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Psych 105 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is hindsight understanding?

A

Relies on explanations after the fact

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2
Q

What are Unobtrusive measures

A

recording behaviour in a way that keeps participants unaware that certain responses are being measured

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3
Q

What is included in descriptive research?

A

Describes behaviour in natural settings, case studies; naturalistic observation; surveys

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4
Q

What are correlational studies?

A

relationship between or among variables

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5
Q

What are experimental studies?

A

Cause and effect relationships

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6
Q

What are the advantages of case studies?

A

Useful for rare phenomenon, can challenge the validity of theories, Can illustrate effectiveness of programs

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7
Q

What are the disadvantages of case studies?

A

Does not determine cause and effect very well, researcher bias

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8
Q

What is naturalistic observation?

A

The researcher will observe behaviour as it occurs in its natural setting. Avoids influencing behaviour

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9
Q

What are the three components to correlational research?

A

1: the researcher measures one variable
2: the researcher measures a second variable
3: the researcher statistically determines whether the variables are related.

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10
Q

Does correlation establish causation?

A

no

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11
Q

What is spurious association?

A

3rd variable problem

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12
Q

Describe positive correlation

A

as one variable increases so does the other and vice versa. As height increases so does weight

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13
Q

Describe negative correlation

A

Variables change in different directions, if one variable increases the other decreases. As number of hours of daylight decreases, number of depression symptoms increase

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14
Q

Do scatterplots depict correlation?

A

yes

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15
Q

What are the three essential characteristics in an experiment?

A

1: manipulate one variable
2: measure whether this variable produces change in the other
3: control for other factors that may influence results

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16
Q

What is the experimental group?

A

The group that receives a treatment

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17
Q

What is the control group?

A

Not exposed to treatment (basis for comparison)

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18
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

What is being manipulated by the experimenter

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19
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

What is being measured by the experimenter & influenced by the independent variable

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20
Q

The descriptive method involves..

A

all variables being measured, in a natural context where extraneous factors are not controlled

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21
Q

The experimentation method involves..

A

Independent variables manipulated, typically done in a laboratory, where extraneous factors are controlled

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22
Q

What is external validity?

A

The degree to which results of a study can be generalized to other populations

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23
Q

What is meta-analysis?

A

A statistical procedure that combines results from multiple studies on the same topic to test the overall significance

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24
Q

What are the threats to validity of research?

A

Extraneous variables, placebo effect, experimenter expectancy / bias

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25
Q

What is psycholinguistics?

A

The scientific study of the psychological aspects of language

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26
Q

What are semantics?

A

The meanings of words and sentences

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27
Q

What is a syntax?

A

rules for combination (grammar)

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28
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

The smallest units of sound recognized as separate - from the bottom up

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29
Q

What are morphemes?

A

Breaks down word to meaning - smallest units of meaning

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30
Q

What is speech segmentation?

A

Perceiving where each word within a spoken sentence ends and begins

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31
Q

What are pragmatics?

A

The social context of language

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32
Q

What is the function of the Broca’s area?

A

The ability for speech production

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33
Q

What is the function of the Wernicke’s area?

A

Speech comprehension - understanding meaning

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34
Q

What is Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A

word repetition - word salad

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35
Q

What is expressive Aphasia?

A

Inability to express but able to comprehend

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36
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

Controls the facial muscles / head, speaking words, involved in many aspects of language

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37
Q

What are algorithms?

A

Formulas that automatically generate solutions (math formulas)

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38
Q

What are heuristics?

A

General problem solving - mental shortcuts

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39
Q

What is anchoring?

A

The base sample that other products need to meet the standard of

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40
Q

What does mental imagery involve?

A

Spatial representation, visual scanning tasks

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41
Q

What is metacognition?

A

Knowing your own cognitive abilities

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42
Q

What is metacomprehension?

A

Accuracy of judging what you do and don’t know

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43
Q

What is metamemory?

A

Awareness of memory abilities

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44
Q

What is the function of the psychometric approach?

A

To map the structure of intellect and what mental talents underlie in the test performance

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45
Q

What is the function of the cognitive processes approach?

