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PSYCH 110 > PSYCH 110 Exam 3 (Chp. 9 and 13) > Flashcards

PSYCH 110 Exam 3 (Chp. 9 and 13) Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

habitual ways in which an individual responds to the environment that differs across individuals and are relatively consistent across time

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2
Q

What are the “building blocks” of personality?

A

trait theories

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3
Q

What do biological theories of personality address?

A

if we differ due to physiological differences

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4
Q

What do developmental theories of personality address?

A

if we differ due to distinct early childhood experiences

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5
Q

Types of Development Theories of Personality

A

Freudian, Attachment, and Social Learning

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6
Q

What do humanist theories of personality address?

A

if we differ due to choices and goals as we pursue our potential

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7
Q

Trait

A

characteristic and stable pattern of thought, feeling, or behavior; building block of personality (structuralist notion)

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8
Q

Big 5 Traits

A

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

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9
Q

Examples of “openness to experience”

A

imaginative vs down-to-earth; variety vs routine; independent vs conforming

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10
Q

Examples of “conscientiousness”

A

organized vs disorganized; careful vs careless; self-disciplined vs weak-willed

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11
Q

Examples of “extraversion”

A

social vs retiring; fun-loving vs sober; affectionate vs reserved

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12
Q

Examples of “agreeableness”

A

softhearted vs ruthless; trusting vs suspicious; helpful vs uncooperative

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13
Q

Examples of “neuroticism”

A

worried vs calm; insecure vs secure; self-pitying vs self-satisfied

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14
Q

What is significant about the Big 5?

A

it’s a descriptive model of personality we use to describe others and ourselves (specifically if we don’t know the other person well)

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15
Q

Is the using the Big 5 universal?

A

yes; the tendency to describe people using the big 5 is universal across cultures; everyone seems to think these are important things to know about each other (possible these are characteristic ways people differ that are important for social interactions)

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16
Q

Analogue

A

using the same dimensions to quickly describe someone’s appearance (height, weight, hair color, etc.)

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17
Q

What’s a sixth trait that appears in many East and South Asian countries?

A

Honesty/Humility

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18
Q

Temperament

A

differences in emotional responding that vary across individuals and have a biological basis

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19
Q

Characteristics of temperament

A

widely studied; highly heritable; measured in infacy

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20
Q

What is inhibited temperament?

A

fear/shyness; can be measured in the womb

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21
Q

T/F: temperament remains stable

A

true; predict parent reports at 3 months, observations at 4 months, and peer and teacher report at age 8 and beyond; ALTHOUGH can change (inhibited can become uninhibited)

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22
Q

What did Eysenck study?

A

differences in extraversion vs introversion due to arousability - also thought to be primary factor in temperament

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23
Q

Extroverts

A

low arousability - they seek external stimulation (e.g., lower heart rate in response to stimulation so seek more)

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24
Q

Introverts

A

high arousability - they avoid external stimulation (e.g., higher heart rate to same stimulation so seek less)

