PSYCH 105 Midterm 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is Personality?
A
Distinctive enduring ways of thinking, feeling and acting that characterize a persons’ response to situations
2
Q
What is your Identity?
A
You are like no one else
3
Q
Internal causes of identity:
A
Inside you, not the environment
4
Q
What is organized identity?
A
The pattern fits together and has meaning
5
Q
What are the behaviours that are attributed to personality?
A
Components of identity
Perceived internal cause
Perceived organization and structure
Behaviours reflect ones identity
6
Q
What is the Psychodynamic Approach to Personality?
A
Looking for the causes of behaviour in a dynamic interplay of inner forces that often conflict with one another
7
Q
What is Freuds’ Psychoanalytic theory of personality?
A
Unconscious part of the mind that has powerful influence on behaviour. Physical symptoms appear without physical cause. (ID)
8
Q
What is considered “Psychic Energy”
A
Generated by instinctual drives, discharged directly or indirectly
9
Q
What are the 3 mental events of personality? Explain.
A
Conscious: aware of
Preconscious: unaware but can be recalled
Unconscious: wishes, impulses, etc. we are unaware of
10
Q
What takes up the structure of personality?
A
ID
Ego
Superego
11
Q
What is the ID according to Freud?
A
exists totally within the unconscious mind.
Innermost core of personality
the only structure present at birth; the source of all psychic energy no direct contact with reality
functions irrationally
12
Q
What is the “pleasure principle”?
A
The instinctive drive to seek pleasure or avoid pain
Expressed by the ID
Want…Take
13
Q
What is the Ego according to Freud?
A
Functions primarily at the conscious level
Keeps impulses of the ID in control
Delays gratification, imparts self-control
14
Q
What is the reality principle? What operates with this principle?
A
The EGO tests reality to decide when and under what conditions the ID can safely discharge its impulses and satisfy needs
15
Q
What is the Superego according to Freud ?
A
The last personality structure to develop
Moral arm of personality
According to Freud - develops around four to five years old
16
Q
How do the Ego and ID conflict?
A
Anxiety occurs when impulses of the ID threaten to get out of control
17
Q
What are defence mechanisms?
A
A weapon of the Ego
Distorts reality
Operates unconsciously
Are causes of maladaptive behaviour
18
Q
Define maladaptive
A
Behaviours that prevent you from making changes that are in your best interest
Avoidance, withdrawl, aggression
19
Q
What are Freuds’ Stages off Psychosexual Development?
A
Oral (0-2) - Mouth - Weaning
Anal (2-3) - Anus - Toilet training
Phallic (4-6) - Genitals - Resolving Oedipus Complex
Latency (7-puberty) - None - Developing social relationships
Genital (puberty on) - Genitals - Developing mature social and sexual relationships
20
Q
What are the criticisms of the Psychoanalytic theory?
A
Difficult to test
Nonconscious processes have been demonstrated
Concept of childhood sexuality rejected - importance of emotional attachment
21
Q
What is the Neoanalyst perspective on the Psychoanalytic theory?
A
Fails to recognize social & cultural factors. Overemphasized infantile sexuality
Childhood experiences are important but not a sole determinant
22
Q
What is the Neoanalytic approach to personality?
A
Alder - Motivated by social interest, place social welfare above personal interests
23
Q
What is the object-relations approach to personality?
A
Mental representations people form of themselves become working models to interpret social interaction.
Self-fulfilling prophecies
24
Q
What did Maslow & Rogers identify as motivations for behaviour?
A
Innate tendency towards self-actualization
25
Define Self-Actualization
The total realization of ones' human potential. The individuals' creative potential is inborn and striving
Ultimate human need
26
George Kellys' Personal Construct Theory
People form their own unique ideas about how the world works, which they use to interpret situations and interactions.
27
What are personal constructs?
Cognitive categories that sort people and events in ones' life.
The primary basis for individual differences in personality
28
What is Carl Rogers' Self Theory?
