Psych 105 Flashcards
1
Q
What is hindsight understanding?
A
Relies on explanations after the fact
2
Q
What are Unobtrusive measures
A
recording behaviour in a way that keeps participants unaware that certain responses are being measured
3
Q
What is included in descriptive research?
A
Describes behaviour in natural settings, case studies; naturalistic observation; surveys
4
Q
What are correlational studies?
A
relationship between or among variables
5
Q
What are experimental studies?
A
Cause and effect relationships
6
Q
What are the advantages of case studies?
A
Useful for rare phenomenon, can challenge the validity of theories, Can illustrate effectiveness of programs
7
Q
What are the disadvantages of case studies?
A
Does not determine cause and effect very well, researcher bias
8
Q
What is naturalistic observation?
A
The researcher will observe behaviour as it occurs in its natural setting. Avoids influencing behaviour
9
Q
What are the three components to correlational research?
A
1: the researcher measures one variable
2: the researcher measures a second variable
3: the researcher statistically determines whether the variables are related.
10
Q
Does correlation establish causation?
A
no
11
Q
What is spurious association?
A
3rd variable problem
12
Q
Describe positive correlation
A
as one variable increases so does the other and vice versa. As height increases so does weight
13
Q
Describe negative correlation
A
Variables change in different directions, if one variable increases the other decreases. As number of hours of daylight decreases, number of depression symptoms increase
14
Q
Do scatterplots depict correlation?
A
yes
15
Q
What are the three essential characteristics in an experiment?
A
1: manipulate one variable
2: measure whether this variable produces change in the other
3: control for other factors that may influence results
16
Q
What is the experimental group?
A
The group that receives a treatment
17
Q
What is the control group?
A
Not exposed to treatment (basis for comparison)
18
Q
What is an independent variable?
A
What is being manipulated by the experimenter
19
Q
What is a dependent variable?
A
What is being measured by the experimenter & influenced by the independent variable
20
Q
The descriptive method involves..
A
all variables being measured, in a natural context where extraneous factors are not controlled
21
Q
The experimentation method involves..
A
Independent variables manipulated, typically done in a laboratory, where extraneous factors are controlled
22
Q
What is external validity?
A
The degree to which results of a study can be generalized to other populations
23
Q
What is meta-analysis?
A
A statistical procedure that combines results from multiple studies on the same topic to test the overall significance
24
Q
What are the threats to validity of research?
A
Extraneous variables, placebo effect, experimenter expectancy / bias
25
What is psycholinguistics?
The scientific study of the psychological aspects of language
26
What are semantics?
The meanings of words and sentences
27
What is a syntax?
rules for combination (grammar)
28
What is a phoneme?
The smallest units of sound recognized as separate - from the bottom up
29
What are morphemes?
Breaks down word to meaning - smallest units of meaning
30
What is speech segmentation?
Perceiving where each word within a spoken sentence ends and begins
31
What are pragmatics?
The social context of language
32
What is the function of the Broca's area?
The ability for speech production
33
What is the function of the Wernicke's area?
Speech comprehension - understanding meaning
34
What is Wernicke's Aphasia?
word repetition - word salad
35
What is expressive Aphasia?
Inability to express but able to comprehend
36
What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
Controls the facial muscles / head, speaking words, involved in many aspects of language
37
What are algorithms?
Formulas that automatically generate solutions (math formulas)
38
What are heuristics?
General problem solving - mental shortcuts
39
What is anchoring?
The base sample that other products need to meet the standard of
40
What does mental imagery involve?
Spatial representation, visual scanning tasks
41
What is metacognition?
Knowing your own cognitive abilities
42
What is metacomprehension?
Accuracy of judging what you do and don't know
43
What is metamemory?
Awareness of memory abilities
44
What is the function of the psychometric approach?
To map the structure of intellect and what mental talents underlie in the test performance
45
What is the function of the cognitive processes approach?
Cause and effect - what processes allow you to use skills?
46
What is the g factor?
High mental capacity - easy to learn anything
47
What is s intelligence?
Special abilities and intelligence
48
What are Thurstone's 7 primary abilities?
1: Space- visual sense
2: Verbal comprehension
3: Word fluency
4: Number facility - dealing with numbers
5: Perceptual speed - recognizing visual patterns
6: Rote memory- memorizing
7: Reasoning
49
What is crystalized intelligence?
Applying previously learned knowledge to current problems
50
What is fluid intelligence?
Dealing with new situations without previous knowledge
51
What is the triarchic theory of intelligence?
1- metacomponents
2- performance components
3- knowledge-aquisition components
52
What are Gardeners' Multiple Intelligences?
1- Linguistic
2- Logical / mathematical
3- Visuospatial
4- Musical
5- Bodily kinesthetic
6- Interpersonal
7- Intrapersonal
8- Naturalistic
9- Spiritual
53
What are the four branches of emotion detection
1- perceiving emotion
2- using emotions to facilitate thought
3- understanding emotions
4- managing emotions
54
What are advantages of managing emotions?
