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Psychology 202 > Psych 202: Neuronal Anatomy and Communication > Flashcards

Psych 202: Neuronal Anatomy and Communication Flashcards

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0
Q

Motor Neurons

A

A nerve cell that transmits motor messages, stimulating a muscle or a gland

Multipolar

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1
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

A neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment, such as light, odor, or touch

Bipolar, unipolar

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2
Q

Interneurons

A

Neither a sensory nor motor neuron.

Receives input from and sends out to other neurons

Multipolar

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3
Q

Neuronal Structure – external and internal

A

Cell body, receptive extensions (dendrites), transmitting extension (axon)

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4
Q

Multipolar

A

A nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon

Motor and interneurons

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5
Q

Bipolar

A

1 axon, 1 dendritic tree

Sensory neurons

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6
Q

Unipolar

A

1 axon

Sensory

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7
Q

Astrocytes

A

Glial Cell

Swell with damage to the brain, help “eat” damage

Blood brain barrier

Wraps around synapses

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8
Q

Oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells

A

Glial cell

Creates the myelin sheaths.

Oligodendrocytes - CNS

Schwann cells - PNS

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9
Q

Microglia

A

Glial cell

The brain’s immune system

Remove cellular debris from cell injury or damage

Protect cells from baddies

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10
Q

Myelin

A

Oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells that wrap around the axons

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11
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

The gaps between the myelin that allow more Na+ into the axon to keep the action potential charge up

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12
Q

Blood Brain Barrier – structure and function

A

Created by astrocytes being held tightly together. Allows only certain things to enter the brain rom the blood stream

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13
Q

Withdrawal Reflex

A

.

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14
Q

Membrane Potential

A

The depolarization or hyperpolarization of the cell

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15
Q

Resting Potential

A

The resting potential of a neuron is negative relative to the outside

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16
Q

Concentration Gradients of Ions

A

Ions will always move down the concentration gradients when they can (move to where lesson them are)

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17
Q

Electrostatic Forces

A

The tendency of charges molecules or ions to move, via diffusion, toward areas of the opposite charge

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18
Q

Sodium/Potassium Pump

A

3 sodium out, 2 potassium in

After the action potential is over, whe. They need to move sodium out

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19
Q

Voltage-Gated Ion Channels

A

Ion channels that open when the voltage of the cell is at a certain point

Opens and closes in response to changes in the voltage of the local membrane potential

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20
Q

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

A

Ion channels that a open because a ligand bonds to the right place and causes it to open

Open sand close sin response tithe presence of a particular chemical

21
Q

Depolarization

A

The voltage of a membrane potential getting closer to zero

22
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

The voltage of a membrane potential moving farther away from zero, becoming more negative

23
Q

Spatial Summation

A

The summation at the axon hillock of postsynaptic potentials from across the cell body. If this summation reaches threshold, an action potential is triggered

The summation of synaptic firings from different axons

24
Q

Temporal Summation

A

The summation of postsynaptic potentials that reach the axon hillock at different times. The closer in time the potentials occur, the more complete the summation

Summation of multiple synaptic firings from the same axon

25
Q

Threshold of Excitation

A

The stimulus intensity that is just adequate to trigger and action potential at the axon hillock

Must be sufficiently depolarized

26
Q

Action Potential

A

The propagated electrical message of a neuron that travels along the axon to the presynaptic axon terminals

27
Q

EPSPs

A

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential

Depolarizes the cell, reduces the resting potential by increasing the charge inside the cell

28
Q

IPSPs

A

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential

Hyperpolarizes the cell, increase the resting potential by decreasing the charge inside the cell

29
Q

Steps of the action potential

A

Recieves chemical messages
Depolarized or hyperpolarized

Ion channels rapidly open to let Na+ in
Forces K+ out
Action potential peaks, ion channels close

K+ forced out, hyperpolarizes the cell

Ion channels reset and Na+/K+ pumps returns ions to normal gradient

30
Q

All-or-None law

A

The action potential either happens or it doesn’t. It is full blast or none at all.

31
Q

Rate law

A

The strength of a response depends on the firing rate of a cell

32
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

The form of conduction that is charcteristic of myelinated axons, in which action potential jumps from one Node of Ranvier to the next, letting Na+ in to keep the action potential charge consistent

33
Q

Presynaptic membranes

A

Experiences action potential

Releases NTs and ligands

34
Q

Postsynaptic membranes

A

Receives the ligands and is depolarized or hyperpolarized

35
Q

Vesicles

A

Ligand

36
Q

Receptors

A

A protein that captures and reacts to molecules of a neurotransmitter or hormone

37
Q

Binding sites

A

Uniquely shaped, specialized regions on the postsynaptic receptor molecules

38
Q

Ligands

A

Neurotransmitters and other proteins and such that travel in the synaptic cleft to the post synaptic neuron.

39
Q

Steps of synaptic firing

A

Action potential arrives at the axon terminal
Ca++ channels open and it enters the axon terminal
Vesicles bind to presynaptic membrane then rupture and NT is released into synaptic cleft

NT binds to the receptor
Causes specific ion channels to open

Postsynaptic potentials are produced by the flow of ions in and out of the cell

Neural integration of postsynaptic potentials

Removal of NT from the synapse terminates PSPs

40
Q

Ionotropic receptor

A

Ligand attaches to a bonding site and the ion channels open

Short process to open, doesn’t stay open very long

41
Q

Metabotropic receptor

A 
Ligand attaches to a binding site that 
Activates a G-protein that
Activates an enzyme that 
Produces a second messenger that
Opens the ion channel

Long process to open but stays open longer

42
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Depolarize the postsynaptic cell

ESPS

43
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cell

ISPS

44
Q

Neural integration

A

The summation of all postsynaptic potentials

45
Q

Reuptake

A

Neurotransmitters/ligands being taken back up into the presynaptic axon

46
Q

Enzymatic deactivation (ACh & AChE)

A

The break down of ligands that are not taken back in reuptake

47
Q

Autoreceptors

A

A receptor for a synaptic transmitter that is located in the presynaptic membrane and tells the axon terminal how much transmitter has been released

48
Q

Neural circuits

A

Neural chain

Neurons that are attached linearly, from end to end

49
Q

Event related potentials

A

Averaged EEG recordings measuring brain responses to repeated presentations of a stimulus

50
Q

Seizure disorders

A

When neurons become too excited and spread the excitation to other neurons

Psychology 202 (5 decks)

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