An organized and consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself.
Once established - maintained
29
Define self consistency:
Consistency among self-perception
30
Define congruence:
Consistency between self-perceptions and experience
31
What can happen if the experience does not match the self concept?
Healthy individuals modify self-concept (not all people find me good)
Or individuals distort reality (they are not smart enough to find me good)
32
What is the level of psychological adjustment?
The degree of congruence between self-concept and experience
33
What is psychological maladjustment ?
Deny or distort reality to be consistent with self-concept
34
What is considered healthy psychological adjustment?
experiences are easily integrated into self-concept
35
What is the "fully functioning self"?
Experiences are integrated with self, having little distortion
36
Define self-esteem:
how positively or negatively we feel about ourselves
37
Those with high self-esteem exhibit:
Fewer interpersonal problems
More capable of forming loving relationships
Achieve at high levels
38
Those with low self-esteem exhibit:
Anxiety
Depression
Poor social relationships & underachievement
39
What is the difference between Unconditional positive regard and Conditional positive regard?
Unconditional positive regard is independent of behaviour
Conditional positive regard is dependent upon behaviour and creates conditions of worth by others
40
How does positive self-regard help?
The experience of being understood and valued gives us freedom to grow
41
Describe self-verification
Motivated to confirm self-concept, better recall for more consistent self-descriptions and seeks out self-confirming relationships.
42
What is a disadvantage of the humanistic theories?
too much reliance on self-reports, not very scientific
43
What is factor analysis?
Finding correlations among behaviours.
44
Describe Eysenck's Extraversion-Stability Model
1. Introversion/ extraversion
2. Stability / instability
Various combinations of the two major dimensions of personality combining to more specific traits
45
The Five Factor Model (Big 5):
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
46
The brain of extreme introverts may look like:
over-aroused, minimal stimulation
47
The brain of extreme extroverts may look like:
under-aroused, seek to maximize stimulation
48
How are the traits of stability/instability biologically detected?
Differences in autonomic nervous system arousal
49
How can novelty seeking be biologically seen?
Related to levels of dopamine
50
Are traits and behaviour stable over time?
They show stability and change
Optimism and pessimism often stay stable
51
Why is it difficult to predict behaviour from personality traits?
1. traits interact with other traits
2. importance of trait influences consistency
3. variation in self-monitoring
52
What are the different kinds of self monitors? Explain
High= attentive to situational cues
Low= attentive to internal beliefs
Extreme= very differently in different situations
53
What are the pros and cons of the Evaluating Traits Approach?
Pros - focused attention on value of identifying and measuring personality dispositions
Cons- Describes structure of personality and individual differences; cannot explain underlying psychological mechanisms
54
Albert Bandura and Social Cognitive Theory:
Behaviour is not explained by external and internal factors alone; individual, behaviour and environment are linked
55
Julian Rotter -Explain Expectancy and Reinforcement
Expectancy- likelihood of consequences given behaviour
Reinforcement- how much we desire or dread consequences
Behavior is governed by these 2 factors
56
Describe locus of control
Generalized expectancy, applies to aspects of worldview
57
What is the internal locus of control?
events under our personal control
Those who are more likely to take a role in active social change
Self-determined, seek out information, sense of personal effectiveness
58
What is the external locus of control?
Luck, chance, powerful others
Those who are less resistant to social pressures, give in to powerful others
59
Albert Bandura - Self-Efficacy
The belief about ones' ability to complete a task
60
What are the four influences on self-efficacy?
Performance experiences
Observational learning
Verbal persuasion
Emotional arousal
61
Walter Mischel: The Consistency Paradox. Explain
Level of consistency in ones behaviour is low
62
What is the Cognitive Affective Personality System (CAPS)?
The interplay between personality characteristics and the situation
If.... then .... behaviour consistencies
63
What are the 6 forms of personality assessments?