A

Cause and effect - what processes allow you to use skills?

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46
Q

What is the g factor?

A

High mental capacity - easy to learn anything

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47
Q

What is s intelligence?

A

Special abilities and intelligence

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48
Q

What are Thurstone’s 7 primary abilities?

A

1: Space- visual sense
2: Verbal comprehension
3: Word fluency
4: Number facility - dealing with numbers
5: Perceptual speed - recognizing visual patterns
6: Rote memory- memorizing
7: Reasoning

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49
Q

What is crystalized intelligence?

A

Applying previously learned knowledge to current problems

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50
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

Dealing with new situations without previous knowledge

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51
Q

What is the triarchic theory of intelligence?

A

1- metacomponents
2- performance components
3- knowledge-aquisition components

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52
Q

What are Gardeners’ Multiple Intelligences?

A

1- Linguistic
2- Logical / mathematical
3- Visuospatial
4- Musical
5- Bodily kinesthetic
6- Interpersonal
7- Intrapersonal
8- Naturalistic
9- Spiritual

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53
Q

What are the four branches of emotion detection

A

1- perceiving emotion
2- using emotions to facilitate thought
3- understanding emotions
4- managing emotions

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54
Q

What are advantages of managing emotions?

A

Stronger emotional bonds, greater success, less depression

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55
Q

What is an aptitude test?

A

Measure potential for future learning and performance

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56
Q

Does intelligence predict lifespan?

A

Yes

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57
Q

Has the brain increased in size?

A

yes

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58
Q

Is intelligence genetically determined?

A

no, a third is due to environment

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59
Q

What IQ score shows that someone is intellectually gifted?

A

130 or higher, 10% of population

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60
Q

What is a “critical period”?

A

The age in development where experiences must occur

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61
Q

What is a “sensitive period”?

A

The optimal age range of development

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62
Q

What occurs during the germinal stage of pregnancy?

A

The first two weeks - Zygote attaches to uterine wall

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63
Q

What occurs during the Embryonic stage of pregnancy?

A

2nd-8th week - placenta and umbilical cord develop, tube connected neural pathways (spinal cord)

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64
Q

What occurs during the fetal stage of pregnancy?

A

9th - 28 weeks - age of viability

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65
Q

What are teratogen causes in pregnancy?

A

Environmental causes that cause abnormal fetal development; only things that you ingest (smoking, drinking)

66
Q

What are the symptoms of FASD?

A

Mild to severe cognitive, behavioural, and physical deficits. Some different physical features and underdeveloped brains.

67
Q

What is meant by the term “the amazing newborn”

A

A newborns world is buzzing, blooming confusion.

68
Q

At what age does phoneme discrimination disappear?

A

1 year

69
Q

What is the Proximodistal principle?

A

Development from inner to outer -arms before fingers

70
Q

What is the Cephalocaudal principle?

A

Development from head to toe

71
Q

At what age is your brain 90% developed?

A

5 years

72
Q

What is assimilation?

A

New experiences incorporated into existing ones

73
Q

What is accomodation?

A

New experiences cause old ones to change

74
Q

What are the stages of Piaget’s Stage Theory?

A

Preoperational, Concrete operational, and Formal operational

75
Q

What occurs during the “preoperational” stage?

A

ages 2-7, the world is seen symbolically through words and pretend play; childrens’ thinking reflects egocentrism

76
Q

What occurs during the “concrete operational” stage?

A

ages 7-12, easily able to perform basic mental operations; have difficulty with problems that require abstract reasoning

77
Q

What occurs during the “formal operational” stage?

A

ages 11-12, able to think logically about concrete and abstract problems; form and test hypothesis

78
Q

What is Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development?

A

the difference of what a child can do independently and what they can do with some assistance

79
Q

Is development continuous and gradual or stage-like?

A

Development is continuous and gradual

80
Q

What is theory of mind?

A

A persons ability to develop understanding for others mental states. Lying and deception show theory of mind.

81
Q

What is imprinting?

A

biologically primed form of attachment

82
Q

Harry Harlow theory:

A

Physical contact with caregivers is more important than nourishment in fostering attachment

83
Q

What are the consequences of attachment

A

secure infants are better socially adjusted, nonsecure infants have more behavioural problems

84
Q

What are the 2 dimensions of parenting?

