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From Flashcardlet > CRIM 101 Chapters 1-8 > Flashcards

CRIM 101 Chapters 1-8 Flashcards

0
Q

define what crime is

A

is an act punishable by law

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1
Q

define criminology

A

it is the scientific study of crime

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2
Q

describe criminology as a discipline

A
  • recently new development and didn’t become established in Canada until mid 20th century
  • first appeared in 1951 at UBC
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3
Q

what law did the Canadian government pass in 1940’s and why this law no longer exists

A
  • made it illegal to make, printt, publish or distribute or sell a crime comic books
  • this law was passed as it was thought that it would decrease psychopathy amongst young people
  • even though today Section 163 places limits on printing the particular law regarding crime comic books no longer does
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4
Q

by age 18 on average how much violent acts and murders on tv has a child seen?

A

200,000 violent acts

16,000 murders

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5
Q

what was concluded about medias effect on violence through the 2002 experiment conducted involving juvenile offenders who were incarcerated in an adult correction facility?

A
  • found that 1/3 of juvenile offenders had considered the possibility of a copycat crime
  • 1/4 actually attempted a copycat crime
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6
Q

define cultural criminiology

A
  • subdisicipline of criminology
  • explores links between culture crime and crime control in contemporary life
  • explores the cultural meaning of media violence and emphasizes the significance of an active audience
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7
Q

define what an active audience is

A

are people who don’t consume media messages passively

-they actually care

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8
Q

define the production of media

A
  • journalists often exclude other stories if crime is present
  • often look for a “problem frame”
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9
Q

define what a problem frame is and how it is used within the media

A
  • is a narrative that is easily understood, focuses on something “bad” and will effect a wide variety of people, and calls out for a solution that is to be provided by the police or government
    ex) shooting in Columbine school showed that horror in the community and identified violent video games as “the cause” so in return the government responded by legislating label and content warnings for media content
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10
Q

what is a moral panic and who studied this relationship?

A
  • defined as what occurs when there is a gap between peoples perceptions of a problem and the “fact” of the problem
  • Stanley Cohen explored the relationship between media and moral panics in 1972 book, Folk Devils and Moral Panics The Origins of the Mods and Rockers
  • Cohen identified that the media is a crucial factor in the stirring up of moral panics
  • according to Cohen, when there is no news to report the media actively searches social ‘problems’ to sensationalize
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11
Q

what is an example of a moral panic that occurred in the UK?

A
  • ‘new crime’ of ‘mugging’ became subject to intense media coverage
  • in light of the reporting of more muggings ore police recourses were devoted to catching ‘muggers’ resulting in increased arrests
  • but once politcians reported that muggins had decresed fewer police resources were needed
    • NO evidence proved that the muggings had actually increased or even changed during the entire “war on mugging”
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12
Q

what is the “bad guy”

A
  • usually racial minorities
  • should be feared
  • black offenders are usually portrayed as more aggressive
  • and viewers cause social consequences by judging this individual on the whole stereotype
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13
Q

what is a “good guy”

A

-generally the police
-always initiating heroic acts
- police are seen as having the ability to solve our problems quickly, catching criminals as well as maintaining law and order
^this creates an unrealistic view of law enforcement

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14
Q

describe the “ideal victim”

A
  • comes from a “majority status” background
  • generally preferred to be a white female-victimized by an ethnic male
  • and victims from ethnic minorities or socially marginalized groups are often ignored by the media
  • and if they are not ignored the could be subject to the blame and subject to deviant behaviour
  • characteristics: weak, female, sick, young/or very old, engaging in their daily routine
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15
Q

describe the CSI Effect

A
  • portrays police agencies as having endless resources, and elaborate methods of forensic testing that produces instant results
  • refers to the notion that a jury now expects to see the level of forensic evidence as shown in the tv shows
  • causes a major disconnect between the meaning of crime within in the criminal justice system
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16
Q

define deviance

A

behaviour that differs from accepted social norms and may include acts that violate specific rules, sexual behvaiour or non-criminal acts that challenge accepted values

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17
Q

what is the history of the emergence of criminology?

A
  • late 19th century urbanization and industrialization were contributors to new categories of crime
  • culture was becoming more urban and global
  • role of women becoming more significant in work force
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18
Q

what other disciplines is criminology drawn from?

A

-sociology, psychology, law, geography, history, political sciences, and economics

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19
Q

are crime rates in Canada decreasing, increasing or being swapped describe?

A
  • reports of homicides are reliable as the actually number of homicides that occur
  • but reports on thefts, assaults are dependent upon willingness of victim
  • SWAP as assault rates have increased and homicide rates have decreased but this may not be due to offenders but rather an increase in medical car
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20
Q

define qualitative study of crime?

A

is study of phenomena based not on measurement by and exploration of the reasons for human behaviour and the qualities of subjective experience
-lawyers and sociologists are more likely to use this method

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21
Q

define what quantitative study of crime is

A

relates to the measurement of something

  • quantity rather than qualities
  • pyschologists and economists are more likely to use these methods
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22
Q

define stigmatization

A

refers to the manner in which individuals/groups who do not conform to society’s rules can be regarded as deviant or social outcasts or folk devils

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23
Q

what is primary deviance

A

occurs when individual or group engages is disapproved behaviour
-dont necessarily see their behaviour as deviant or criminal
-

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24
Q

what is secondary deviance

A
  • results from social reaction to primary deviance

- individuals might come to believe themselves as deviant or criminal

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25
Q

what are the 5 things for identifying moral panic and who came up with this?

