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Psychology > Psych 111 Exam 3 Deck 3 > Flashcards

Psych 111 Exam 3 Deck 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Three Types of Psychotherapy Procedures

A

Insight Therapies, Behavior Therapies, and Biomedical Therapies

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2
Q

Insight Therapies

A

“talk therapy” in the Freudian Psychoanalysis. The goal is pursue increased insight regarding the nature of the client’s difficulties and to sort through possible solutions.

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3
Q

Family and marital therapy generally fall into which of the three major psychotherapy categories?

A

Insight Therapy

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4
Q

Behavior Therapies

A

Based on the principle of learning (conditioning, etc.) They make direct efforts to alter problematic responses and maladaptive habits. They try to change overt behavior and use various procedures depending on the problem

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5
Q

Biomedical Therapies

A

Involves intervening in a person’s biological functioning. The most widely used procedures are electroconvulsive and drug therapies, mostly used by physicians, however in two states psychologists have gained drug prescription privileges

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6
Q

Among adults, which are the two most common mental health problems which seek treatment?

A

Depression and Anxiety disorders

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7
Q

Does a client in treatment need an identifiable psychological disorder?

A

No

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8
Q

What percent of people seeking mental health treatment tend to be relatively free of psychiatric problems?

A

8%

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9
Q

Research suggests that what percent of people who need mental health treatment get it?

A

1/3 or about 33%

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10
Q

What are the three roadblocks to people getting the therapy they need

A
  1. Lack of Health Insurance
  2. Cost
  3. (the biggest problem) social stigma
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11
Q

What does “therapy” refer to?

A

PROFESSIONAL treatment by someone with special training

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12
Q

Clinical Psychologist (Degree, Education years, and role)

A

PhD or PsyD, 5-7 years, psychological testing, diagnosis, treatment with insight or behavior therapy

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13
Q

Counseling Psychologist (Degree, Education years, and role)

A

PhD, PsyD, or EdD, 5-7 years, similar to clinical psychologist, but more focus on career, work, and adjustment problems

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14
Q

Psychiatrist (Degree, Education years, and role)

A

MD, 8 years, diagnosis and treatment, primarily with biomedical therapies, but also insight therapies

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15
Q

Clinical Social Worker (Degree, Education years, and role)

A

MSW or DSW, 2-5 years, Insight and behavior therapy, often helping inpatients return to their communities

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16
Q

Psychiatric Nurse (Degree, Education years, and role)

A

RN, MA, or PhD, 0-5 years, inpatient care, insight and behavior therapy

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17
Q

Counselor (Degree, Education years, and role)

A

BA or MA, 0-5 years, Vocational counseling, drug counseling, rehab counseling

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18
Q

Marriage or Family Therapist (Degree, Education years, and role)

A

MA or PhD, 2-5 years, Marital/Couples and Family Therapy

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19
Q

The specialization of clinical and counseling psychologists

A

the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and everyday problems

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20
Q

The educational process for clinical and counseling psychologists

A

4 years for Bachelor’s, 5-7 years for Ph.D., 1 year internship, and 1-2 year postdoc fellowship

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21
Q

Are psychologists or psychiatrists more likely to use behavioral therapy over psychoanalytic methods?

A

psychologists

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22
Q

Psychiatrists

A

Physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. They tend to focus on more severe disorders than psychologists

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23
Q

Insight Therapy Definition

A

involve verbal interactions intended to enhance clients’ self-knowledge and thus promote healthful changes in personality and behavior.

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24
Q

Psychoanalysis as a form of Insight Therapy

A

is an insight therapy that emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses through techniques such as free association and transference.

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25
Q

The techniques relied on by psychotherapists to explore the unconscious in insight therapy

A
  1. free association

2. Dream Analysis

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26
Q

Free Association

A

clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur, with as little censorship as possible.

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27
Q

Dream Analysis

A

the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client’s dreams.

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28
Q

Interpretation

A

The therapist’s attempts to explain the inner significance of the client’s thoughts and feelings, memories and behaviors

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29
Q

Resistance

A

refers to largely unconscious defensive maneuvers intended to hinder the progress of therapy.

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30
Q

Transference

A

occurs when clients unconsciously start relating to their therapist in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives.

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31
Q

7 Central Features of Psychodynamic Therapies

A
  1. a focus on emotional experience,
  2. exploration of efforts to avoid distressing thoughts and feelings,
  3. identification of recurring patterns in patients’ life experiences,
  4. discussion of past experience, especially events in early childhood,
  5. analysis of interpersonal relationships,
  6. a focus on the therapeutic relationship itself, and
  7. exploration of dreams and other aspects of fantasy life
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32
Q

Client-Centered Therapy

A

is an insight therapy that emphasizes providing a supportive emotional climate for clients, who play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy.

