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Psychology > Psych 111 Exam 3 Deck 2 > Flashcards

Psych 111 Exam 3 Deck 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of men and women continue to smoke in the United States?

A

23% and 18%

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2
Q

What is the average life expectancy of a smoker in comparison to that of a non-smoker

A

13 to 14 years shorter

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3
Q

Smokers tend to underestimate the chance that negative experiences will happen to themselves. This is known as…

A

Optimism Bias

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4
Q

Another term for Second-Hand Smoke

A

Environmental Tobacco Smoke

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5
Q

What is the long-term success rate of quitting for smokers

A

25%

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6
Q

What is the comparison of mortality rates between men who are highly fit and those who are not very fit

A

Highly fit men have a 70% reduction in mortality

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7
Q

The Five Main Reasons good health can mean a longer life

A
  1. It can enhance cardiovascular fitness and can delay the onset of cardiovascular problems
  2. Exercise can reduce risk of obesity-related problems
  3. It can decrease chronic inflammation, which is thought to be linked to various diseases
  4. It can serve as a buffer to protect against the physical damage of stress
  5. One of the newest reasons is that it can help create new brain cells
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8
Q

Is alcohol always bad for health?

A

No; moderate drinking may provide protection against cardiovascular diseases, but overdrinking can produce serious health problems

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9
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, a syndrome in which the immune system is gradually weakened and then disabled by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is the final stage of HIV

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10
Q

What was the survival time of AIDS prior to 1997?

A

18-24 months

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11
Q

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)

A

Treatment of AIDS with drug regimens has proven to promise substantially longer survival

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12
Q

How is HIV typically transmitted?

A

Person-to-person contact and exchange of bodily fluids, primarily semen and blood. It has typically been transmitted through relations between gay and bisexual men in the US, but rates of heterosexual transmission have been increasing. Male to female transmission is 8x more common than female to male transmission

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13
Q

Can HIV be transmitted through casual contact? Explain.

A

No; there is no evidence it can be transmitted through casual contact, sharing food, kissing, or hugging.

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14
Q

The study by MacKellar found that what percentage of men in the study diagnosed with HIV did not know they had it?

A

77%

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15
Q

What are the four main causes of health-impairing behavior?

A
  1. Health impairing habits creep up slowly. Drinking may slowly increase or exercise may slowly decrease over years
  2. The habits or activities involve activities that are pleasant at the time (smoking, eating)
  3. The risks and consequences may lie 10, 20, or 30 years down the road
  4. People have an optimism bias; that is, they tend to underestimate the harm that could be inflicted upon themselves when engaging in the same behaviors as others who they know face dangers
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16
Q

People what personality characteristics will be more likely to rush to the doctor in the presence of illness?

A

Anxiety and Neuroticism

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17
Q

What are five causes of procrastination in visiting the doctor?

A
  1. misinterpreting or downplaying the symptoms
  2. fear of looking silly if the problem is small
  3. worry about bothering the physician
  4. reluctance to disrupt plans
  5. waste time on trivial matters before going
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18
Q

What are 5 barriers to proper provider-patient communication?

A
  1. Economic realities that medical visits are brief, preventing a deep conversation
  2. Providers using too much medical jargon
  3. Patients who are worried, nervous, or sick may forget to report certain symptoms
  4. Patients may be evasive because they fear the real diagnosis
  5. Patients may be reluctant to challenge the doctor’s word or are too passive with their interactions
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19
Q

What are 5 methods to become a better patient?

A
  1. Arrive on time
  2. Have questions and concerns prepared in advance
  3. Be accurate and candid in responding to your doctor
  4. Don’t be embarrassed to ask for clarification
  5. Don’t be afraid to voice doubts
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20
Q

How often does nonadherence for short-term treatments occur?

A

30% of the time

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21
Q

How often does nonadherence for chronic treatments occur?

A

50% of the time

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22
Q

What are the 4 forms of nonadherence?

A
  1. Failing to begin treatment
  2. Stopping regimen early
  3. May reduce or increase the level of treatment prescribed
  4. Inconsistent or unreliable in following treatment procedures
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23
Q

How much does nonadherence cost the US health system annually?

A

$300 billion

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24
Q

How are personality traits linked to nonadherence of treatment

A

It is not, surprisingly, linked to nonadherence as assumed. However, social support is linked

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25
Q

How is social support linked to nonadherence?

A

Friends, coworkers, and family can remind the patient to continue to adhere to the prescribed treatment

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26
Q

What are 3 causes of nonadherence?

