreased appetite - highly addictive, repeated use damages DA neurons throughout the brain and causes acute and chronic psychosis Many antipsychotic drugs block DA receptors - DAD2 are blocked by typical neuroleptics - atypical neuroleptics block DA and other classes of receptors Methylphenidate - inactivates transporter molecules to prevent the reuptake of DA - more DA in the synapse, increases attention
30
Norepinephrine (characteristics, origination, systems, receptors, drug effects at various sites of action)
Noradrenaline Locus coeruleus (pons) - projects to limbic system, thalamus, cerebellum, and spinal cord - responsible for mood, arousal, and vigilance Lateral tegmental system (midbrain) - projects to hypothalamus - involved in endocrine system Acts on adrenergic receptors Methamphetamine - reverses the NE and DA transporter molecules - more NE and DA in the synapse - causes euphoria, increased arousal and energy, preservative behaviors, loss of appetite, irritability and agitation - highly addictive, repeated use causes a lot of gross stuff Bupropion (Wellbutrin / zyban) - inactivates NE and DA transporter molecules and blocks the nicotinic ACh receptors - increases NE and DA, decreases the effects of ACh - antidepressant/anti smoking drug
31
Serotonin(characteristics, origination, systems, receptors, drug effects at various sites of action)
Raphe nuclei of the midbrain - axons project widely throughout the brain - involved in regulation of mood, control of appetite, sleep, dreaming, arousal and pain regulation 19+ types of 5-HT receptors Drugs: Lysergic acid diethylamide - stimulates 5-HT2A receptors in the forebrain - powerful agonist, causes hallucinations MDMA - reverses the 5-HT and NE transporter molecules - more 5-HT and NE in the synapse - euphoria, decreased anxiety, feelings of well being, empathy and intimacy - repeated u causes damage to 5-HT system and cognitive impairment Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors - prevents reuptake of 5-HT by the transporter molecule - increased mood, decreased anxiety whe used long term
32
Amino acid neurotransmitters
Produced by cell metabolisation act as neurotransmitter 2 major: GABA Glutamate
33
Glutamate (characteristics, origination, systems, receptors, drug effects at various sites of action)
Excitatory Acts on NMDA, AMPA, Kainate, Metabotropic Directly affects other axons - lowers the threshold of excitation, so less depolarization is needed to produce an auction potential Drugs: Alcohol - blocks glutamate binding site on the NMDA receptor - depresses CNS activity Dissociative drugs - act at the PCP receptor - phencyclidine (PCP) - blocks Ca2+ channel on the NMDA receptor - ketamine - blocks the Na+ channel on the NMDA receptor - they both interrupt memory and thought formation and cause dissociation and psychotic symptoms
34
GABA (characteristics, origination, systems, receptors, drug effects at various sites of action)
Inhibitory GABAA and GABAB receptors Also directly effects other axons - raises the threshold of excitation, causing a need for more depolarization to produce an action potential Drugs: Alcohol, benzodiazepine and barbiturates - indirect GABAA receptor agonists Alcohol and gamma-hydroxy butyric acid (GBH) - direct GABAB receptor agonists All GABA agonists are CNS depressants - sleep, anxiety relief, muscle relaxation, seizure alleviation
35
Neuropeptides
A neurotransmitter consisting of a short chain of amino acids
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Endogenous opioids (characteristics, receptors, drug effects at various sites of action)
Enkephalins, day orphan, endorphins Mu, delta and kappa receptors - periaqueductal grey area, limbic system, and hypothalamus - analgesia, reinforcement, inhibition of species-specific behaviors Drugs: Opium, morphine and derivatives - stimulate opiate receptors - analgesia, hypothermia, sedation, euphoria - rapid tolerance, and intense withdrawal symptoms Naloxone and Naltrexone - block opiate receptors - used to treat opiate addiction
37
Soluble gases
Diffuse across the synapse from the post-synaptic membrane to the pre-synaptic membrane
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Nitric oxide (characteristics, origination and transport)
A soluble gas that serves as a retrograde gas neurotransmitter in the nervous system
39
Endocannabinoids (characteristics, origination and transport, receptors, drug effects at various sites of action)
Anandamide, 2-Ag, oleamide Retrograde transport, CB1 and CB2 receptors Throughout CNs and PNS THC - stimulates CB receptors - prevents exciotoxicity, produces analgesia and sedation, stimulates appetite, reduced nausea and vomiting, interferes with concentration, memory, and visual and auditory and time perception
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Addiction
Dependence on a particular substance or activity Where homeostasis relies on the drug for normalcy
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Perspectives on drug abuse
Moral model - lack of moral and self control The disease model - addiction is a disease the physical dependence model - withdrawal avoidance The positive reward model - addicting because of positive reward system in brain
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Diagnostic criteria for dependence and substance abuse
Have to be addicted. Other, more important things come in second to obtaining and using the drug
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Tolerance
Decreased behavioral effectiveness of a drug, more of the drug is needed for the same response Metabolic tolerance - the metabolism becomes more efficient at removing the drug, so it won't reach the brain Functional tolerance - up and down regulation of receptors
44
Sensitization
Increased behavioral effectiveness in response to the drug, so less of the drug is needed Results from long term structural changes, growth of dendrites and synaptogenisis Usually the effects no one wants
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Physical dependence
The body and brain adjust to the presence of the drug, the drug becomes necessary to function at normal levels
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Psychological dependence
Drugs are reinforcing, removal of withdrawal symptoms and the added dopamine in the limbic rewards system Characterized by cravings
47
Reinforcement
Removal of withdrawal symptoms, increased dopamine in the mesolimbic system (reward system)
48
Craving
A psychological fixation on obtaining the drug Associated with long term changes in the brain Persist after long periods of abstinence Psychological dependence is much more enduring
49
Genetics and addiction
Common and specific genetic factors seem to have an effect on addiction and who becomes addicted Common - like temperament as a baby Specific - certain genes that have the brain be slightly different
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Syndrome of distractibility, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity that, in children, interferes with school performance

Psychology 202 (5 decks)

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