Personality scales and self-ratings
Responses on projective tests
Psychological measures
Behavioural assessments
Reports and ratings by other people
Interview data
64
What is the MMPI-2
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (10 clinical scales, 3 validity scales)
Measures personality deviations
Aspects of personality in people who do not display disorders
Screening device in industrial, military settings
65
What are projective tests?
Presented with ambiguous stimulus; the interpretation is a projection of inner needs, feelings, and ways of viewing the world
66
What is involved in the Thematic Apperception Test?
Shown ambiguous illustrations and photos
Asked to tell a story
The stories themes are analyzed
67
Match theory with assessment:
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Social-cognitive
Biological
Trait theorists
Psychodynamic: projective techniques
Humanistic: self-report measures
Social-cognitive: behavioural assessments
Biological: physiological measures
Trait theorists: inventories (MMPI, NEO-PI)
68
Name a psychodynamic theorist:
Frued
69
Name a few humanistic theorists:
George Kelly
Carl Rogers
70
Name a few trait and biological theorists:
Cattell
Eysenck
71
Name a few social cognitive theorists:
Julian Rotter
Albert Bandura
Walter Mischel
72
What are the 3 different ways psychologists have viewed stress?
As a stimulus
A response
An organism
73
Describe stressors:
Eliciting stimuli, or events that place strong demands on us
74
What are microstressors?
daily hassles
75
What is considered a catastrophic event?
Occur unexpectedly, affecting a large number of people
76
What are considered major negative events?
Stressful life events (traffic)
77
Describe the stress response appraisal process
1. Primary appraisal: demands of a situation "what do I have to do?"
2. Secondary appraisal: resources available to cope "how can I cope?"
3. Judgements of consequences: What are the costs to me?
4. Personal meaning: what does the outcome imply? "what does this say about my beliefs in myself and the world?"
78
What is General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?
The physiological reaction to prolonged stress
79
What are the three phases in GAS?
1. Alarm reaction: The shift to sympathetic dominance causes increased arousal
2. Resistance: The adrenal glands release epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol to maintain increased arousal
3. Exhaustion: The adrenal glands lose their ability to function properly
80
Who is Selye? Why is his work important?
His work inspired medical and psychological researchers to explore the effects of stress on physical and psychological well-being.
81
List some consequences that stress has on health:
Decrease in immune function
Worsen pre-existing conditions
Stress hormones contribute to blocked arteries
Deterioration of hippocampus and memory impairment
82
How long does it take for stress to affect you physically?
Within 24h
83
What reduces resistance to stress?
Lack of a support network
Poor coping skills
Pessimism
84
What are some protective factors for stress?
Social support - can enhance immune system
Coping skills
Optimism
85
What are the three ways of "hardiness"
Commitment to what they do
Control percieved over the situation - most important
The situation is a challenge not a threat
86
Describe the Type A personality
High levels of competitiveness and ambition
Aggressive and hostile at times
Constant sense of time urgency
Irritable and impatient
87
Describe the Type B personality
relaxed and agreeable
88
What strategy is best when dealing with stress?
Problem focused and seeking social support - no one strategy works for everything
89
What are the three classes of coping with stress?
Seeking social support
Emotion-focused coping
Problem-focused coping
90
What approach of coping to males typically prefer?
Problem-focused
91
What approach to coping to women favor?
emotion-focused
92
What are considered health enhancing behaviours?
Serve to maintain or increase health - exercise, healthy diets, safe sex, medical check ups, self exams
93
What are considered health-compromising behaviours?
Promote the development of illness: smoking, fatty diets, a sedentary lifestyle, unsafe sexual activity
94
Describe the Transtheoretical Model
1. Precontemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance
6. Termination
95
What are the four basic features of prevention programs?
Education
Motivation
Specific guidelines
Support
96
According to WHO, how many deaths per year are due to alcohol?
3 million
97
What is the estimated cost of substance use in Canada ?