A
  1. The patient misunderstands the instructions given
  2. The patient finds the treatment aversive or difficult
  3. Negative attitudes towards the physician
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27
Q

This expert on patient behavior has analyzed why people fail to seek medical treatment as promptly as they should.

A

Robin DiMatteo

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28
Q

According to this theorist, catastrophic thinking causes, aggravates, and perpetuates emotional reactions to stress that are often unhealthy.

A

Albert Ellis

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29
Q

This psychologist’s broaden-and-build theory has shed light on how positive emotions can promote resilience in the face of stress.

A

Barbara Fredrickson

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30
Q

This research team is famous for describing the Type A personality and investigating its role in heart disease.

A

Friedman and Rosenman

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31
Q

This research team devised the Social Readjustment Rating Scale and studied life change as a form of stress.

A

Holmes and Rahe

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32
Q

This individual showed that everyday hassles can be an important form of stress.

A

Lazarus

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33
Q

This theorist coined the term stress and described the general adaptation syndrome.

A

Selye

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34
Q

Catastrophic Thinking

A

unrealistically pessimistic appraisals of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of one’s problems

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35
Q

Ellis’s view on the causes of emotional distress

A

Events themselves do not cause distress, rather it is caused by the way in which people think about negative events

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36
Q

How can you reduce unrealistic appraisals of stress?

A

You must learn to detect catastrophic thinking and dispute the irrational assumptions that cause it

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37
Q

What percentage of study subjects used humor as a coping mechanism

A

40%

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38
Q

What are three hypothesis regarding humor’s effectiveness as a coping mechanism?

A
  1. It puts a less threatening appraisal on events
  2. It increases the experience of positive emotions
  3. High-humor people do not take themselves as seriously as low-humor people do
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39
Q

The Medical Model

A

Proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease

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40
Q

Pathology

A

Refers to manifestations of disease

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41
Q

Why do some critics argue that the Medical Model has outlived its usefulness?

A

They argue that the Medical Model pins a social stigma against those with abnormal behavior. They are viewed as erratic, dangerous, incompetent, and inferior.

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42
Q

Has stigma regarding mental disorders decreased, increased, or stayed the same?

A

It has largely stayed the same and may even have increased

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43
Q

Thomas Szasz

A

He is a critic of the medical model. He asserts that disease or illness can only affect the body, hence there can be no mental illness. He argues that abnormal behavior requires deviance from social norms, and so the medical model’s disease analogy converts moral and social questions into medical ones.

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44
Q

Diagnosis

A

Distinguishing one illness from another

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45
Q

Etiology

A

The apparent causation and developmental history of the illness

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46
Q

Prognosis

A

A forecast about the probable course of the illness

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47
Q

The three main criteria of abnormal behavior

A
  1. Deviance
  2. Maladaptive behavior
  3. Personal Distress
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48
Q

Deviance as a criteria of abnormal behavior

A

Their behavior deviates from what society considers acceptable. This varies from culture to culture

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49
Q

Maladaptive Behavior as a criteria of abnormal behavior

A

Proper are judged to have a psychological disorder if their everyday adaptive skills are impaired

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50
Q

The key criterion of abnormal behavior in the diagnosis of drug or substance disorders

A

Maladaptive behavior: when the use of drugs begins to interfere with everyday life.

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51
Q

Personal distress as a criteria for psychological disorders

A

A person’s individual report of their own great personal distress, especially for anxiety and depression

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52
Q

Value Judgement

A

An assessment of good or bad depending on one’s priorities

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53
Q

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

A

The DSM is a multiaxial system of classification of mental disorders

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54
Q

On the DSM, which axis contains the most types of disorders?

A

Axis I

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55
Q

What is Axis II on the DSM used for?

A

Listing long-running mental disorders and mental retardation

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56
Q

On which two DSM Axes are mental disorders mainly listed and patients diagnosed?

A

Axes I and II

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57
Q

What is Axis III of the DSM used for?

A

General Medical Conditions: physical disorders

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58
Q

What is DSM Axis IV used for?

A

Psychosocial and Environmental Problems: the clinician makes notations regarding the patient’s stress experienced in the past year

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59
Q

What is DSM Axis V used for?

A

Global Assessment Functioning: Estimates are made of the individual’s current level of adaptive functioning (in social and occupational behavior as a whole) and of the individual’s highest level of functioning in the previous year.

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60
Q

What is one of the biggest issues regarding the DSM?

A

Should it reduce commitment to the categorical approach?