A

Warmth vs. hostility

85
Q

Authoritative parenting:

A

demanding but caring; good child-parent relationship

86
Q

Authoritarian parenting:

A

Assertion of parental power without warmth

87
Q

Indulgent parenting:

A

Warm toward child, but lax in setting limits

88
Q

Neglectful parenting:

A

Indifferent and uninvolved with child- not warm, no rules of guidance, the most negative developmental outcome

89
Q

What is sex-typing?

A

Treating others differently based on whether they are male or female

90
Q

What are the stages in Kohlberg’s moral development theory?

A

1: Preconventional reasoning
2: Conventional reasoning
3: Postconventional reasoning

91
Q

What occurs in Kohlberg’s stage of Preconventional reasoning?

A

Judgements of right or wrong based on punishment and reward. Judgements are not based on internalized moral values

92
Q

What occurs during Kohlberg’s Conventional stage of reasoning?

A

Moral judgements based on conformity to expectations of social groups - person adopts others values

93
Q

What occurs during Kohlberg’s Postconventional stage of reasoning

A

Moral judgements are based on general principles of ones conscious. Now part of ones value system

94
Q

Is there neuroscience to moral judgements?

A

yes, damage to the prefrontal cortex is associated with abnormal judgements of right and wrong

95
Q

Psychological outcomes of puberty:

A

Effect on mood and behaviour

96
Q

Physical development of young adults:

A

peak of physical, sexual, and perceptual functioning. Vision, hearing, reaction time and coordination are at peak levels

97
Q

What happens to the brain when entering late adulthood?

A

We do lose brain tissue, by age 90 about 5-10% loss of brain weight

98
Q

What is involved in adolescent egocentrism?

A

overestimation of uniqueness of feelings, oversensitivity to social evaluation, flexible creative thinking

99
Q

What is the final stage of cognitive development? What is it’s function?

A

Post-formal operational thinking: allows new and complex ways people can reason logically about opposing points of view.

100
Q

How can you keep high cognitive function in later adulthood?

A

Use it or lose it

101
Q

What is identity diffusion?

A

no identity crisis yet; uncommitted to a role

102
Q

What is identity foreclosure?

A

adopting a role without going through an identity crisis

103
Q

What is identity moratorium?

A

Current identity crisis; not resolved

104
Q

What is identity achievement?

A

gone through identity crisis; successfully resolved

105
Q

Ericksons’ stages of personality development

A
  1. Intimacy vs. isolation (early adulthood)
  2. Generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood)
  3. Integrity vs. despair (late adulthood)
106
Q

What occurs during the growth stage of establishing a career?

A

formation of initial interests

107
Q

What occurs during the exploration stage of establishing a career?

A

tentative ideas about a preferred career

108
Q

What occurs during the establishment stage of establishing a career?

A

people begin to make their mark

109
Q

What occurs during the maintenance stage of establishing a career?

A

careers become more stable

110
Q

What occurs during the decline stage of establishing a career?

A

investment in work decreases

111
Q

What are Elisabeth Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying?

A
  1. denial
  2. anger
  3. bargaining
  4. depression
  5. acceptance
112
Q

What is attribution?

A

perceiving the causes of behaviour

113
Q

What is the primacy effect?

A

first impressions, initial information may shape how we perceive subsequent information

114
Q

What is the recency effect?

A

Greater weight to most recent information

115
Q

What are self-fulfilling prophecies?

A

expectations affect behaviour toward others, causing expected behaviours that confirm our expectations

116
Q

What is the cognitive dissonance theory?

A

two inconsistent cognitions = cognitive dissonance. Leads to motivation to change one cognition or add new ones

117
Q

Counterattitudinal behaviour:

A

Inconsistent with ones attitude, produces dissonance

118
Q

The psychodynamic perspective:

A

causes of behaviour are a dynamic interplay of forces at conflict with one another

119
Q

Frued’s Psychoanalytic theory:

A

Unconscious mind has a powerful influence on behaviour

120
Q

Preconscious:

A

Unaware but can recall

121
Q

What is the “structure of personality”?

