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Psychology 202 > Psych 202: Nervous System Structure > Flashcards

Psych 202: Nervous System Structure Flashcards

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0
Q

Anterior

A

Rostral

Toward the nose

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1
Q

Neuraxis

A

A line drawn through the CNS from the rostral to the caudal parts of the body

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2
Q

Posterior

A

Caudal

Toward the tail (feet in humans)

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3
Q

Rostral

A

Anterior

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4
Q

Caudal

A

Posterior

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5
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the back

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6
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the belly

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7
Q

Superior

A

Above

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8
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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9
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

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10
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline

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11
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side

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12
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Contralateral

A

Opposite sides

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13
Q

Coronal Plane

A

Frontal Plane or Transverse Plane

Dives the body or brain into ventral/front and dorsal/back parts

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14
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

The plane that bisects the body or brain into right and left portions

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15
Q

Horizontal Plane

A

The plane that divides the body or brain into upper and lower parts

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16
Q

Meninges

A

The three protective sheets of tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord

Dura mater
Arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space
Pia mater

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17
Q

Ventricles

A

Openings in the brain that produce and contain cerebral spinal guild (CFS)

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18
Q

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CFS)

A

Fluid that fills cerebral ventricles and helps to support the brain

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19
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

A highly vascular portion of the lining of the ventricles that produces/secret CFS

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20
Q

Stroke

A

A blockage or rupture of vessels that supply blood to the brain that results in damage to that region

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21
Q

Brain Imaging Techniques

A 
Angiography
Computerized axial tomography (CAT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Position emission tomography (PET)
Funtional MRI (fMRI)
Optical imaging
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Magnetoenocepjalography (MEG)
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22
Q

Neural Tube

A

An embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The cavity of this tube will include the berebral ventricles and the passages that connect them

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23
Q

Ventricular Zone

A

Ependymal layer

A region lining the cerebral ventricles that displace mitosis, providing neurons early in development and glial cells throughout life