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61
Q

Comorbidity

A

The coexistence of two or more disorders. There are concerns that widespread comorbidity may not be indicative of separate diagnoses, but may be symptoms or variations of the same disorder

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62
Q

The dimensional vs. categorical approach in DSM

A

The categorical approach places people with mental disorders into distinct discontinuous categories. The dimensional approach views the degree to which people exhibit certain characteristics and measures their scores on a limited number of continuous dimensions.

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63
Q

The problem with switching to a dimensional approach from a categorical one in DSM

A

It is a highly formidable task and there is little agreement

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64
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population

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65
Q

Prevalence in Epidemiology

A

Refers to the the percentage of a population that exhibit a disorder during a specified time period

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66
Q

Lifetime Prevalence in Epidemiology

A

The percentage of people who endure a specific disorder at any time in their lives

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67
Q

In the 1980s and 1990s what portion of the population was found to have a psychological disorder?

A

1/3

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68
Q

The most recent large-scale epidemiological study estimated the lifetime risk of a psychiatric disorder to be ___%

A

51

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69
Q

The Three most common psychological disorders

A
  1. Substance abuse (most)
  2. Anxiety disorders
  3. Mood disorders
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70
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

A class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety

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71
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Marked by a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat

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72
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of GAD?

A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder has a lifetime prevalence of 5%-6% and is more frequently seen in females

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73
Q

Phobic Disorder

A

is marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger. Mild phobias are common. It is only said to be a disorder when it interferes with social behavior

74
Q

The physical symptoms that accompany phobic disorders

A

symptoms of anxiety, including trembling and heart palpitations

75
Q

Acrophobia

A

Fear of heights

76
Q

Claustrophobia

A

Fear of small enclosed places

77
Q

Brontophobia

A

Fear of Storms

78
Q

The most lifetime prevalent phobia

A

Animals

79
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly

80
Q

A common complication of Panic disorders that comes from the fear of the panic attack happening in public to the point that those who suffer it are afraid to leave home

A

Agoraphobia

81
Q

Agoraphobia

A

is a fear of going out to public places (or the marketplace)

82
Q

What proportion of those diagnosed with panic disorder are female?

A

2/3

83
Q

When does the onset of panic disorder begin in life?

A

typically during late adolescence or early adulthood

84
Q

Obsessions

A

Thoughts that repeatedly intrude on one’s consciousness in a distressing way

85
Q

Compulsions

A

Actions one feels forced to carry out

86
Q

OCD

A

is marked by persistent , uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsion)

87
Q

What do obsessions often center on?

A

inflicting harm on others, personal failures, suicide, or sexual acts

88
Q

The most common compulsion of OCD patients

A

The checking compulsion

89
Q

In what percent of the population does OCD occur?

A

2-3%

90
Q

What percent of OCD cases occur before age 30?

A

75%

91
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

A

involves enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major event

92
Q

What percent of people have faced PTSD at some point in their lives?

A

7% – prevalence is twice as high in women than in men

93
Q

One key predictor of vulnerability to PTSD

A

The intensity of one’s reaction at the time of the traumatic event. Those who are especially emotional during or immediately after the event shoe elevated vulnerability to PTSD later on. It is strongest in those who have disassociative experiences (they believe they are watching a movie, or that time is stretching out in the experience)

94
Q

The main factors in the etiology of anxiety disorders

A

Biological factors, conditioning, cognitive factors, and stress

95
Q

Concordance Rates

A

To assess the impact of heredity on psychological disorders, investigators use concordance rates, or the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder

96
Q

What percentage of infants display inhibited temperament?

A

15%-20%

97
Q

Anxiety Sensitivity

A

Some people are highly sensitive to the internal psychological symptoms of anxiety, making them more vulnerable to anxiety disorders

98
Q

The role of therapeutic drugs in creating anxiety disorders

A

They alter neurotransmitter activity at GABA synapses, possibly playing a role in the development of anxiety disorders

99
Q

Abnormalities in serotonin have been implicated in ___ disorders

A

obsessive compulsive

100
Q

The role of conditioning and learning in the development of anxiety disorders

A

Classical conditioning may lead to anxiety disorder acquisition which is maintained my operant conditioning

101
Q

The tendency to develop certain types of object or situational phobias may be explained by preparedness, which is

A

the idea that people are biologically prepared by their evolutionary history to acquire some fears much more easily than others

102
Q

The development of phobias is dependent on _____ interactions among a variety of learned processes

A

synergistic

103
Q

What three cognitive factors may make people more vulnerable to suffering from anxiety?

