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Psychology 202 > Psych 202: Nervous System Structure > Flashcards

Psych 202: Nervous System Structure Flashcards

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0
Q

Anterior

A

Rostral

Toward the nose

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1
Q

Neuraxis

A

A line drawn through the CNS from the rostral to the caudal parts of the body

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2
Q

Posterior

A

Caudal

Toward the tail (feet in humans)

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3
Q

Rostral

A

Anterior

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4
Q

Caudal

A

Posterior

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5
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the back

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6
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the belly

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7
Q

Superior

A

Above

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8
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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9
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

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10
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline

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11
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side

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12
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite sides

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13
Q

Coronal Plane

A

Frontal Plane or Transverse Plane

Dives the body or brain into ventral/front and dorsal/back parts

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14
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

The plane that bisects the body or brain into right and left portions

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15
Q

Horizontal Plane

A

The plane that divides the body or brain into upper and lower parts

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16
Q

Meninges

A

The three protective sheets of tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord

Dura mater
Arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space
Pia mater

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17
Q

Ventricles

A

Openings in the brain that produce and contain cerebral spinal guild (CFS)

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18
Q

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CFS)

A

Fluid that fills cerebral ventricles and helps to support the brain

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19
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

A highly vascular portion of the lining of the ventricles that produces/secret CFS

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20
Q

Stroke

A

A blockage or rupture of vessels that supply blood to the brain that results in damage to that region

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21
Q

Brain Imaging Techniques

A 
Angiography
Computerized axial tomography (CAT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Position emission tomography (PET)
Funtional MRI (fMRI)
Optical imaging
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Magnetoenocepjalography (MEG)
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22
Q

Neural Tube

A

An embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The cavity of this tube will include the berebral ventricles and the passages that connect them

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23
Q

Ventricular Zone

A

Ependymal layer

A region lining the cerebral ventricles that displace mitosis, providing neurons early in development and glial cells throughout life

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24
Q

Founder cells

A

Initial cells in the ventricular zone

First divide symmetrically, then asymmetrically with one founder and one neuron

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25
Q

Forebrain

A

Prosencephalon

The frontal division of the neural tube, containing the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus and the hypothalamus

“higher thinking” “upper division processing”

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26
Q

Telencephalon

A

The oral subdivision of the forebrain that includes the cerebral hemispheres when fully developed

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27
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Cortex

The outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres, which consists largely of nerve cell bodies and their branches

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28
Q

Gyrus

A

A ridged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surface

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29
Q

Sulcus

A

A furrow of a convoluted brain surface

Small groves between gyri

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30
Q

Fissure

A

Large grooves between gyri

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31
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

The most anterior portion of the cerebral cortex

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32
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Precentral gyrus

Controls motor output

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33
Q

Somatotopic Organization

A

Parts are organized along the portion of the brain and given more or less spaced based on the complexity of the movements they make of senses they pick up

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34
Q

Motor Association Cortex

A

Anterior to PMC

Plans movement

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35
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Rostral end of the brain

Organization of thought, planning actions, and higher cognitive functions

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36
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Large regions of cortex lying between the frontal and occipital lobes of each cerebral hemisphere

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37
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

The gyrus just posterior to the central sulcus where sensory receptors on the body surface are mapped. Primary cortex for receiving touch and pain information, in the parietal lobe.

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38
Q

Somatosensory Association Cortex

A

Where information from the primary somatosensory cortex is sent to be interepeted and analyzed

39
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Large lateral cortical regions of each cerebral hemisphere, continuous with the parietal lobes posteriorly, and separated from the frontal lobes by the Sylvian fissure (lateral fissure). The temporal lobes contain the hippocampus and amygdaloid, and are involved in a variety of functions, including memory, emotional processing, and the olfactory and auditory senses.

40
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

Audio information from the senses sent here

41
Q

Auditory Association Cortex

A

Auditory information sent here for analyzing

42
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Large regions of cortex covering much of the posterior part of each cerebral hemisphere, and specialized for visual processing

43
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

The region of the occipital cortex where most visual information first arrives

44
Q

Visual Association Cortex

A

Visual information sent here for analyzing

45
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

The connection between the left and right hemispheres of the brain, major in coordination

46
Q

Limbic System

A

A loosely defined, widespread group of brain nuclei that innervate each other to form a network.

