Psych 111 Exam 3 Deck 3 Flashcards
The Three Types of Psychotherapy Procedures
Insight Therapies, Behavior Therapies, and Biomedical Therapies
Insight Therapies
“talk therapy” in the Freudian Psychoanalysis. The goal is pursue increased insight regarding the nature of the client’s difficulties and to sort through possible solutions.
Family and marital therapy generally fall into which of the three major psychotherapy categories?
Insight Therapy
Behavior Therapies
Based on the principle of learning (conditioning, etc.) They make direct efforts to alter problematic responses and maladaptive habits. They try to change overt behavior and use various procedures depending on the problem
Biomedical Therapies
Involves intervening in a person’s biological functioning. The most widely used procedures are electroconvulsive and drug therapies, mostly used by physicians, however in two states psychologists have gained drug prescription privileges
Among adults, which are the two most common mental health problems which seek treatment?
Depression and Anxiety disorders
Does a client in treatment need an identifiable psychological disorder?
No
What percent of people seeking mental health treatment tend to be relatively free of psychiatric problems?
8%
Research suggests that what percent of people who need mental health treatment get it?
1/3 or about 33%
What are the three roadblocks to people getting the therapy they need
- Lack of Health Insurance
- Cost
- (the biggest problem) social stigma
What does “therapy” refer to?
PROFESSIONAL treatment by someone with special training
Clinical Psychologist (Degree, Education years, and role)
PhD or PsyD, 5-7 years, psychological testing, diagnosis, treatment with insight or behavior therapy
Counseling Psychologist (Degree, Education years, and role)
PhD, PsyD, or EdD, 5-7 years, similar to clinical psychologist, but more focus on career, work, and adjustment problems
Psychiatrist (Degree, Education years, and role)
MD, 8 years, diagnosis and treatment, primarily with biomedical therapies, but also insight therapies
Clinical Social Worker (Degree, Education years, and role)
MSW or DSW, 2-5 years, Insight and behavior therapy, often helping inpatients return to their communities
Psychiatric Nurse (Degree, Education years, and role)
RN, MA, or PhD, 0-5 years, inpatient care, insight and behavior therapy
Counselor (Degree, Education years, and role)
BA or MA, 0-5 years, Vocational counseling, drug counseling, rehab counseling
Marriage or Family Therapist (Degree, Education years, and role)
MA or PhD, 2-5 years, Marital/Couples and Family Therapy
The specialization of clinical and counseling psychologists
the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and everyday problems
The educational process for clinical and counseling psychologists
4 years for Bachelor’s, 5-7 years for Ph.D., 1 year internship, and 1-2 year postdoc fellowship
Are psychologists or psychiatrists more likely to use behavioral therapy over psychoanalytic methods?
psychologists
Psychiatrists
Physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. They tend to focus on more severe disorders than psychologists
Insight Therapy Definition
involve verbal interactions intended to enhance clients’ self-knowledge and thus promote healthful changes in personality and behavior.
Psychoanalysis as a form of Insight Therapy
is an insight therapy that emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses through techniques such as free association and transference.
The techniques relied on by psychotherapists to explore the unconscious in insight therapy
- free association
2. Dream Analysis
Free Association
clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur, with as little censorship as possible.
Dream Analysis
the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client’s dreams.
Interpretation
The therapist’s attempts to explain the inner significance of the client’s thoughts and feelings, memories and behaviors
Resistance
refers to largely unconscious defensive maneuvers intended to hinder the progress of therapy.
Transference
occurs when clients unconsciously start relating to their therapist in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives.
7 Central Features of Psychodynamic Therapies
- a focus on emotional experience,
- exploration of efforts to avoid distressing thoughts and feelings,
- identification of recurring patterns in patients’ life experiences,
- discussion of past experience, especially events in early childhood,
- analysis of interpersonal relationships,
- a focus on the therapeutic relationship itself, and
- exploration of dreams and other aspects of fantasy life
Client-Centered Therapy
is an insight therapy that emphasizes providing a supportive emotional climate for clients, who play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy.
Rogers’ view on why personal distress occurs
It is the incongruence between a person’s self-concept and reality
According to Rogers, is the climate of therapy or the process of therapy more important?
climate
In order to be supportive, client-centered therapists must provide which three conditions?
- Genuineness
- Unconditional Positive Regard
3, Empathy
Positive Psychology
uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence.
Giovanni Fava
Developed well-being therapy to enhance client self-acceptance, life purpose, autonomy, and personal growth
Positive Psychotherapy and Researcher
Seligman and colleagues. It attempts to get clients to recognize strengths, appreciate blessings, savor positive experiences, forgive those who have wronged them, and find meaning in their lives. It has been effective in treating depression.
Group Therapy
It developed in the aftermath of World War II and the high demand for therapeutic techniques. It is the simultaneous psychological treatments of several clients in a group
The Therapists responsibilities in group treatment
- Selecting participants
- setting group goals
- initiating and maintaining the therapeutic process
- protecting from harm
Couples or Marital Therapy
involves the treatment of both partners in a committed, intimate relationship, in which the main focus is on relationship issues.
Family Therapy
involves the treatment of a family unit as a whole, in which the main focus is on family dynamics and communication.
Spontaneous Remission
is a recovery from a disorder that occurs without formal treatment.
Are insight or drug therapies more effective?
about equal
What percent of patients show recovery from insight therapy within 20 sessions?
50%
Behavior Therapies
involve the application of learning principles to direct efforts to change clients’ maladaptive behaviors.