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33
Q

Rogers’ view on why personal distress occurs

A

It is the incongruence between a person’s self-concept and reality

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34
Q

According to Rogers, is the climate of therapy or the process of therapy more important?

A

climate

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35
Q

In order to be supportive, client-centered therapists must provide which three conditions?

A
  1. Genuineness
  2. Unconditional Positive Regard
    3, Empathy
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36
Q

Positive Psychology

A

uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence.

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37
Q

Giovanni Fava

A

Developed well-being therapy to enhance client self-acceptance, life purpose, autonomy, and personal growth

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38
Q

Positive Psychotherapy and Researcher

A

Seligman and colleagues. It attempts to get clients to recognize strengths, appreciate blessings, savor positive experiences, forgive those who have wronged them, and find meaning in their lives. It has been effective in treating depression.

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39
Q

Group Therapy

A

It developed in the aftermath of World War II and the high demand for therapeutic techniques. It is the simultaneous psychological treatments of several clients in a group

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40
Q

The Therapists responsibilities in group treatment

A
  1. Selecting participants
  2. setting group goals
  3. initiating and maintaining the therapeutic process
  4. protecting from harm
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41
Q

Couples or Marital Therapy

A

involves the treatment of both partners in a committed, intimate relationship, in which the main focus is on relationship issues.

42
Q

Family Therapy

A

involves the treatment of a family unit as a whole, in which the main focus is on family dynamics and communication.

43
Q

Spontaneous Remission

A

is a recovery from a disorder that occurs without formal treatment.

44
Q

Are insight or drug therapies more effective?

A

about equal

45
Q

What percent of patients show recovery from insight therapy within 20 sessions?

A

50%

46
Q

Behavior Therapies

A

involve the application of learning principles to direct efforts to change clients’ maladaptive behaviors.

47
Q

The Assumptions of Behavior Therapies

A
  1. Behavior is a product of learning

2. What has been learned can be unlearned

48
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

behavior therapy used to reduce phobic clients’ anxiety responses through counterconditioning

49
Q

The Three Steps of Systematic Desensitization

A
  1. Building an anxiety hierarchy
  2. Training the client in deep muscle relaxation
  3. Working through the hierarchy, remaining relaxed while imagining each stimulus
50
Q

Anxiety Hierarchy

A

A list of anxiety-arousing stimuli related to the specific source of the anxiety. The client ranks

51
Q

Exposure Therapies

A

Clients are confronted with situations that they fear so that they learn that these situations are really harmless

52
Q

Lars-Göran Öst

A

Developed an extensive 3-hour intervention that depended on gradually increased exposure to specific phobic objects and situations

53
Q

Which type of behavior therapy is considered as “last resort”?

A

Aversion Therapy

54
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

is a behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response.

55
Q

Social Skills Training

A

is a behavior therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills that emphasizes modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and shaping

56
Q

On which types of conditioning do Social Skills Training rely?

A

Observant and Operant

57
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Treatments

A

use varied combinations of verbal interventions and behavior modification techniques to help clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking.

58
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A

uses specific strategies to correct habitual thinking errors that underlie various types of disorders.

59
Q

Depression-prone people tend to think which 4 things?

A
  1. they blame their setbacks on personal inadequacies rather than situational factors without considering circumstantial explanations
  2. Focus selectively on negative events while ignoring positive events
  3. Make unduly pessimistic projections about the future
  4. Draw negative conclusions about their worth as a person based on insignificant events
60
Q

Delay and Deniker

A

Gave their schizophrenic patients chlorpromazine and found that it was successful as the first antipsychotic drug

61
Q

Biomedical Therapies

A

Psychological Interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders

62
Q

Psychophamarco Therapy

A

is the treatment of mental disorders with medication

63
Q

The Four Main Categories of Therapeutic Drugs

A
  1. Antianxiety
  2. Antipsychotic
  3. Antidepressant
  4. Mood-stabilizing
64
Q

Anti-anxiety drugs

A

which relieve tension, apprehension, and nervousness

65
Q

The most popular antianxiety drugs

A

Valium (diazepam) and Xanax (alprazolam)

66
Q

Give an example of two drugs in the Benzodiazepine Family and another name for the group

A

Valium, Xanax; Tranquilizers

67
Q

How long does it take for benzodiazepine drugs to take effect? How long do they last?