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25
How does the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) relate to extro/introverts?
differences in the two systems can account for why one person may be extroverted while another is introverted
26
BIS>BAS
introverts; more sensitive to punishment than reward
27
BAS>BIS
extroverts; more sensitive to reward than punishment
28
Are the Big 5 traits heritable?
it appears so; identical twins more similar than fraternal twins in Big 5 (can still change w/ environment or over time)
29
Freudian Developmental Focus
personality will be determined by how a child passes through "psychosexual stages"; if a child never passes certain stages while growing up, they'll develop fixations that show up under stress in the future
30
Oral Fixation
if an oral phase (such as weaning) doesn't go well, one may develop an oral fixation as an adult; this may lead adult yo be prone to excessive eating/drinking, etc.
31
Anal Fixation
if something goes wrong during the toilet training phase, an anal fixation may develop when the individual is an adult; this may lead adult to be compulsively neat and precise
32
Phallic Fixation
happens from 3 to 6 years of age; Oedipus or Electra complex - child has a fixation on opposite-sex parent and hates same-sex parent as a result; you overcome complex by wanting to be like same-sex parent; if you never get out of this complex, as an adult you may be uncomfortable in your gender role
33
Was Freud correct?
there is no evidence of Freud's theories; however, psychoanalysis continues to be taught as a therapeutic approach
34
Attachment Theory
bonds between infant and caregiver will influence the individual's interaction with others throughout their lifespan
35
What are attachment styles influenced by?
child temperament and early caregiver behavior
36
Attributes of someone with Secure Attachment Style
comfortable with relationships; easily form relationships, had consistently warm, responsive parenting; 65% of US
37
Attributes of someone with Anxious Attachment Style
want relationships but insecure; unreliable responsive parenting (parent warm when available, but not always available); 10-15% of US
38
Attributes of someone with Avoidant Attachment Style
dismissive of relationships; parent unavailable/unresponsive, child learns to self-soothe; 20-25% of US
39
Explain Ainsworth's Strange Situation Test
children (18 mos.) w/ different attachment styles were put into fun/interesting rooms with their parents; the experiment has three stages: explore, separate, reunite
40
Secure attachment style in Ainsworth Test
explores but still interacts with parent; upset when parent leaves; can be comforted when parent returns
41
Anxious attachment style in Ainsworth Test
clings to parent; upset when parent leaves; cannot be comforted easily when parent returns
42
Avoidant attachment style in Ainsworth Test
ignores parent while there; does not ACT upset when parent leaves (but heart rate increases); does not greet parent upon their return
43
Does attachment theory continue into adulthood and with other relationships?
yes; if parents were loving and responsive as a child, there's an expectancy that partner will also be available, trustworthy, and loving
44
Explain Follow Up Ainsworth Test
brought back old Ainsworth test subjects when they were adults (all female, with their boyfriends); the girls sat in the waiting room with their bfs, the experimenter takes them and tells them they're in a pain study requiring the use of a faulty machine, they send the girls back out to their bfs as they try to fix the machine, and they see how the girls respond.
45
Secure attachment style in follow up study
sought and received comfort
46
Anxious attachment style in follow up study
clingy; not comforted
47
Avoidant attachment style in follow up study
sat further away from partner; did not mention it
48
T/F: attachment emerge primarily under stress
true; it explains why you could not tell the attachment style of any of the participants while they were sitting in the waiting room initially
49
Bandura's Social Learning Theory
personality dispositions are shaped through development by learning experience
50
Modeling (Bandura)
children will imitate the behaviors (e.g., aggressive, sex-typed, polite, etc.) of adults or peers that they see or that they see get rewarded
51
Locus of Control (Bandura)
the extent to which one believes influential forces lie w/in vs outside the individual - internal healthier than external
52
Self-efficacy (Bandura)
beliefs about self's own ability and competence - can be domain specific (e.g., athletics, academics, etc.) - high self efficacy may lead to greater persistence on challenging tasks
53
Humanistic Theories on Personality
doesn't place much emphasis on early childhood; emphasizes free will and growth - individual plays major role in shaping own personality (we differ in what we strive for)
54
Self-actualizing Motive
the process by which people strive to fulfill their individual potential for personal growth through greater self-understanding
55
Maslow's Pyramid
56
What shapes personality according to humanistic theories?
self-congruity
57
Ideal Self
who one HOPES to be
58
Ought Self
who one thinks one SHOULD be (given context/environment you're already in)
59
Actual Self
who one is right now
60
T/F: People are always trying to bring actual self into congruence with the other two
True
61
What does ideal-actual incongruity lead to?
depression
62
What does ought-actual incongruity lead to?
anxiety
63
Even though personality is GENERALLY stable, people's behaviors are rather inconsistent. Why?
situationism
64
Situationism
theory that situational norms determine behavior at any specific time point more than personality does
65
Strong situations (in situationism)
those most likely to determine behavior (job interviews, classrooms, etc.) because the social norms of how to behave in that situation are strong
66
Role of Personality in Strong Situations
67
You are usually a very loud, extroverted person. However, during a funeral you know to be quiet and respectful. What is the funeral acting as in this case?
a strong situation; determines behavior despite your personality
68
Weak Situations (in situationism)
situations with few social norms, so people can behave freely and naturally (parties, parks, hanging out in dorm common room, etc.)
69
Role of Personality in Weak Situations
personality can predict behavior in weak situations
70
Personality vs Situations
situations change across time and single instances of behavior will be predicted by the situation; personality remains stable and can predict behavioral patterns across time

PSYCH 110 (6 decks)

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