$38.4 billion
98
What are some causes of a relapse?
Insufficient coping skills
Lack of self-efficacy
Expected positive benefit from substance
99
What is the abstinence violation effect?
Self blame and guilt reinforces helplessness
100
What is the goal of harm reduction?
Not to eliminate behaviour but to reduce its harmful effects
101
What is motivational interviewing? (treatment and prevention)
Lead person to their own conclusion
Question discrepencies between current state and self-image
Provide guidance and feedback
102
What are multimodal treatment approaches ?
A combination of different techniques
103
Describe positive psychology (martin seligman)
Uses the scientific method
Focuses on positive experience and well-being
This does not mean that psychology should ignore negative experience
104
What are the six measures of abnormality?
1. personal values of dr
2. cultural expectations of current culture
3. expectations from cultural origin
4. general assumption of human behavior
5. statistical deviation from the norm
6. harmffulness, suffering, impairment
105
What is Social Constructs' 3D's?
Distressing
Dysfunctional
Deviant
106
What was the demonological view?
Abnormal behavior = the result of supernatural forces / possessed by a spirit
Treatment: Trephination - hole in the skull
107
Who is Francisco de Goya?
His painting reflects the widespread belief that disordered people were possessed by the devil. Sabbath portrays the weekly gathering of Satan and the witches he possessed
108
What is the Diathesis-Stress Model?
Each of us have some degree of vulnerability for developing psychological disorder, given sufficient stress.
Vulnerability factors + stressors = psychological disorders
109
What two things are needed when diagnosing psychological disorders?
Reliability
Validity
110
Name the 5 Axis of the DSM-5
Axis 1: Clinical Symptoms
Diagnosis (depression, schizophrenia, social phobia)
Axis 2: Developmental and Personality Disorders
Eg. Autism, mental retardation
Personality disorders
Long lasting and encompass ways of interacting with the world (paranoid, antisocial, borderline)
Axis 3: Physical Conditions
Eg. Brain injury or HIV/AIDS that can result in symptoms of mental illness
Axis 4: Severity of Psychosocial Stressors
Eg. Death of a loved one, starting a new job, college, unemployment, marriage
Axis 5: Highest Level of Functioning
Level of functioning both at present time and highest level within the previous year
111
What are the 6 personality trait dimensions for personality disorders?
Negative emotionality
Schizotypy
Disinhibition
Introversion
Antagonism
Compulsivity
112
What issues can occur with diagnostic labeling?
Individual may accept new expected identity role and outlook
113
Definition of anxiety disorder
frequency and intensity of responses are out of proportion to situations. Interferes with daily life
114
Describe phobic disorder
Strong, irrational fears of objects or situations: most develop during childhood, adolescence and young adulthood
Seldom go away on their own: can intensify over time
115
What are the most common phobias in western society?
Agoraphobia: fear of open spaces, public places
Social phobias: fear of certain situations
Specific phobias: fear of specific objects such as animals or situations
116
What % of the population 15-45 years has generalized anxiety disorders?
5%
117
What % of the pop has panic disorders?
3.5%
118
Describe the Executive Dysfunction Model (OCD)
problem with impulse control and behavioral inhibition. Involvement of prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus
119
Describe the Modulatory Control Model (OCD)
dysfunction in orbitofrontal cortex and associated areas
120
Describe panic attacks
Panic attacks depict a process in which normal manifestations of anxiety are appraised catastrophically, ultimately resulting in a full-blown panic attack
1. Eliciting stimuli (internal or external)
2. Physiological responses: increased heart rate, dizziness, breathlessness, muscle tension
3. Catastrophic appraisals: “I’m losing it” “I’m having a heart attack” “I’m going to die”
121
Describe Anorexia Nervosa
Intense fear of being fat
Severely restrict food intake
90% are female
A potentially life-threatening disorder
122
Describe Bulimia Nervosa
Binge and purge
90% are female
123
What are the personality characteristics of someone with anorexia vs bulimia?