A

Immediately; hours

68
Q

Common side effects of Valium and Xanax

A

Drowsiness, lightheadedness, dry mouth, nausea, constipation, depression, confusion

69
Q

Antipsychotic Drugs

A

Used to gradually reduce psychotic symptoms, including hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations, and delusions. They tend to decrease activity at certain subtypes of dopamine synapses

70
Q

Antipsychotic drugs are typically used to cure what mental disorder?

A

Schizophrenia

71
Q

Three most popular antipsychotic drugs

A

Thorazine (chlorpromazine), Mellaril (Thioridazine), and Haldol (Haloperidol)

72
Q

Studies suggest that antipsychotics reduce symptoms in about _____% of patients

A

70%

73
Q

How long do antipsychotics need to take effect? How long does it take for improvements to show?

A

When taken regularly, 1-3 weeks; a few months

74
Q

Common side-effects of Antipsychotic Drugs

A

Drowsiness, Constipation, Cottonmouth, muscle tremors, muscular rigidity, and impaired motor coordination

75
Q

When patients stop taking antipsychotic drugs, ___% relapse within a year

A

70%

76
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

A neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing and ticlike movements of the mouth, tongue, face, hands, or feet. It is a potential side-effect of anti-psychotic drugs, typically seen in 20-30% of patients.

77
Q

Antidepressant Drugs

A

gradually elevate mood and help bring people out of a depression.

78
Q

Antidepressant Drugs

A

Gradually elevate mood and help bring people out of depression

79
Q

The most frequently prescribed class of drugs in the US

A

Antidepressants

80
Q

SSRIs

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors which slow the reuptake process at serotonin synapses, thus increasing serotonin activation.

81
Q

Examples of SSRIs

A

Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft

82
Q

SSRIs have proven effective in which disorders?

A
  1. OCD
  2. Panic
  3. Other anxiety disorders
83
Q

Antidepressants exert influence over several weeks, but 60% of patients’ improvement trends occur in the first ___ weeks

A

two

84
Q

“There has been concern that SSRIs may increase risk for suicide”. What is a confounding variable that may affect the validity of such a statement?

A

Suicide rates are already elevated for those who exhibit the disorders for which SSRIs are prescribed. In fact, risk of suicide may have decreased

85
Q

When compared to the placebo treatment, do SSRIs seem to have more or less of a risk of suicide

A

more; the risk jumps from 2% to 4%, especially during the first nine days to one month

86
Q

SNRIs

A

Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors inhibit uptake at both serotonin and norepinephrine synapses. They produce more antidepressant effects that SSRIs, but they also have a wider range of side effects

87
Q

Mood Stabilizers

A

are drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders.

88
Q

For many years, what was the most effective mood stabilizer?

A

Lithium

89
Q

Problems associated with Lithium Therapy for mood disorders?

A

kidney and thyroid gland complications. Possibly fatal

90
Q

Valproate

A

A new mood stabilizer which has become more widely used than lithium in treating mood disorders

91
Q

Criticisms of Drug Therapies

A
  1. Not as effective as advertised
  2. Overprescribed and overmedicated
  3. The side-effects are underestimated, especially when multiple drugs are given at the same time
92
Q

ECT

A

Electroconvulsive Therapy is a biomedical treatment in which electric shock is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions

93
Q

How often are shocks given in ECT?

A

three treatments a week over 2-7 weeks

94
Q

What is ECT primarily used to treat?

A

Depression

95
Q

What percentage of ECT patients relapsed within 6 months? What is the median relapse time?

A

64%; 8.6 weeks

96
Q

What are some problems with ECT (side-effects)

A

memory loss, impaired attention, and other cognitive deficits

97
Q

TMS

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is a technique that permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain.

98
Q

When applied to the __ and __ parts of the brain, TMS has promised to reduce depressive symptoms

A

right and left prefontal cortex

99
Q

DBS

A

Deep-Brain Stimulation is when a thin electrode is surgically implanted in the brain and connected to an implanted pulse generator so that various electrical currents can be delivered to brain tissue adjacent to the electrode

100
Q

DBS has proven effective in motor disturbances of which diseases?

A
  1. Parkinson’s
  2. Tardive Dyskinesia
  3. Some seizure disorders
101
Q

Eclectism

A

in the practice of therapy involves drawing ideas from two or more systems of therapy instead of committing to just one system.

102
Q

Theoretical Integration

A

two or more systems of therapy are combined or blended to take advantage of the strengths of each.

Psychology (5 decks)

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