The Assumptions of Behavior Therapies
- Behavior is a product of learning
2. What has been learned can be unlearned
Systematic Desensitization
behavior therapy used to reduce phobic clients’ anxiety responses through counterconditioning
The Three Steps of Systematic Desensitization
- Building an anxiety hierarchy
- Training the client in deep muscle relaxation
- Working through the hierarchy, remaining relaxed while imagining each stimulus
Anxiety Hierarchy
A list of anxiety-arousing stimuli related to the specific source of the anxiety. The client ranks
Exposure Therapies
Clients are confronted with situations that they fear so that they learn that these situations are really harmless
Lars-Göran Öst
Developed an extensive 3-hour intervention that depended on gradually increased exposure to specific phobic objects and situations
Which type of behavior therapy is considered as “last resort”?
Aversion Therapy
Aversion Therapy
is a behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response.
Social Skills Training
is a behavior therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills that emphasizes modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and shaping
On which types of conditioning do Social Skills Training rely?
Observant and Operant
Cognitive Behavioral Treatments
use varied combinations of verbal interventions and behavior modification techniques to help clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking.
Cognitive Therapy
uses specific strategies to correct habitual thinking errors that underlie various types of disorders.
Depression-prone people tend to think which 4 things?
- they blame their setbacks on personal inadequacies rather than situational factors without considering circumstantial explanations
- Focus selectively on negative events while ignoring positive events
- Make unduly pessimistic projections about the future
- Draw negative conclusions about their worth as a person based on insignificant events
Delay and Deniker
Gave their schizophrenic patients chlorpromazine and found that it was successful as the first antipsychotic drug
Biomedical Therapies
Psychological Interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders
Psychophamarco Therapy
is the treatment of mental disorders with medication
The Four Main Categories of Therapeutic Drugs
- Antianxiety
- Antipsychotic
- Antidepressant
- Mood-stabilizing
Anti-anxiety drugs
which relieve tension, apprehension, and nervousness
The most popular antianxiety drugs
Valium (diazepam) and Xanax (alprazolam)
Give an example of two drugs in the Benzodiazepine Family and another name for the group
Valium, Xanax; Tranquilizers
How long does it take for benzodiazepine drugs to take effect? How long do they last?
Immediately; hours
Common side effects of Valium and Xanax
Drowsiness, lightheadedness, dry mouth, nausea, constipation, depression, confusion
Antipsychotic Drugs
Used to gradually reduce psychotic symptoms, including hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations, and delusions. They tend to decrease activity at certain subtypes of dopamine synapses
Antipsychotic drugs are typically used to cure what mental disorder?
Schizophrenia
Three most popular antipsychotic drugs
Thorazine (chlorpromazine), Mellaril (Thioridazine), and Haldol (Haloperidol)
Studies suggest that antipsychotics reduce symptoms in about _____% of patients
70%
How long do antipsychotics need to take effect? How long does it take for improvements to show?
When taken regularly, 1-3 weeks; a few months
Common side-effects of Antipsychotic Drugs
Drowsiness, Constipation, Cottonmouth, muscle tremors, muscular rigidity, and impaired motor coordination
When patients stop taking antipsychotic drugs, ___% relapse within a year
70%
Tardive Dyskinesia
A neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing and ticlike movements of the mouth, tongue, face, hands, or feet. It is a potential side-effect of anti-psychotic drugs, typically seen in 20-30% of patients.
Antidepressant Drugs
gradually elevate mood and help bring people out of a depression.
Antidepressant Drugs
Gradually elevate mood and help bring people out of depression
The most frequently prescribed class of drugs in the US
Antidepressants
SSRIs
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors which slow the reuptake process at serotonin synapses, thus increasing serotonin activation.
Examples of SSRIs
Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft
SSRIs have proven effective in which disorders?
- OCD
- Panic
- Other anxiety disorders
Antidepressants exert influence over several weeks, but 60% of patients’ improvement trends occur in the first ___ weeks
two
“There has been concern that SSRIs may increase risk for suicide”. What is a confounding variable that may affect the validity of such a statement?
Suicide rates are already elevated for those who exhibit the disorders for which SSRIs are prescribed. In fact, risk of suicide may have decreased
When compared to the placebo treatment, do SSRIs seem to have more or less of a risk of suicide
more; the risk jumps from 2% to 4%, especially during the first nine days to one month
SNRIs
Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors inhibit uptake at both serotonin and norepinephrine synapses. They produce more antidepressant effects that SSRIs, but they also have a wider range of side effects
Mood Stabilizers
are drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders.
For many years, what was the most effective mood stabilizer?
Lithium
Problems associated with Lithium Therapy for mood disorders?
kidney and thyroid gland complications. Possibly fatal
Valproate
A new mood stabilizer which has become more widely used than lithium in treating mood disorders
Criticisms of Drug Therapies
- Not as effective as advertised
- Overprescribed and overmedicated
- The side-effects are underestimated, especially when multiple drugs are given at the same time
ECT
Electroconvulsive Therapy is a biomedical treatment in which electric shock is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions
How often are shocks given in ECT?
three treatments a week over 2-7 weeks
What is ECT primarily used to treat?
Depression
What percentage of ECT patients relapsed within 6 months? What is the median relapse time?
64%; 8.6 weeks
What are some problems with ECT (side-effects)
memory loss, impaired attention, and other cognitive deficits
TMS
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is a technique that permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain.
When applied to the __ and __ parts of the brain, TMS has promised to reduce depressive symptoms
right and left prefontal cortex
DBS
Deep-Brain Stimulation is when a thin electrode is surgically implanted in the brain and connected to an implanted pulse generator so that various electrical currents can be delivered to brain tissue adjacent to the electrode
DBS has proven effective in motor disturbances of which diseases?
- Parkinson’s
- Tardive Dyskinesia
- Some seizure disorders
Eclectism
in the practice of therapy involves drawing ideas from two or more systems of therapy instead of committing to just one system.
Theoretical Integration
two or more systems of therapy are combined or blended to take advantage of the strengths of each.