Anorexics- abnormally high achievement standards
Bulimics- depression & anxious
124
Describe Depression, Major depression and Dysthymia
Depression: Clinical depression- frequency, intensity, duration of symptoms is out of proportion to situation
Major depression: unable to function effectively
Dysthymia: Chronic disruption of mood
125
What are the somatic symptoms of depression?
Loss of appetite
Lack of energy
Sleep difficulties
Weight loss / gain
126
How likely is it that those born after the 60s have depression?
10 times
127
Biological factors to mood disorders:
Genetic factors
Biochemical differences
Underactivity of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin
128
What % of those with bipolar have a relative with the same diagnosis?
50%
129
What is the depressive cognitive triad?
Negative thoughts concerning:
The world
Oneself
The future
130
Describe 'learned helplessness'
Loss of reinforcement
Depression occurs
Causes loss of social support
Deeper depression
131
How many people commit suicide annually?
500,000
1.4 per minute
4000 per year in Canada
132
What are the three dissociative disorders?
Psychogenic amnesia: selective memory loss following trauma
Psychogenic fugue: loss of all personal identity
Dissociative identity disorder: 2 or more separate personalities
133
Describe the 2 types of schizophrenia
Type 1
Predominance of positive symptoms
Pathological extremes
Delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech and thought
Type 2
Predominance of negative symptoms
Absence of normal reactions
Lack of emotion, expression, motivation
134
What is the difference in a schizophrenic persons' brain?
Atrophy and destruction of neural tissue
One difference between the brains of schizophrenics and non-schizophrenics is enlarged ventricles in the schizophrenic brain
135
What is the social causation hypothesis?
higher levels of stress among low-income
136
What is social drift hypothesis?
As functioning deteriorates - drift down socio-economic ladder
137
Define personality disorders:
Exhibit stable, ingrained, inflexible, and maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
10-15% of adults in the US, Canada, and European countries may have personality disorders
138
Name the 6 personality disorders in the DSM-5
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
139
Describe Antisocial Personality Disorder
The most destructive to society
Exhibit little anxiety or guilt
Tend to be impulsive
Unable to delay gratification of their needs
140
What is the brain difference in someone who is antisocial?
Dysfunction in brain structures that govern self-control and emotional arousal
MRI- differences in prefrontal lobes
Weaker limbic input to frontal cortex
141
Define and describe borderline personality disorder
Instability in behavior, emotion, identity
Emotional dysregulation- inability to control negative emotions
Intense and unstable personal relationships- anger, loneliness, emptiness
Impulsive behavior- running away, promiscuity, drug abuse
142
Over 20% of children aged 2-5 have what diagnosis?
attention deficit
autism disorder
143
Describe Autism Spectrum Disorder
Extreme unresponsiveness to others
Poor communication skills
Lack of social responsiveness
Repetitive and stereotyped behaviors
Some exhibit savant abilities
In 2000, it was estimated that autism affects about one in every 2000 children, 80% boys.
144
Brain difference in Autistic person:
Brains - larger by 5-10%
Abnormal development in cerebellum
145
Brain effects of Alzheimers
60% of dementias
Deterioration in frontal, temporal lobes
Plaques in brain
Destruction of acetylcholine
146
What is a Chromosome?
Molecule of DNA
Contains many genes
147
How many chromosomes are in each cell?
46, 23 pairs
Except egg & sperm
148
what is senile dementia?
dementia that begins after the age of 65
149
What are the 5 therapies for psychological disorders?
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Cognitive
Behavioural
Biological
150
Describe Psychoanalysis
Based on Freudian principles
Help patients achieve insight
151
Describe Free Association
Uncensored conversations
Verbal reports of thoughts, feelings, or images that enter your mind freely
152
What are the two types of transference?
Positive: feelings of affection, dependency, love
Negative: Irrational expressions of anger, hatred, disappointment
153
What are the two brief psychodynamic therapies?