A

ID, Ego, Superego

122
Q

The ID includes:

A

Innermost core of personality - exists totally within the unconscious mind.

123
Q

The Ego includes:

A

Testing reality to decide when and under what circumstances the ID can safely discharge impulses and satisfy needs.

124
Q

The Superego Includes:

A

Controlling the impulses of the ID with external control. The last personality structure to develop.

125
Q

What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development?

A

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

126
Q

What is the object relations approach on personality?

A

Mental representations people form of themselves become working models to interpret social interaction.

127
Q

What is the concept of Self-Actualization?

A

The total realization of one’s human potential

128
Q

What was George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory?

A

Primary interest was on how people construct reality.

129
Q

Carl Rogers Self Theory:

A

Self consistency
Congruence - consistency among self and experience

130
Q

What is “Maladjustment” of personality?

A

Denying or distorting reality to be consistent with self-concept

131
Q

What is considered “healthy adjustment” of personality?

A

Experiences are easily incorporated into self-concept

132
Q

What is the “fully functioning self”?

A

Experiences are integrated with self, having little distortion

133
Q

Those with higher self esteem exhibit:

A

Fewer interpersonal problems
loving relationships
achieve at higher levels

134
Q

Those with low self-esteem exhibit:

A

Anxiety
Depression
Poor relationships
Underachievement

135
Q

Those with unstable / unrealistically high self-esteem exhibit:

A

Most problematic
Become aggressive when self-perception is threatened

136
Q

According to Rogers, what are the two kinds of positive regard? explain.

A

Unconditional: Independent of behaviour
Conditional: dependent on behaviour; measure of worth

137
Q

What is self-verification?

A

Seeking out things / people that confirm your sense of identity

138
Q

What is self-enhancement?

A

Tendency to gain and keep a positive image

139
Q

What is factor analysis?

A

Find correlations among behaviours

140
Q

What are the two dimensions of the extraversion-stability model?

A

1.Introversion / extroversion
2. Stability / instability

141
Q

What is the 5 factor model? (Big 5 traits)

A
  1. openness
  2. conscientiousness
  3. extraversion
  4. agreeableness
  5. neuroticism
142
Q

What biological process is novelty seeking accredited to?

A

Levels of dopamine

143
Q

What biological process is stability and instability of personality accredited to?

A

Differences in autonomic nervous system arousal

144
Q

Do traits and behaviour show stability or change over time?

A

both

145
Q

What is reciprocal determinism - Social Cognitive Theories

A

The individual and environment are linked.

146
Q

According to Rotter, behaviour is governed by what 2 factors?

A

Expectancy
Reinforcement

147
Q

What is the “locus of control”?

A

Generalized expectancy

148
Q

Traits of someone with high internal locus of control:

A

Self-determined
seek out information
role in social change

149
Q

Traits of someone with high external locus of control:

A

Less resistant to social pressures
Gives in to powerful others

150
Q

What influences self-efficacy?

A

Performance experiences
Observational learning
verbal persuasion
emotional arousal

151
Q

The consistency paradox

A

level of consistency in behaviour is low

152
Q

Evaluation of Social Cognitive Theories

A

Understanding of internal and external causes

153
Q

What is interjudge reliability?

A

High level of agreement among observers

154
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of personality scales?

A

Advantage: collects large amounts of data
Disadvantage: does not have high validity

155
Q

Thematic Apperception and Ink blot tests:

A

Show ambiguous images that are then analyzed to find common themes

156
Q

Psychodynamic theory uses what technique?

A

projective techniques

157
Q

Humanistic theory uses what technique?

A

self-report measures

158
Q

Social-cognitive theory uses what technique?

A

Behavioural assessments

159
Q

Biological theory uses what technique?

A

physiological measures

160
Q

Trait theory uses what technique?

A

Inventories (MMPI, NEO-PI)

161
Q

How did Conrad Lorenz apply the phenomenon of imprinting?

A

He incorporated swans into choreography with dancers by having the swans imprint on the dancers

Psych 105 (3 decks)

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