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From Flashcardlet > PSYCH 102 Chapter 15/16 > Flashcards

PSYCH 102 Chapter 15/16 Flashcards

0
Q

what is the medical model

A

is is abnormal psychological experiences are conceptualized as illnesses, that like physical illness, have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures

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1
Q

define what a menattl disorder is

A

-it is a persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behaviour thoughts or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment

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2
Q

define comorbidity

A

-it is the co-occurrence of 2 or more disorders in a single individual

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3
Q

describe the bio psychosocial perspective

A

explains mental disorders as the result interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors

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4
Q

what does the Diathesis-stress model suggest?

A
  • it suggests that a person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
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5
Q

what was the research domain criteria project?

A
  • RDoC
  • is a new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of a mental disorder by revealing the basic process that give rise to them
  • long term goal is to better understand what abnormalities cause different disorders and to classify disorders based on those underlying causes rather than on observed symptoms
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6
Q

text book definition of an anxiety disorder

A

-the class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature

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7
Q

what are phobic disorders?

A

-disorders characterized by marked, persistent and excess fear of specific objects, activity or situations

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8
Q

define what specific phobias are

A

-is a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that is marked with an individuals ability to function

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9
Q

what is the preparedness theory?

A
  • is the idea that people are instinctively predisposed towards fears
  • purposed by Martin Seligman
  • states that evolution, heritability and temperament argure for biological predispositions
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10
Q

define panic disorder and facts about it:

A
  • is a disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms to a feeling of stark terror
  • approx. 22% of the U.S. population reports having at least one panic attack
  • has a hereditary component
  • involves sodium lactate
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11
Q

what is agoraphobia?

A
  • specific phobia involving fear of public places
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12
Q

define generalized-anxiety disorder

A

-characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by 3+ of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance

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13
Q

define a mood disorder

A

-mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature

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14
Q

what is major depressive disorder?

A
  • also known as unipolar depression
  • disorder that is characterized by a severely depressed mood or inability to experience pleasure that lasts 2+ weeks
  • accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, sleep and appetite disturbances
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15
Q

define dysthymia

A

-the same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present, but they are less severe and last longer- persisting for at least two years

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16
Q

what is double depression?

A

-is when an individual has both major depressive disorder and dysthymia

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17
Q

define the helplessness theory

A

-idea that the individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable, and global

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18
Q

define bipolar disorder

A

-condition that is characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)

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19
Q

what is schizophrenia?

A
  • a disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic logical processes
  • has a distorted vision of reality
  • altered or blunted emotions
  • disturbances in thought, motivation and behaviour
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20
Q

what is a hallucination?

A

-is a false perception experienced that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation

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21
Q

define a delusion

A

-a patently false belief system, often blizzare , which is generally maintained in spite of its irrationality

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22
Q

define grossly disorganized behaviour

A

-is behaviour that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with certain motor distrubances

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23
Q

what is the dopamine hypothesis?

A

-idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine

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24
Q

what is autism spectrum disorder? what did early theories classify it as compared to newer ones?

A
  • ASD
  • condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits as well as restricted/ repetitive patterns of behaviours, interests, or activities
  • early theories related it to childhood schizophrenia but the current model of ASD suggest it is an impaired capacity for empathizing and is a decreased activity in areas associated with understanding others
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25
Q

what is conduct disorder?

A
  • CD
  • persistent pattern of deviant behaviour involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violent offences
  • to be deemed CD you need to have at least 3-15 symptoms
  • largest indicator is the lack of empathy
  • people with CD have a lower level of fear
  • there are 2 forms of CD
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26
Q

what is a personality disorder?

A

-endures power of thinking, feeling or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviate from cultral expectations and causes distress or impaired functioning

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27
Q

what is antisocial personality disorder?

A
  • APD
  • a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescences and continues into adulthood
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28
Q

what are some things mental disorders effect?

A
  • perception
  • memory
  • thinking
  • social
  • learning
  • emotions
  • motivation
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29
Q

Theory of Physiognomy

A
  • states mental disorders can be diagnosed from facial features
  • this theory is now considered a superstition but was popular until the early 20th century
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30
Q

How is a disorder different than a disease?

A
  • a disease happens on a biological level and effects your body in a physical way
  • diseases can be acute or chronic; whereas disorders can be present
  • usually with disease there is something visible to asses but eith a mental disorder it is harder to diagnose
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31
Q

define the term diagnose

A
  • a determination if there is a disease present

- made through how physically or socially effected patient is

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32
Q

define the term signs

A

-objectively observed indicators of a disorder

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33
Q

define the term symptoms

A

=subjectively reported behaviours, thoughts and emotions

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34
Q

what are two critiques of the medical model?