A
  1. misinterpretation of harmless situations as threatening
  2. Focusing excessive attention on perceived threats
  3. Selectively recalling information that seems threatening
104
Q

Disassociative Disorders

A

are a class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity

105
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

A sudden loss of memory or important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting

106
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

People lose their memory for their entire lives along with their sense of personal identity

107
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

involves the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities. It used to be called multiple personality disorder (and still is informally used)

108
Q

Mood Disorder

A

A class of disorders marked by emotional disturbances of varied kinds that may spill over to disrupt physical, perceptual, social, and thought processes

109
Q

The difference between unipolar and bipolar disorder

A

People with unipolar disorder tend to suffer from bouts of depression only, whereas those with bipolar disorder experience both manic and depressive episodes

110
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

people show persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure.

111
Q

A Central Feature of Depression is Anhedonia

A

a diminished ability to experience pleasure

112
Q

What are two possible other disorders that tend to accompany Major Depressive Disorder?

A

Anxiety disorders and substance use disorders

113
Q

When in life does depression typically occur?

A

Before age 40

114
Q

For what percentage of cases do people with depression experience more than one episode in their lifetime?

A

75%-90%

115
Q

What is the average number of depressive episodes in life?

A

5-6

116
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence estimate of the existence of depressive disorders?

A

13%-14%

117
Q

How much more frequently does depression occur in women than in men

A

twice as much

118
Q

Do genetics play a role in the gender gap in depression

A

It does not appear so

119
Q

Susan Nolen-Hoeksema

A

She argues that women experience more depression than men because they are far more likely to be victims of sexual assault, somewhat more likely to endure poverty, sexual harassment, role constraints, and pressure to be attractive and thin.

120
Q

The formal term for bipolar disorder

A

Manic-Depressive Disorder

121
Q

Manic Depressive Disorder

A

a.k.a. bipolar disorder, it is characterized by the experience of one or more manic episodes as well as periods of depression

122
Q

Characteristics of manic periods in bipolar disorder

A

self-esteem skyrockets, optimism, energy, and extravagant plans, days without sleep, judgment impaired, talking rapidly, changes in subject, gambling, spending, and reckless sexual activities

123
Q

What percent of the population is affected by bipolar disorders?

A

1%

124
Q

What is the gender gap in bipolar disorder?

A

There is none, as it appears equally in males and females

125
Q

What is the age of onset for manic depressive disorder?

A

Late teens

126
Q

How long do bipolar episodes last?

A

typically 4 months

127
Q

How many deaths does suicide cause annually?

A

30,000

128
Q

What percentage of those who complete suicide suffered from a mental disorder?

A

90%

129
Q

What percentage of those who completed suicide suffered from a mood disorder?

A

60%

130
Q

Suicide Prevention Tips

A
  1. Take suicide talk seriously
  2. Provide empathy and social support
  3. Identify and Clarify the crucial problem
  4. Do not promise to keep suicidal ideation a secret
  5. Do not leave the person alone in an acute crisis
  6. Encourage professional consultation
131
Q

Correlations have been found between mood disorders and abnormal levels of which two key neurotransmitters in the brain?

A

norepinephrine and serotonin

132
Q

Low levels of which neurotransmitter appear to be an underlying factor in depression?

A

low levels of serotonin

133
Q

What is the best documented correlation between depression and a part of the brain?

A

the reduced hippocampal volume. It is 8-10% smaller in depressed subjects

134
Q

The Hippocampus

A

Known to play a major role in memory consolidation

135
Q

Describe the link between the HPA Axis and Depression

A

One of the brain-body pathways runs from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland to the adrenal cortex which releases corticosteroids (HPA Axis). Overactivity along this HPA Axis may play a role in the development of depression. It may trigger Neurogenesis suppression

136
Q

Learned Helplessness and Researcher

A

Martin Seligman proposed that depression is caused by passive “giving up”produced by exposure to unavoidable events

137
Q

Retrospective Design and its flaw

A

Looking backward in time from known outcomes. You cannot determine which variable preceded the other.

138
Q

Prospective Design and its flaw

A

Testing hypotheses forward in time, as opposed to retrospective. They are difficult and time-consuming, however they can provide more causation

139
Q

What could be an interpersonal cause of depression?

A

Depression-prone people lack the social finesse needed to acquire important reinforcers, like good friends, top jobs, and desirable spouses

140
Q

Do the majority of people experiencing severe stress also experience severe depression?

A

No

141
Q

Schizophrenic Disorders

A

A class of disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior.