Stronger emotional bonds, greater success, less depression
55
What is an aptitude test?
Measure potential for future learning and performance
56
Does intelligence predict lifespan?
Yes
57
Has the brain increased in size?
yes
58
Is intelligence genetically determined?
no, a third is due to environment
59
What IQ score shows that someone is intellectually gifted?
130 or higher, 10% of population
60
What is a "critical period"?
The age in development where experiences must occur
61
What is a "sensitive period"?
The optimal age range of development
62
What occurs during the germinal stage of pregnancy?
The first two weeks - Zygote attaches to uterine wall
63
What occurs during the Embryonic stage of pregnancy?
2nd-8th week - placenta and umbilical cord develop, tube connected neural pathways (spinal cord)
64
What occurs during the fetal stage of pregnancy?
9th - 28 weeks - age of viability
65
What are teratogen causes in pregnancy?
Environmental causes that cause abnormal fetal development; only things that you ingest (smoking, drinking)
66
What are the symptoms of FASD?
Mild to severe cognitive, behavioural, and physical deficits. Some different physical features and underdeveloped brains.
67
What is meant by the term "the amazing newborn"
A newborns world is buzzing, blooming confusion.
68
At what age does phoneme discrimination disappear?
1 year
69
What is the Proximodistal principle?
Development from inner to outer -arms before fingers
70
What is the Cephalocaudal principle?
Development from head to toe
71
At what age is your brain 90% developed?
5 years
72
What is assimilation?
New experiences incorporated into existing ones
73
What is accomodation?
New experiences cause old ones to change
74
What are the stages of Piaget's Stage Theory?
Preoperational, Concrete operational, and Formal operational
75
What occurs during the "preoperational" stage?
ages 2-7, the world is seen symbolically through words and pretend play; childrens' thinking reflects egocentrism
76
What occurs during the "concrete operational" stage?
ages 7-12, easily able to perform basic mental operations; have difficulty with problems that require abstract reasoning
77
What occurs during the "formal operational" stage?
ages 11-12, able to think logically about concrete and abstract problems; form and test hypothesis
78
What is Vygotsky's zone of proximal development?
the difference of what a child can do independently and what they can do with some assistance
79
Is development continuous and gradual or stage-like?
Development is continuous and gradual
80
What is theory of mind?
A persons ability to develop understanding for others mental states. Lying and deception show theory of mind.
81
What is imprinting?
biologically primed form of attachment
82
Harry Harlow theory:
Physical contact with caregivers is more important than nourishment in fostering attachment
83
What are the consequences of attachment
secure infants are better socially adjusted, nonsecure infants have more behavioural problems
84
What are the 2 dimensions of parenting?
Warmth vs. hostility
85
Authoritative parenting:
demanding but caring; good child-parent relationship
86
Authoritarian parenting:
Assertion of parental power without warmth
87
Indulgent parenting:
Warm toward child, but lax in setting limits
88
Neglectful parenting:
Indifferent and uninvolved with child- not warm, no rules of guidance, the most negative developmental outcome
89
What is sex-typing?
Treating others differently based on whether they are male or female
90
What are the stages in Kohlberg's moral development theory?
1: Preconventional reasoning
2: Conventional reasoning
3: Postconventional reasoning
91
What occurs in Kohlberg's stage of Preconventional reasoning?
Judgements of right or wrong based on punishment and reward. Judgements are not based on internalized moral values
92
What occurs during Kohlberg's Conventional stage of reasoning?
Moral judgements based on conformity to expectations of social groups - person adopts others values
93
What occurs during Kohlberg's Postconventional stage of reasoning
Moral judgements are based on general principles of ones conscious. Now part of ones value system
94
Is there neuroscience to moral judgements?
yes, damage to the prefrontal cortex is associated with abnormal judgements of right and wrong
95
Psychological outcomes of puberty:
Effect on mood and behaviour
96
Physical development of young adults:
peak of physical, sexual, and perceptual functioning. Vision, hearing, reaction time and coordination are at peak levels
97
What happens to the brain when entering late adulthood?
We do lose brain tissue, by age 90 about 5-10% loss of brain weight
98
What is involved in adolescent egocentrism?
overestimation of uniqueness of feelings, oversensitivity to social evaluation, flexible creative thinking
99
What is the final stage of cognitive development? What is it's function?
Post-formal operational thinking: allows new and complex ways people can reason logically about opposing points of view.
100
How can you keep high cognitive function in later adulthood?
Use it or lose it
101
What is identity diffusion?
no identity crisis yet; uncommitted to a role
102
What is identity foreclosure?
adopting a role without going through an identity crisis
103
What is identity moratorium?