A
  • that is doesn’t look at the whole body
  • doesn’t link social life and biology
  • a lot of data is based off self-report
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35
Q

what percent of people report comorbidity?

A

80%

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36
Q

what percent of Canadians will experience some kinda of mental illness in their lifetime?

A

20%

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37
Q

what percent of all Canadian deaths between 15-24 and 40+ account for suicides?

A

15-24: 24%

40+: 16%

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38
Q

whats is the DSM?

A
  • criteria for disorders
  • clinicians use these guidelines
  • critique is that there is room for interpretation and this causes some to believe it is not reliable
  • was created to decrease over diagnosing
  • 200 disorders in the book
39
Q

who decides the content in the DSM?

A
  • involves consensus among leaders in the reacher field
  • includes meetings to determine disorders and definitions
  • looks at clinician reports
40
Q

what is the integrated perspective?

A
  • also known as bio psychosocial perspective

- incorpirates biological, psychological and environmental factors

41
Q

describe the diathesis-stress model

A
  • suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
  • negative life events are more likely to lead to depression to those with genetic traits of vulnerability which is related to the activity of serotonin
42
Q

what are the disadvantages to being labelled with a mental disorder?

A
  • stigmas are likely attached
  • 60%of sufferers do not seek treatment
  • may result in unnecessary incarceration
  • often leads to low self esteem
43
Q

what are the three types of anxiety disorder?

A
  1. phobic disorder
  2. panic disorder
  3. generalized disorder
44
Q

Facts about GAD

A

-roughly 6% of North Americans suffer
-biological and psychological factors
-neurotransmitter imbalance
-occurs in lower SES groups
-more women then men
sense of loss of control = erode self confidence

45
Q

define what a social phobia is

A

-disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed

46
Q

describe OCD

A
  • obsessive compulsive disorder
  • disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts and ritualistic behaviours designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual’s functioning
  • is classified separately from anxiety disorders
  • approx. 2% of the population suffers from OCD
47
Q

Who is Aaron Beck?

A
  • noted dysfunctional attitudes and negative mood states in depressed individuals
  • introduced the helplessness theory and the updated cognitive model
48
Q

Define the updated cognitive model?

A

-is negative schema developed in depressed people through combination of genetic vulnerability and negative early life experience

49
Q

describe ADHD

A
  • is a persistent pattern of severe problems with inattnetion or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that causes significant impairments in functioning
  • to be deemed ADHD it needs to be experienced for at least 6 months in at least 2 different settings
  • drug treatment has been proven to work
50
Q

what are the two forms of CD + define each

A
  1. child onset: this is when it occurs before the age of 10
  2. adolescence onset: when it occurs after the age of 10
    - this is generally not as severe as child onset conduct disorder
51
Q

define psychotherapy:

A
  • is an interaction between a society sanctioned clinician and someone suffering from a psychological problem with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem
  • an interactive experience with a trained professional, working on understanding and changing behavior, thinking, relationships and emotions
52
Q

define eclectic psychotherapy:

A

-is a form of psychotherapy that involves drawing on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem

53
Q

define psychodynamic psychotherapies:

A
  • therapies that explore childhood events and encourage individuals to use this understanding to develop insight into their psychological problems
  • difference between this and psychoanalysis is that it has fewer sessions
54
Q

what is transference?

A

-an event that occurs psychoanaly as well as when the analyst begins to assume a more significance in the clients life and the client reacts to the analyst based on unconscious childhood memories

55
Q

describe interpersonal psychotherapy:

A
  • IPT
  • is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships
  • further extension of psychoanalysis
  • goal is less on insight and more on rational behaviour
56
Q

describe person-centred therapy:

A

-this assumes that all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist

57
Q

describe Gestalt therapy:

A

-have the goal of helping the client become aware of his/her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings as well as how to take responsibility for them

58
Q

what is behaviour therapy?

A

-is a type of therapy that assumes that disorder Behaviour is learned and the symptoms of relief are achieved through changing such overt manipulative behaviours into more constructive ones
-uses principles of the classical and ooperant learning theories to reduce unwanted responses
-

59
Q

define a token economy:

A

-is a form of behaviour therapy in which clients are given “tokens” for desired behaviours ; which they can then trade for rewards

60
Q

what is exposure therapy?

A
  • is an approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion- arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response
61
Q

define cognitive therapy: and what are two theories that stem from this?

A
  • focuses on helping a client identify and correct and distorted thinking about self, others, and world
  • belief that depressed or being anxious involves negative thoughts and interpretations therefore through this perspective depression is not cause by bad events but through our thoughts about those events
    1. rational-emotive behaviour therapy: Albert Elli’s theory that challenges the irrational beliefs and assumptions
    2. cognitive therapy for depression: Aaron Beck’s theory that was thought to correct cognitive distortions
62
Q

what are antipsychotic drugs?