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24
Founder cells
Initial cells in the ventricular zone First divide symmetrically, then asymmetrically with one founder and one neuron
25
Forebrain
Prosencephalon The frontal division of the neural tube, containing the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus and the hypothalamus "higher thinking" "upper division processing"
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Telencephalon
The oral subdivision of the forebrain that includes the cerebral hemispheres when fully developed
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Cerebral Cortex
Cortex The outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres, which consists largely of nerve cell bodies and their branches
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Gyrus
A ridged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surface
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Sulcus
A furrow of a convoluted brain surface Small groves between gyri
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Fissure
Large grooves between gyri
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Frontal Lobe
The most anterior portion of the cerebral cortex
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Primary Motor Cortex
Precentral gyrus Controls motor output
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Somatotopic Organization
Parts are organized along the portion of the brain and given more or less spaced based on the complexity of the movements they make of senses they pick up
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Motor Association Cortex
Anterior to PMC Plans movement
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Prefrontal Cortex
Rostral end of the brain Organization of thought, planning actions, and higher cognitive functions
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Parietal Lobe
Large regions of cortex lying between the frontal and occipital lobes of each cerebral hemisphere
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Primary Somatosensory Cortex
The gyrus just posterior to the central sulcus where sensory receptors on the body surface are mapped. Primary cortex for receiving touch and pain information, in the parietal lobe.
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Somatosensory Association Cortex
Where information from the primary somatosensory cortex is sent to be interepeted and analyzed
39
Temporal Lobe
Large lateral cortical regions of each cerebral hemisphere, continuous with the parietal lobes posteriorly, and separated from the frontal lobes by the Sylvian fissure (lateral fissure). The temporal lobes contain the hippocampus and amygdaloid, and are involved in a variety of functions, including memory, emotional processing, and the olfactory and auditory senses.
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Primary Auditory Cortex
Audio information from the senses sent here
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Auditory Association Cortex
Auditory information sent here for analyzing
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Occipital Lobe
Large regions of cortex covering much of the posterior part of each cerebral hemisphere, and specialized for visual processing
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Primary Visual Cortex
The region of the occipital cortex where most visual information first arrives
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Visual Association Cortex
Visual information sent here for analyzing
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Corpus Callosum
The connection between the left and right hemispheres of the brain, major in coordination
46
Limbic System
A loosely defined, widespread group of brain nuclei that innervate each other to form a network. Emotions
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Cingulate Cortex
Cingulate gyrus, cingulum A region of medial cerebral cortex that lies dorsal to the corpus callosum Emotion, learning, memory
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Amygala
A group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe Emotion, learning, memory
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Hippocampus
A medial temporal lobe structure that is important for learning and memory
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Mammillary Bodies
A pair of nuclei at the base of the brain Memory
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Fornix
A fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body Connection
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Basal Ganglia
A group of forebrain nuclei, including caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen, found deep within the cerebral hemispheres Movement
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Striatum
Caudate nucleus | Putamen
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Caudate nucleus
A basal ganglia that has a long extension or tail
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Putamen
Basal ganglia
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Globus Pallidus
Basal ganglia
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Diencephalon
The posterior part of the forebrain, including the thalamus and the hypothalamus
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Thalamus
Composed of nuclei that relay information to the proper areas Top of the brain stem
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Projection Fibers
Afferent and efferent parts of the spinal cord
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Hypothalamus
Controls the endocrine system and the automatic nervous system
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Anterior Pituitary
Stres, growth, reproduction, lactation
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Posterior Pituitary
Endocrine system
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Midbrain/Mesencephalon
Structurally and evolutionarily between the fore and hindbrain Tectum Tegmentum
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Tectum
Dorsal mesencephalon Superior colliculi Inferior colliculi
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Superior Colliculus
Muscle coordination | Eye movement
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Inferior Colliculus
Auditory
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Tegmentum
Ventral mesencephalon Reticular formation Periaqueductal grey matter Substantia nigra Ventral tegmental area
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Substantia Nigra
Generation, motivation of movement Makes dopamine to excite the basal ganglia
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Ventral Tegmental Area
Make dopamine for limbic reward system
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Periaqueductal Grey
Pain Species specific behaviors
71
Reticular Formation
Arousal
72
Hindbrain
Most primitive function Basic survival skills Surrounds fourth ventricle Metencephalon Myelencephalon
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Metencephalon
Cerebellum | Pons
74
Cerebellum
Integrates sensory and motor information to coordinate movement
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Pond
Projects information for cortex to cerebellum Sleep and arousal
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Myelencephalon
Medulla oblongata Caudal most Cardiovascular, respiration, muscle tone, arousal
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Medulla
Medulla oblongata Caudal most Cardiovascular, respiration, muscle tone, arousal
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Spinal Cord
Part of the CNS At the back of the head
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Grey Matter
Areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and devoid of myelin
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White Matter
A shiny layer underneath the cortex that consists largely of axons with white myelin sheaths
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Dorsal Horn
Contains the sensory afferent and the dorsal root ganglion, dorsal root
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Ventral Horn
Contains the motor efferent, ventral root
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Efferent
Motor output
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Afferent
Sensory input
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Dorsal Root
Carries sensory information from the PNS to the CNS Cell bodies are in the dorsal root ganglion (outside of CNS)
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Dorsal Root Ganglion
Where the dorsal root cell bodies are. Part of the PNS
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Ventral Root
Carries motor messages from the spinal cord to the PNS
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Cranial Nerves
12 pairs Some sensory, some motor, some both Sensory and motor functions of the head, neck, face and throat
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Somatic NS
PNS Sensory input and motor control
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Autonomic NS
PNS Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system W have little control or awareness of
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Sympathetic NS
Fight or flight Utilization of energy resources
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Parasympathetic NS
Rest and digest Conservation of energy resources
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Preganglionic Neurons
Before the ganglion The neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia
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Postganglionic Neurons
After the ganglion The neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from the autonomic ganglion to the various targets in the body
95
Recovery After Brain Injury
The recovery of behavioral capacity following brain damage from stroke or injury

Psychology 202 (5 decks)

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