Current identity crisis; not resolved
104
What is identity achievement?
gone through identity crisis; successfully resolved
105
Ericksons' stages of personality development
1. Intimacy vs. isolation (early adulthood)
2. Generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood)
3. Integrity vs. despair (late adulthood)
106
What occurs during the growth stage of establishing a career?
formation of initial interests
107
What occurs during the exploration stage of establishing a career?
tentative ideas about a preferred career
108
What occurs during the establishment stage of establishing a career?
people begin to make their mark
109
What occurs during the maintenance stage of establishing a career?
careers become more stable
110
What occurs during the decline stage of establishing a career?
investment in work decreases
111
What are Elisabeth Kubler-Ross's stages of dying?
1. denial
2. anger
3. bargaining
4. depression
5. acceptance
112
What is attribution?
perceiving the causes of behaviour
113
What is the primacy effect?
first impressions, initial information may shape how we perceive subsequent information
114
What is the recency effect?
Greater weight to most recent information
115
What are self-fulfilling prophecies?
expectations affect behaviour toward others, causing expected behaviours that confirm our expectations
116
What is the cognitive dissonance theory?
two inconsistent cognitions = cognitive dissonance. Leads to motivation to change one cognition or add new ones
117
Counterattitudinal behaviour:
Inconsistent with ones attitude, produces dissonance
118
The psychodynamic perspective:
causes of behaviour are a dynamic interplay of forces at conflict with one another
119
Frued's Psychoanalytic theory:
Unconscious mind has a powerful influence on behaviour
120
Preconscious:
Unaware but can recall
121
What is the "structure of personality"?
ID, Ego, Superego
122
The ID includes:
Innermost core of personality - exists totally within the unconscious mind.
123
The Ego includes:
Testing reality to decide when and under what circumstances the ID can safely discharge impulses and satisfy needs.
124
The Superego Includes:
Controlling the impulses of the ID with external control. The last personality structure to develop.
125
What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development?
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
126
What is the object relations approach on personality?
Mental representations people form of themselves become working models to interpret social interaction.
127
What is the concept of Self-Actualization?
The total realization of one's human potential
128
What was George Kelly's Personal Construct Theory?
Primary interest was on how people construct reality.
129
Carl Rogers Self Theory:
Self consistency
Congruence - consistency among self and experience
130
What is "Maladjustment" of personality?
Denying or distorting reality to be consistent with self-concept
131
What is considered "healthy adjustment" of personality?
Experiences are easily incorporated into self-concept
132
What is the "fully functioning self"?
Experiences are integrated with self, having little distortion
133
Those with higher self esteem exhibit:
Fewer interpersonal problems
loving relationships
achieve at higher levels
134
Those with low self-esteem exhibit:
Anxiety
Depression
Poor relationships
Underachievement
135
Those with unstable / unrealistically high self-esteem exhibit:
Most problematic
Become aggressive when self-perception is threatened
136
According to Rogers, what are the two kinds of positive regard? explain.
Unconditional: Independent of behaviour
Conditional: dependent on behaviour; measure of worth
137
What is self-verification?
Seeking out things / people that confirm your sense of identity
138
What is self-enhancement?
Tendency to gain and keep a positive image
139
What is factor analysis?
Find correlations among behaviours
140
What are the two dimensions of the extraversion-stability model?
1.Introversion / extroversion
2. Stability / instability
141
What is the 5 factor model? (Big 5 traits)
1. openness
2. conscientiousness
3. extraversion
4. agreeableness
5. neuroticism
142
What biological process is novelty seeking accredited to?
Levels of dopamine
143
What biological process is stability and instability of personality accredited to?
Differences in autonomic nervous system arousal
144
Do traits and behaviour show stability or change over time?
both
145
What is reciprocal determinism - Social Cognitive Theories
The individual and environment are linked.
146
According to Rotter, behaviour is governed by what 2 factors?
Expectancy
Reinforcement
147
What is the "locus of control"?
Generalized expectancy
148
Traits of someone with high internal locus of control:
Self-determined
seek out information
role in social change
149
Traits of someone with high external locus of control:
Less resistant to social pressures
Gives in to powerful others
150
What influences self-efficacy?
Performance experiences
Observational learning
verbal persuasion
emotional arousal
151
The consistency paradox
level of consistency in behaviour is low
152
Evaluation of Social Cognitive Theories
Understanding of internal and external causes
153
What is interjudge reliability?
High level of agreement among observers
154
What are the advantages and disadvantages of personality scales?
Advantage: collects large amounts of data
Disadvantage: does not have high validity
155
Thematic Apperception and Ink blot tests:
Show ambiguous images that are then analyzed to find common themes
156
Psychodynamic theory uses what technique?
projective techniques
157
Humanistic theory uses what technique?
self-report measures
158
Social-cognitive theory uses what technique?
Behavioural assessments
159
Biological theory uses what technique?
physiological measures
160
Trait theory uses what technique?
Inventories (MMPI, NEO-PI)
161
How did Conrad Lorenz apply the phenomenon of imprinting?
He incorporated swans into choreography with dancers by having the swans imprint on the dancers