A

-medications that are used to treat schizophrenia and related to psychotic disorders

63
Q

what is psychopharmacology?

A

-is the study of drug effects on psychological state and symptoms

64
Q

what is an antidepressant?

A

-is a class of drugs to help lift peoples mood

65
Q

define electroconvulsive therapy:

A
  • ECT

- is treatments that involves introducing a brief seizure by delivering an electric shock

66
Q

define transcranial magnetic stimulation:

A
  • is a treatment that involves placing a powerful magnet over a persons scalp
  • this altering the activity in the brain
67
Q

what does the term therapy refer to?

A

-refers to how mental disorders are treated, with the help of the knowledge base of psychology

68
Q

is the percentage of people that self-report large or small?

A

-small

69
Q

what is trepanation?

A

is a historical way of treatment where they would drill a hole into the skull to get rid of mental illness

70
Q

what is hydrotherapy?

A

-is a historical therapy in which people are sprayed by water to stimulate them

71
Q

what was insulin therapy?who was it used by?

A

-developed by Manfred Sackle usually on schizophrenia people, cause blood sugar to drop and go into a coma

72
Q

what is a lobotomy?

A

-is a medical procedure where they cut cords from the cortex to lower centres of the brain

73
Q

describe “the chair”

A
  • was designed to be an improvement in medical treatment

- was thought to have a calming effect on people with mania

74
Q

what has to be judged for invultontary institution?

A
  • dangerous to self or others
  • unable to take care of own basic needs
  • unable to make decisions about the need for help
75
Q

what is the humanistic point of view and who believed in it? what was their style of therapy called ?

A
  • Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
  • began to reject the view of people in the psychodynamic thought
  • believed that when people go to therapy they need support and needed a positive outlet
  • they believe for the most part that humans are good
  • study healthy people rather than people with mental disorders
  • their style of therapy was called “Client-centred therapy”
76
Q

what are the 6 things that are within the basic principles of clinet-centred therapy?

A
  1. active listening
  2. accepts what the client says without judgment
  3. shows trust that client can solve their own problems
  4. insight and goals come from the patient
  5. they have to be positive and accepting
  6. must be empathetic
77
Q

The conception of psychological disorders as diseases that have symptoms of possible cares is referred to as?

A

The medical model

78
Q

What is the percentage of nonsuicidal self injury is amongst adolescents

A

15 to 20%

79
Q

what is the most commonly used anxiety medication called? and what does it do?

A
  • benzodiasepines

- is a type of tranquilizer that works by facilitating the action of the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

79
Q

what is the most commonly used anxiety medication called? and what does it do?

A
  • benzodiasepines

- is a type of tranquilizer that works by facilitating the action of the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

80
Q

what are the two common antidepressants after the 1950s called and how do they work?

A
  • Prozac and celexa
  • they block the reuptake serotonin thereby increasing the amount of neurotransmitter in the synaptic space between neurons
80
Q

what are the two common antidepressants after the 1950s called and how do they work?

A
  • Prozac and celexa
  • they block the reuptake serotonin thereby increasing the amount of neurotransmitter in the synaptic space between neurons
81
Q

which type of therapy would likely work best with someone who has a fear of heights?

A

-behavioual

81
Q

which type of therapy would likely work best with someone who has a fear of heights?

A

-behavioual

82
Q

what type of therapy is mindfulness meditation apart of?

A

-cognitive

82
Q

what type of therapy is mindfulness meditation apart of?

A

-cognitive

83
Q

what type of therapy emphasizes action on the part of the client, as well as complete transpency as to the specifics of treatment?

A

-cognitive behavioural

83
Q

what type of therapy emphasizes action on the part of the client, as well as complete transpency as to the specifics of treatment?

A

-cognitive behavioural

84
Q

examining the failure to reach one’s potential reflects the ________ approach whereas examining one’s failure to find meaning in life reflects the _______ approach

A
  1. cognitive

2. behavioural

84
Q

examining the failure to reach one’s potential reflects the ________ approach whereas examining one’s failure to find meaning in life reflects the _______ approach

A
  1. cognitive

2. behavioural

85
Q

what do electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation and phototherapy all have in common?

A

-they are considered biological treatments beyond medication

85
Q

what do electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation and phototherapy all have in common?

A

-they are considered biological treatments beyond medication

86
Q

by how many is the typical psychotherapy client better off than of the untreated individuals?

A

3/4

86
Q

by how many is the typical psychotherapy client better off than of the untreated individuals?

A

3/4

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