Briefer, more economical: present focused
Interpersonal: focus on current relationships with important people in their lives
154
Describe Humanistic Psychotherapies
Positive psychology - self actualization
The individual takes responsibility for changing
155
Describe client-centred therapy
Carl Rogers
Unconditional positive regard
Empathy
Genuineness
156
Describe the goals and methods of Gestalt therapy
Goal: bring feelings, wishes and thoughts into awareness. Make the client whole again
Methods:
Often in groups
More active and dramatic
Role-play
157
Describe Cognitive Therapy. Who developed it?
Aaron Beck & Albert Ellis
Role of irrational and self-defeating thought patterns
Help clients discover and change cognitions that underlie problems
158
Describe Rational Emotive Therapy (ABCD)
Disputing maladaptive and challenging emotions and behaviours
159
Describe Becks' Cognitive therapy
Irrational beliefs and ideas that need to be reprogrammed. Reaction over situation
160
How to treat Unipolar Depression
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy showed changes in brain function, the limbic system and cortex
161
Describe the goal of Behavior therapy
Maladaptive behaviours are the problem, not a symptom
Behaviours can be changed through classical and operant conditioning, modeling
162
What is Flooding?
Client exposed to fear directly, all at once, for an extended period of time.
163
What is implosion?
Similar to flooding though client imagines anxiety inducing situation
164
What is Systematic Desensitization?
Someone is exposed to an anxiety inducing event in stages while being engaged in some type of relaxation
165
What is in-Vivo desensitization?
controlled exposure to real life phobias
166
What is a token economy?
Tokens given for desirable behaviors
Tokens exchanged for tangible reinforcers
167
What is a good approach for teaching social skills?
Modeling approach, increases self-efficacy
168
Describe Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Focus on mindfulness and to exert control over thoughts and feelings
169
Describe Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Elements of cognitive, humanistic, behavioral, and psychodynamic therapies
used for borderline
170
What 5 things must you evaluate before implementing a psychotherapy?
1. which types of therapy
2. which kinds of therapists
3. which kinds of clients
4. which kinds of problems
5. which kinds of effects
171
What is Spontaneous Remission?
Symptom reduction in absense of treatment
172
APA guidelines for RCT:
procedures must be followed exactly
standardize treatment
sessions taped or observed
not know which condition clients are in
some measures of improvement must be behavioral
need for follow up data
173
What is meta-analysis?
researchers combine statistical results from many studies for an overall conclusion
174
What is Effect Size ?
Percentage of clients receiving therapy that had a more favourable outcome than the control group
175
Describe clinical significance
At the end of therapy, clients seeking treatments' behaviours decreased
176
What are the 3 factors that affect the outcome of therapy?
therapist variables
client variables
techniques
177
Describe the 3 client variables
Openness: willingness to invest in therapy
Self-relatedness: experience and understand internal states, be attuned to processes in relationship with therapist
Nature of problem: Needs to fit the therapy being used
178
What are the therapist variables for successful therapy?
Quality of relationship with the client
179
What are some technique effects involved in therapy outcomes?
Dose-response effort: amount of treatment and quality of outcome
180
What is Psychopharmacology?
The study of how drugs affect cognitions, emotions, behaviour
181
What disorders have the highest prescription rates?
Anxiety, Anti-depressants, Anti-psychotics
182
What are the affects of Tricyclic Antidepressants?
Increase activity of norepinephrine and serotonin
Prevent reuptake of excitatory neurotransmiters
183
What are the effects of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors as Antidepressants? (MOA)
Increase activity of norepinephrine and serotonin
Monoamine oxidase breaks down neurotransmitters
184
Describe the function of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) as Antidepressants?
Block reuptake of serotonin
Milder side effects than other antidepressants
reduce depressive symptoms more rapidly
185
Describe the role of Anti-anxiety drugs?
