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PSYCH 110 > PSYCH 110 Exam 3 (Chp. 15) > Flashcards

PSYCH 110 Exam 3 (Chp. 15) Flashcards

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1
Q

2 Schools of Thought in treating disorders

A

biological/pharmacological; “Talk” therapy and Behavioral therapy; can also create a combination of the two for joint effectiveness

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2
Q

Biological/Pharmacological therapies

A

treatment of disordered “brain”;
most common is drug treatment

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3
Q

“Talk” therapy and Behavioral therapy

A

treatment of disordered “mind”
-several varieties used for different disorders

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4
Q

T/F: There are multiple classes of drugs that alter neurotransmitters

A

true

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5
Q

Antipsychotics for schizophrenia

A

dopamine antagonists –effective for decreasing positive symptoms; older classes of antipsychotics have side effects like motor tics, pseudo Parkinsons, lethargy – not a problem with newer classes

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6
Q

Antidepressants for depression

A

target serotonin, norepinephrine and/or dopamine (most common, serotonin =SSRIs); takes weeks to go into effect; side effects: weight gain, loss of sex drive; can be effective but psychologists don’t quite know why or for who; keep serotonin floating in synapses for longer

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7
Q

Anti-depressants are also potentially useful in treating what?

A

OCD; it’s utilized in OCD treatment and there’s been recent research on supplementing anti-depressants with anti-inflammatory OCD drugs

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8
Q

What can treat bipolar disorder (mania)?

A

lithium and atypical antipsychotics - compliance can be challenging (getting patients to take them is difficult)

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9
Q

Anti-anxiety drugs for anxiety disorders

A

GABA agonists – may be addictive, most useful for short term therapy, paired with behavioral therapy. Long term use recently linked to risk for Alzheimer’s

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10
Q

Examples of medication in substance use disorders

A

methadone for opioid use disorder; nicotine replacement therapy for quitting smoking

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11
Q

Standard Treatment for all listed disorders

A

psychopharmacology; most successful when complemented by cognitive, behavioral, or other types of therapy

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12
Q

New Depression Treatments

A

ketamine, psilocybin, and anti-inflammatory drugs

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13
Q

Ketamine (as a depression treatment)

A

infusions result in rapid effects (though wear off quickly); fewer side effects than SSRIs; works through glutamate; FDA approved

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14
Q

Psilocybin (as a depression treatment)

A

still being explored; also works on glutamate and may be longer lasting; NOT FDA approved yet

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15
Q

New Biological Approaches to Treatment

A

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) and deep brain stimulation

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16
Q

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

A

it over the left frontal regions has been studied as potential treatment for depression

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17
Q

Deep brain stimulation

A

of the caudate nucleus has been successful in treating
treatment resistant in severe OCD

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18
Q

Types of Talking Cure Approaches

A

Freudian psychoanalysis; client centered/humanist; cognitive therapies

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19
Q

What’s the Freudian/psychoanalysis assumption of talk therapy?

A

source of problems is an unconscious conflict; people don’t know where their issues are coming from because they occur mainly in dreams

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20
Q

“Insight” therapy

A

Freudian; stereotypical therapy (long chair w/ therapist behind you); verbal interactions between therapist and client designed to enhance self-knowledge and produce psychological change

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21
Q

Purpose of Insight Therapy

A

to discover unconscious conflicts and motives that are causing symptoms

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22
Q

How does Insight Therapy go about fulfilling its purpose?

A

free association and dream analysis (therapist looks for slips of the tongue or dream symbols) taps the unconscious; often old relationships reenacted in transference to therapist; therapist seen as having all the answers, does all interpretation

23
Q

Is Insight therapy helpful?

A

Found to be relatively ineffective in treating mental disorders?

24
Q

What’s the Client-centered/humanist assumption of talk therapy?

A

client can heal themselves with support and
assistance in clarifying their own thoughts

25
Q

Purpose of Client Centered (Rogerian therapy)

A

lead to self awareness and self acceptance

26
Q

How does Rogerian Therapy go about fulfilling its purpose?

A

client paced conversations about troubling issues in their lives (therapist reflects back what client said to enable clarification); therapist tries to provide supportive, empathic atmosphere - exhibits unconditional positive regard for client; client seen as having all the answers, therapist there in a supporting role to help client understand own feelings

27
Q

Is Rogerian therapy hepful?

A

potentially useful in temporary stressors/coping (e.g., divorce, loss of loved one, etc.)

28
Q

What’s the Cognitive therapies assumption of talk therapy?