142
Q

Disturbed ___ lies at the heart of schizophrenic disorders, while disturbed ___ lies at the heart of mood disorders

A

thought; emotion

143
Q

The common symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Delusions, Irrational Thought, Deterioration of Adaptive Behavior, Hallucinations, and Disturbed emotion

144
Q

Delusions

A

False beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality

145
Q

Delusions of Grandeur

A

People maintain they are famous or important when they are not

146
Q

What percent of schizophrenic patients have auditory hallucinations?

A

About 75%

147
Q

Hallucinations

A

Sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real, external stimulus or are gross distortions of perceptual input

148
Q

The three subtypes of Schizophrenia

A

Paranoid, Catatonic, Disorganized

149
Q

Paranoid Schizophrenia

A

Dominated by delusions of persecution along with delusions of grandeur

150
Q

Catatonic Schizophrenia

A

Marked my striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity

151
Q

Disorganized Schizophrenia

A

A particularly severe deterioration in maladaptive behavior is seen

152
Q

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

A

Idiosyncratic mixtures of schizophrenic symptoms. This is for those who do not fit into the other three subtypes neatly

153
Q

Nancy Andreasen

A

Proposed a new way of looking at schizophrenia subtypes, focusing on positive and negative, rather than on the paranoid, catatonic, and disorganized subtypes

154
Q

Only ___% of patients enjoy full recovery

A

20%

155
Q

The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

A

Excess dopamine activity in the brain in the neurochemical basis for schizophrenia

156
Q

A long-term study in Germany regarding Cannabis use found that controlling for several environmental factors, Cannabis use generally ___ the risk of psychotic disturbance

A

doubled

157
Q

In Schizophrenic patients, there is sometimes a reduction in gray and white brain matter. What could this be indicative of?

A

Loss of synaptic density and myelinization

158
Q

The Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

A

Schizophrenia is caused in part by various disruptions in the normal maturation processes in the brain before or at birth

159
Q

Expressed Emotion

A

is the degree to which a relative of a patient displays highly critical or emotionally overinvolved attitudes toward the patient.

160
Q

Personality Disorders

A

are a class of disorders marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning

161
Q

The Three Clusters of personality disorders

A

anxious-fearful, odd-eccentric, and dramatic-impulsive

162
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

Excessively sensitive to potential rejection, humiliation, or shame; socially withdrawn in spite of desire for acceptance

163
Q

Dependent Personality Disorder

A

Lacking in self-reliance and self-esteem; passively allowing others to make decisions; subordinating own needs to others

164
Q

OCPD

A

Preoccupied with organization, rules, lists, and trivial details; extremely conventional, serious, and formal; unable to express warm emotions

165
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A

Defective in capacity for forming social relationship; showing absence of warm, tender feelings for others

166
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

Showing social deficits and oddities of thinking, perception, and communication that resemble schizophrenia

167
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A

Showing pervasive and unwarranted suspiciousness and mistrust; overly sensitive; prone to jealousy

168
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A

Overly dramatic; exaggerating emotions; egocentric, seeking attention

169
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A

Grandiose self-importance, preoccupied with success fantasies; expecting social treatment; lacking interpersonal empathy

170
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

Unstable self-image, mood, and interpersonal relationships; impulsive and unpredictable

171
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

Chronically violating the rights of others, failing to accept norms, to form attachments, or sustain consistent work behavior; exploitive and reckless

172
Q

Insanity

A

is a legal status indicating that a person cannot be held responsible for his or her actions because of mental illness.

173
Q

M’naghten Rule

A

insanity exists when a mental disorder makes a person unable to distinguish right from wrong

174
Q

Involuntary Commitment

A

people are hospitalized in psychiatric facilities against their will

175
Q

On what grounds will a court decide on involuntary commitment for a convicted person?

A

If professional and legal authorities believe that the person is
1. dangerous to themselves
2. dangerous to others
3. unable to provide for their own basic care
assuming they have a mental illness

176
Q

The Realistic View of Mental Illness

A

They believe that the criteria for mental illness varies across cultures

177
Q

Eating Disorders

A

are severe disturbances in eating behavior characterized by preoccupation with weight and unhealthy efforts to control weight.

178
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

involves intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image, refusal to maintain normal weight, and use of dangerous measures to lose weight.

179
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

involves habitually engaging in out-of-control overeating followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts, such as self-induced vomiting, fasting, abuse of laxatives and diuretics, and excessive exercise.

180
Q

Binge-Eating Disorder

A

involves distress-inducing eating binges that are not accompanied by the purging, fasting, and excessive exercise seen in bulimia.

Psychology (5 decks)

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