Reduce anxiety without affecting alertness
Slow down excitatory synaptic activity
Side effects: drowsiness, lethargy, dependence
186
Describe the effects of Antipsychotic Drugs?
Decrease action of dopamine
Reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Little effect on negative symptoms
187
What is Tardive Dyskinesia?
Severe movement disorder
188
What are the effects from Electroconclusive Therapy?
Useful in treating severe depression
60-70% improve
possibility of short term memory loss
189
What is Psychosurgery?
remove or destroy parts of the brain
190
What is a lobotomy ?
Destroy nerve tracts to frontal lobes
191
What is a Cingulotomy?
Cut fibers that connect frontal lobes and limbic system
Useful in depression and OCD
192
What are PET scans?
Psychotherapy and drug therapy effects on brain activity
193
Describe the "revolving door phenomenon"
repeated hospitalizations
large # of disturbed people on the streets
194
When should you seek therapy?
severe emotional discomfort
unable to handle a problem or life transition
past problem worsening or resurfaced
195
Where should you seek therapy?
School counseling
Community agency room
Professional private practice
196
Can defense mechanisms cause maladaptive behavior?
yes
197
Who were the neoanalysists' that disagreed with Frued?
Erik Erickson
aLFRED alDER
Carl Jung
198
How many basic traits of personality are there?
16
199
What is Reciprocal Determinism according to Social Cognitive Theories ?
the person, the persons' behaviour, and the environment all influence each other
200
What are the 6 components of Sytematic Goal Setting?
1. Set specific, behavioural, and measurable goals
2. Set performance, not outcome goals
3. Set difficult but realistic goals
4. Set positive, not negative goals
5. Set short-range as well as long term goals
6. Set definite time spans for achievement
201
Who coined the Consistency Paradox and If... Then... Behaviour Consistencies?
Walter Mischel
202
What is remote behavior sampling?
Researchers and Clinicians can collect samples of behaviour as respondents live their daily lives
203
How did the MMPI-2 develop?
The empirical approach
204
How did the NEO-PI develop?
The rational approach
205
What are some stressor characteristics?
Intensity / Severity
Duration
Predictability
Controllability
Chronicity
206
What are life event scales?
they quantify the amount of stress that a person has experienced over a given period of time
207
Who developed GAS?
Seyle
208
What is the Physiological response to stressors?
Autonomic Arousal and endocrine systems
209
What are vulnerability factors?
Increase peoples' suseptability to stressful events
210
What are the three C's of hardiness?
Committment
Control
Challenge
211
What 3 traits are people with Borderline personality disorder exhibiting?
Negative Emotionality
Schizotypy
Disinhibition
212
What 3 traits are people with Antisocial / Psychopathic personality disorder exhibiting?
Disinhibition
Introversion
Antagonism
213
What 4 symptoms are involved in anxiety disorders?
Emotional symptoms
Cognitive symptoms
Physiological symptoms
Behavioural symptoms
214
Describe GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) the biological explanation for anxiety
Inhibitory transmitter that reduces neural activity in the amygdala and other brain structures
215
According to Freud, when does Neurotic Anxiety occur?
When unacceptable impulses threaten to overwhelm the egos defences and explode action
216
What are the cognitive factors of anxiety?
The role of maladaptive thought patterns and beliefs. People catastophize events
217
How does the behavioral approach view anxiety?
Emotional conditioning
218
What are the 4 major symptoms of depression?
Emotional symptoms
Cognitive symptoms
Motivational symptoms
Somatic symptoms
219
How do psychoanalytic theorists view depression?
Consequence of traumatic losses and rejections early in life that create a personality - vulnerability pattern
220
What are the two major motivations for suicide?
Manipulation and a desire to escape distress
221
Describe Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (conversion disorder)
Paralysis, loss of sensation, or blindness suddenly occur.
222
Describe Dissociative Fugue
profound and rare dissociative disorder where a person looses all sense of personal identity, and establishes a new one