A

source of problem is unhelpful/unhealthy patterns of
thinking that can be changed (with CBT also emphasis on adding better coping behaviors)

29
Q

Purpose of Cognitive/Rational Emotive (Beck, Ellis)

A

purpose of both styles is to lead to rational thoughts and perceptions of self and problems

30
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A

GENTLE CHANGE, therapist warm and non-confrontational, gives homework assignments to help client restructure beliefs

31
Q

Rational/Emotive Therapy

A

therapist assertively CONFRONTS “irrational” beliefs

32
Q

How does both Cognitive and Rational/Emotive Therapy go about fulfilling its purpose?

A

clients in both are asked to pay attention to “automatic thoughts” and taught to replace maladaptive thoughts with more adaptive patterns; clients and therapists share control; often combined with behavioral therapy/training to learn new behaviors and
coping skills (CBT)

33
Q

Is CBT helpful?

A

CBT has the strongest evidence of any therapy in terms of effectiveness for depressive disorders, especially effective when combined with medication

34
Q

How would changing thoughts/cognition alter
depression?

A

depressive attributional style reflects and encourages
feelings of learned helplessness (e.g., bad things happen to me that are out of my control); but, can change automatic thoughts/explanation of events; Probing and questioning automatic interpretations of events, and replacing them with more rational thoughts as well as changing behavior to try to change future outcomes will lead to diminished sense of hopelessness

35
Q

Assumption of Behavior Therapy

A

clients best served when focus on behavioral symptom,
not on thought that leads to it. Used most often for specific anxiety (e.g., simple phobia), OCD, and social skills training. Assumes all behaviors can be learned or unlearned

36
Q

Systematic desensitization for phobia treatment

A

example of behavior therapy; reduces phobic or anxious responses through progressive counterconditioning (anxiety hierarchy, deep relaxation training, association of events in hierarchy with relaxation, confrontation of actual stimulus while relaxing-staring on low hierarchy)

37
Q

Flooding

A

behavior therapy that makes person face their fear at a high level, assuming doing so will break the great terror; safely confront a feared stimulus
that is high on the anxiety hierarchy for phobias,
can be a faster treatment for phobia

38
Q

Exposure

A

for OCD; clients face their anxiety and learn to cope without the ritual; a type of CBT that includes exposure plus coping skills designed for response prevention (to stop compulsions) shown to be effective in reducing the intrusive thoughts and anxiety they produce

39
Q

What are flooding and exposure treatment paired with?

A

they’re unpleasant forms of treatment due to the high level of anxiety they produce, so they may be combined with low-dose anti-anxiety drugs first

40
Q

Observational Training

A

relies on observational learning to encourage behaviors that enhance social skills, self-care tasks, communication skills, etc.

41
Q

Where can observational training be used?

A

Used successfully in schizophrenia for social skills and
self care (as complement to medication); been used for social anxiety, especially in children; effective in substance use as well (social support combined with learning alternative coping skills to replace substance use)

42
Q

How does observational training play out?

A

clients use “role models” and try to mimic their
behavior through role play and practice; reinforced/praised/rewarded when they succeed

43
Q

How effective are treatments for mental disorders?

A

Long term follow up studies show improvement of treated patients roughly 60-70% of the time compared to patients who received no/placebo treatment

44
Q

T/F: Depression and Anxiety disorders are both particularly unsuccessful in remitting after treatment

A

false;

45
Q

How can talk therapy be helpful?

A

a caring therapist (rapport), and expertise in the targeted treatment of either disordered thought (e.g., CBT for depression) or behavior (e.g., systematic desensitization for phobia); need BOTH rapport
and expertise for maximum success

46
Q

What disorder is best treating by treatment combining?

A

depression; combining talk therapy, pharmacology/biological remedies, and natural treatments (e.g., exercise), are best for depression

47
Q

What does our evolutionary heritage tell us we as humans need?

A

light/sun, sleep, movement, and social connection to be physically and mentally healthy

48
Q

T/F: positive psychology notes that mental health is MORE than just the absence of mental illness

A

true

49
Q

What does positive psychology study?

A

the predictors of high levels of psychological well-being–what allows humans to thrive?; behavioral and cognitive interventions to encourage well-being

50
Q

How much control do you have over your well-being?

A

40% of overall well-being is due to intentional activities (the choices in how you spend your time)

51
Q

What predicts everyday happiness as well AND long term life satisfaction?

A

two biggest predictors are: spending time with people you love (satisfying social relationships are strongest predictor of life satisfaction) and feeling like the way you spend your time has a broader meaning (pursuing goals you think are important and are aligned with your values)

52
Q

Two things that DON’T predict happiness or life satisfaction very well?

A

material wealth and occupational success/status/prestige

53
Q

T/F: materialism in POSITIVELY correlated with happiness

A

false

PSYCH 110 (6 decks)

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