Psych 202: Neuronal Anatomy and Communication

Question 0

Motor Neurons

Answer 0

A nerve cell that transmits motor messages, stimulating a muscle or a gland

Multipolar

Question 1

Sensory Neurons

Answer 1

A neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment, such as light, odor, or touch

Bipolar, unipolar

Question 2

Interneurons

Answer 2

Neither a sensory nor motor neuron.

Receives input from and sends out to other neurons

Multipolar

Question 3

Neuronal Structure – external and internal

Answer 3

Cell body, receptive extensions (dendrites), transmitting extension (axon)

Question 4

Multipolar

Answer 4

A nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon

Motor and interneurons

Question 5

Bipolar

Answer 5

1 axon, 1 dendritic tree

Sensory neurons

Question 6

Unipolar

Answer 6

1 axon

Sensory

Question 7

Astrocytes

Answer 7

Glial Cell

Swell with damage to the brain, help “eat” damage

Blood brain barrier

Wraps around synapses

Question 8

Oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells

Answer 8

Glial cell

Creates the myelin sheaths.

Oligodendrocytes - CNS

Schwann cells - PNS

Question 9

Microglia

Answer 9

Glial cell

The brain’s immune system

Remove cellular debris from cell injury or damage

Protect cells from baddies

Question 10

Myelin

Answer 10

Oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells that wrap around the axons

Question 11

Nodes of Ranvier

Answer 11

The gaps between the myelin that allow more Na+ into the axon to keep the action potential charge up

Question 12

Blood Brain Barrier – structure and function

Answer 12

Created by astrocytes being held tightly together. Allows only certain things to enter the brain rom the blood stream

Question 13

Withdrawal Reflex

Answer 13

.

Question 14

Membrane Potential

Answer 14

The depolarization or hyperpolarization of the cell

Question 15

Resting Potential

Answer 15

The resting potential of a neuron is negative relative to the outside

Question 16

Concentration Gradients of Ions

Answer 16

Ions will always move down the concentration gradients when they can (move to where lesson them are)

Question 17

Electrostatic Forces

Answer 17

The tendency of charges molecules or ions to move, via diffusion, toward areas of the opposite charge

Question 18

Sodium/Potassium Pump

Answer 18

3 sodium out, 2 potassium in

After the action potential is over, whe. They need to move sodium out

Question 19

Voltage-Gated Ion Channels

Answer 19

Ion channels that open when the voltage of the cell is at a certain point

Opens and closes in response to changes in the voltage of the local membrane potential

Question 20

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Answer 20

Ion channels that a open because a ligand bonds to the right place and causes it to open

Open sand close sin response tithe presence of a particular chemical

Question 21

Depolarization

Answer 21

The voltage of a membrane potential getting closer to zero

Question 22

Hyperpolarization

Answer 22

The voltage of a membrane potential moving farther away from zero, becoming more negative

Question 23

Spatial Summation

Answer 23

The summation at the axon hillock of postsynaptic potentials from across the cell body. If this summation reaches threshold, an action potential is triggered

The summation of synaptic firings from different axons

Question 24

Temporal Summation

Answer 24

The summation of postsynaptic potentials that reach the axon hillock at different times. The closer in time the potentials occur, the more complete the summation Summation of multiple synaptic firings from the same axon

Question 25

Threshold of Excitation

Answer 25

The stimulus intensity that is just adequate to trigger and action potential at the axon hillock Must be sufficiently depolarized

Question 26

Action Potential

Answer 26

The propagated electrical message of a neuron that travels along the axon to the presynaptic axon terminals

Question 27

EPSPs

Answer 27

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential Depolarizes the cell, reduces the resting potential by increasing the charge inside the cell

Question 28

IPSPs

Answer 28

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential Hyperpolarizes the cell, increase the resting potential by decreasing the charge inside the cell

Question 29

Steps of the action potential

Answer 29

Recieves chemical messages Depolarized or hyperpolarized Ion channels rapidly open to let Na+ in Forces K+ out Action potential peaks, ion channels close K+ forced out, hyperpolarizes the cell Ion channels reset and Na+/K+ pumps returns ions to normal gradient

Question 30

All-or-None law

Answer 30

The action potential either happens or it doesn't. It is full blast or none at all.

Question 31

Rate law

Answer 31

The strength of a response depends on the firing rate of a cell

Question 32

Saltatory conduction

Answer 32

The form of conduction that is charcteristic of myelinated axons, in which action potential jumps from one Node of Ranvier to the next, letting Na+ in to keep the action potential charge consistent

Question 33

Presynaptic membranes

Answer 33

Experiences action potential Releases NTs and ligands

Question 34

Postsynaptic membranes

Answer 34

Receives the ligands and is depolarized or hyperpolarized

Question 35

Vesicles

Answer 35

Ligand

Question 36

Receptors

Answer 36

A protein that captures and reacts to molecules of a neurotransmitter or hormone

Question 37

Binding sites

Answer 37

Uniquely shaped, specialized regions on the postsynaptic receptor molecules

Question 38

Ligands

Answer 38

Neurotransmitters and other proteins and such that travel in the synaptic cleft to the post synaptic neuron.

Question 39

Steps of synaptic firing

Answer 39

Action potential arrives at the axon terminal Ca++ channels open and it enters the axon terminal Vesicles bind to presynaptic membrane then rupture and NT is released into synaptic cleft NT binds to the receptor Causes specific ion channels to open Postsynaptic potentials are produced by the flow of ions in and out of the cell Neural integration of postsynaptic potentials Removal of NT from the synapse terminates PSPs

Question 40

Ionotropic receptor

Answer 40

Ligand attaches to a bonding site and the ion channels open Short process to open, doesn't stay open very long

Question 41

Metabotropic receptor

Answer 41

``` Ligand attaches to a binding site that Activates a G-protein that Activates an enzyme that Produces a second messenger that Opens the ion channel ``` Long process to open but stays open longer

Question 42

Excitatory neurotransmitters

Answer 42

Depolarize the postsynaptic cell ESPS

Question 43

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

Answer 43

Hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cell ISPS

Question 44

Neural integration

Answer 44

The summation of all postsynaptic potentials

Question 45

Reuptake

Answer 45

Neurotransmitters/ligands being taken back up into the presynaptic axon

Question 46

Enzymatic deactivation (ACh & AChE)

Answer 46

The break down of ligands that are not taken back in reuptake

Question 47

Autoreceptors

Answer 47

A receptor for a synaptic transmitter that is located in the presynaptic membrane and tells the axon terminal how much transmitter has been released

Question 48

Neural circuits

Answer 48

Neural chain Neurons that are attached linearly, from end to end

Question 49

Event related potentials

Answer 49

Averaged EEG recordings measuring brain responses to repeated presentations of a stimulus

Question 50

Seizure disorders

Answer 50

When neurons become too excited and spread the excitation to other neurons