Emotions

47
Q

Cingulate Cortex

A

Cingulate gyrus, cingulum

A region of medial cerebral cortex that lies dorsal to the corpus callosum

Emotion, learning, memory

48
Q

Amygala

A

A group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe

Emotion, learning, memory

49
Q

Hippocampus

A

A medial temporal lobe structure that is important for learning and memory

50
Q

Mammillary Bodies

A

A pair of nuclei at the base of the brain

Memory

51
Q

Fornix

A

A fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body

Connection

52
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

A group of forebrain nuclei, including caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen, found deep within the cerebral hemispheres

Movement

53
Q

Striatum

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

54
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

A basal ganglia that has a long extension or tail

55
Q

Putamen

A

Basal ganglia

56
Q

Globus Pallidus

A

Basal ganglia

57
Q

Diencephalon

A

The posterior part of the forebrain, including the thalamus and the hypothalamus

58
Q

Thalamus

A

Composed of nuclei that relay information to the proper areas

Top of the brain stem

59
Q

Projection Fibers

A

Afferent and efferent parts of the spinal cord

60
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls the endocrine system and the automatic nervous system

61
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

Stres, growth, reproduction, lactation

62
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Endocrine system

63
Q

Midbrain/Mesencephalon

A

Structurally and evolutionarily between the fore and hindbrain

Tectum
Tegmentum

64
Q

Tectum

A

Dorsal mesencephalon

Superior colliculi
Inferior colliculi

65
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

Muscle coordination

Eye movement

66
Q

Inferior Colliculus

67
Q

Tegmentum

A

Ventral mesencephalon

Reticular formation
Periaqueductal grey matter
Substantia nigra
Ventral tegmental area

68
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Generation, motivation of movement

Makes dopamine to excite the basal ganglia

69
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area

A

Make dopamine for limbic reward system

70
Q

Periaqueductal Grey

A

Pain

Species specific behaviors

71
Q

Reticular Formation

72
Q

Hindbrain

A

Most primitive function

Basic survival skills

Surrounds fourth ventricle

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

73
Q

Metencephalon

A

Cerebellum

Pons

74
Q

Cerebellum

A

Integrates sensory and motor information to coordinate movement

75
Q

Pond

A

Projects information for cortex to cerebellum

Sleep and arousal

76
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla oblongata

Caudal most

Cardiovascular, respiration, muscle tone, arousal

77
Q

Medulla

A

Medulla oblongata

Caudal most

Cardiovascular, respiration, muscle tone, arousal

78
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Part of the CNS

At the back of the head

79
Q

Grey Matter

A

Areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and devoid of myelin

80
Q

White Matter

A

A shiny layer underneath the cortex that consists largely of axons with white myelin sheaths

81
Q

Dorsal Horn

A

Contains the sensory afferent and the dorsal root ganglion, dorsal root

82
Q

Ventral Horn

A

Contains the motor efferent, ventral root

83
Q

Efferent

A

Motor output

84
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory input

85
Q

Dorsal Root

A

Carries sensory information from the PNS to the CNS

Cell bodies are in the dorsal root ganglion (outside of CNS)

86
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A

Where the dorsal root cell bodies are.

Part of the PNS

87
Q

Ventral Root

A

Carries motor messages from the spinal cord to the PNS

88
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 pairs

Some sensory, some motor, some both

Sensory and motor functions of the head, neck, face and throat

89
Q

Somatic NS

A

PNS

Sensory input and motor control

90
Q

Autonomic NS

A

PNS

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

W have little control or awareness of

91
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Fight or flight

Utilization of energy resources

92
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

Rest and digest

Conservation of energy resources

93
Q

Preganglionic Neurons

A

Before the ganglion

The neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia

94
Q

Postganglionic Neurons

A

After the ganglion

The neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the autonomic ganglion to the various targets in the body

95
Q

Recovery After Brain Injury

A

The recovery of behavioral capacity following brain damage from stroke or injury

Psychology 202 (5 decks)

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