Psych 111 Exam 3 Deck 2 Flashcards
What percentage of men and women continue to smoke in the United States?
23% and 18%
What is the average life expectancy of a smoker in comparison to that of a non-smoker
13 to 14 years shorter
Smokers tend to underestimate the chance that negative experiences will happen to themselves. This is known as…
Optimism Bias
Another term for Second-Hand Smoke
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
What is the long-term success rate of quitting for smokers
25%
What is the comparison of mortality rates between men who are highly fit and those who are not very fit
Highly fit men have a 70% reduction in mortality
The Five Main Reasons good health can mean a longer life
- It can enhance cardiovascular fitness and can delay the onset of cardiovascular problems
- Exercise can reduce risk of obesity-related problems
- It can decrease chronic inflammation, which is thought to be linked to various diseases
- It can serve as a buffer to protect against the physical damage of stress
- One of the newest reasons is that it can help create new brain cells
Is alcohol always bad for health?
No; moderate drinking may provide protection against cardiovascular diseases, but overdrinking can produce serious health problems
AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, a syndrome in which the immune system is gradually weakened and then disabled by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is the final stage of HIV
What was the survival time of AIDS prior to 1997?
18-24 months
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)
Treatment of AIDS with drug regimens has proven to promise substantially longer survival
How is HIV typically transmitted?
Person-to-person contact and exchange of bodily fluids, primarily semen and blood. It has typically been transmitted through relations between gay and bisexual men in the US, but rates of heterosexual transmission have been increasing. Male to female transmission is 8x more common than female to male transmission
Can HIV be transmitted through casual contact? Explain.
No; there is no evidence it can be transmitted through casual contact, sharing food, kissing, or hugging.
The study by MacKellar found that what percentage of men in the study diagnosed with HIV did not know they had it?
77%
What are the four main causes of health-impairing behavior?
- Health impairing habits creep up slowly. Drinking may slowly increase or exercise may slowly decrease over years
- The habits or activities involve activities that are pleasant at the time (smoking, eating)
- The risks and consequences may lie 10, 20, or 30 years down the road
- People have an optimism bias; that is, they tend to underestimate the harm that could be inflicted upon themselves when engaging in the same behaviors as others who they know face dangers
People what personality characteristics will be more likely to rush to the doctor in the presence of illness?
Anxiety and Neuroticism
What are five causes of procrastination in visiting the doctor?
- misinterpreting or downplaying the symptoms
- fear of looking silly if the problem is small
- worry about bothering the physician
- reluctance to disrupt plans
- waste time on trivial matters before going
What are 5 barriers to proper provider-patient communication?
- Economic realities that medical visits are brief, preventing a deep conversation
- Providers using too much medical jargon
- Patients who are worried, nervous, or sick may forget to report certain symptoms
- Patients may be evasive because they fear the real diagnosis
- Patients may be reluctant to challenge the doctor’s word or are too passive with their interactions
What are 5 methods to become a better patient?
- Arrive on time
- Have questions and concerns prepared in advance
- Be accurate and candid in responding to your doctor
- Don’t be embarrassed to ask for clarification
- Don’t be afraid to voice doubts
How often does nonadherence for short-term treatments occur?
30% of the time
How often does nonadherence for chronic treatments occur?
50% of the time
What are the 4 forms of nonadherence?
- Failing to begin treatment
- Stopping regimen early
- May reduce or increase the level of treatment prescribed
- Inconsistent or unreliable in following treatment procedures
How much does nonadherence cost the US health system annually?
$300 billion
How are personality traits linked to nonadherence of treatment
It is not, surprisingly, linked to nonadherence as assumed. However, social support is linked