A
  • Groode and Ben Yehuda
    1. concern
    2. hostility
    3. consensus
    4. disproportionality
    5. volatility
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26
Q

define criminal law

A
  • entire set of principles, procedures, and rules established y governments through the courts and criminal legislation in order to ensure public safety
  • includes definitions of crimes, criminal responsibility, punishments, and defences to criminal change
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27
Q

define prohibition

A

a law forbidding a specific act

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28
Q

how is crim prosecuted?

A

-through the state as it is considered to be a violation of public orer rather than an infringement on the rights of another citizen

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29
Q

describe some factors that combined to create what we use today as the modern system of law:

A
  • emergence of the governmetn as a meaningful source of authority and mechanism of collective action-this eventually displacing the church
  • growth of professional state police services
  • increasing complexity of social interactions
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30
Q

define a penal law

A

law that imposes punishment

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31
Q

define common law

A

is a body of law defined primarily through successive decisions of judges as opposed through legislation

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32
Q

when did canada adopt its own Criminal Code? and where did it come from?

A
  • 1892

- concepts came from English Common Law

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33
Q

By terms of Canada’s Constitution Act, 1867, what does the Federal Parliament determine

A

they determine what acts are criminal and what punishments apply, as well as the procedures associated with investigating and prosecuting crime

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34
Q

define a summary offence

A

relatively minor offence, punishable by a fine or a maximum jail sentence of 6 months
-this is known as a misdemeanour

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35
Q

define an indictable offence

A

serious offence, such as murder or rape which carries a severe penalty

  • known as felonies
  • majority of felonies may also result in summary convictions = known as hybrid offences
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36
Q

who is the Provincial Superior Courts administered by and duties?

A
  • administered by the provinces
  • judges are appointed federally
  • tasked with the adjunction of the most serious matters, civil and criminal
  • have their own powers
  • independent as they are not created by Parliament
  • is structured in two ways: 1. trial court 2. Court of Appeal
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37
Q

Facts about Provincial Courts

A
  • every province has their own
  • sometimes referred to as the “inferior court”
  • judges are appointed by provincial government
  • generally have less jurisdiction over matters considered to be less important than these in superior courts
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38
Q

define civil law

A

is a system in which the law is primarily set out in legislation

  • judges discretion is limited to interpretation and application of these written provisions
  • common law crimes were abolished at the time of consolidation of the Criminal Code in 1935
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39
Q

what is the criminal justice process?

A
  1. crime is investigated by police
  2. when enough sufficient evidence is gathered to support the charge the provide a report to the public prosecutors office
  3. who then approves the charge based on an assessment of whether the evidence will support a conviction and whether prosecution is in the public interest
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40
Q

define indictment

A

is a formal written accusation usually reserved for more serious crimes

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41
Q

is innocence a possible verdict in Canada?

A

no either guilty or not guilty

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42
Q

where are sentences of 2 or less years served?

A

in provincial correctional institutions

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43
Q

where are sentences of 2 or more years served?

A

in federal penitentiaries

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44
Q

when was the death penalty abolished in Canada ?

A

1976

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45
Q

how do you obtain criminal conviction?

A
  • Crown Prosecutor must prove beyond reasonable doubt the existence of 2 main elements:
    1. Actus Reus
    2. Mens Rea
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46
Q

define Actus Reus

A

is a criminal act or personal conduct relating to crime

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47
Q

define Mens Rea

A

is the intent to commit a criminal act

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48
Q

what is duress?

A

is the unlawful threat or coercion used by one person to induce another to preform some act against their will

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49
Q

define deterrence

A

principle of sentencing or punishment intended to discourage citizens from offending or reoffending

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50
Q

define denunciation

A

is a formal expression that conduct is unacceptable

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51
Q

define retribution

A

punishment for transgressions

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52
Q

describe what the rule of law is

A
  • principle that governments individuals and corporations must follow the law
  • increasing popular demand to establish fundamental rights in the law became 1 of the forces that drove the development of constitutionalism
  • ex) Magna Cartain in 1215- gave individuals inalienable right to minimum standard of due process
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53
Q

define habeas corpus

A

is the right of an accused to appear before court and to be detained without just cause

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54
Q

Criminal Law vs. Civil Law

A

CRIMINAL LAW

  • violation of public order prosecuted by the “state”
  • finding of guilt or innocence
  • burden of proof: beyond reasonable doubt
  • results in criminal penalties

CIVIL LAW

  • infringement of contract, or rights of another citizen
  • party who feels “wronged” brings civil suit
  • burden of proof: balance of probabilities
  • results in an award of damage
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55
Q

when is a jury brought in?

A

when a sentence is 5 years or longer and therefore if a sentence is 5 years or less the judge decidesa

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56
Q

define a Federal Court?

A
  • has trial and an appeal division
  • doesn’t hear Criminal Code cases- rather copyright, citizenship, income tax evasion types of cases
  • decisions by trial divison may be appealed
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57
Q

define hybrid offences

A
  • majority of crime in Canada falls under this category
  • can proceed by way of either summary conviction or indictment
  • Crown Prosecutor decides this
  • dependent upon evidence presented
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58
Q

what was the Gladue Decision

A
  • decision by the Supreme Court of Canada in 1999
  • section 718.2 of Criminal Code make sit mandatory for sentencing judges to consider unique circumstances of Aboriginal offenders
  • ^designed to ameliorate the issue of overrepresentation of Aboriginal peoples in prison
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59
Q

define plea bargaining?

A

is when the accused gives up right to make Crown prove its case and the Crown agrees to either withdraw some charges, reduce lesser charge or proceed by way of summary conviction

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60
Q

what is a “Come Stabuli” and where did it emerge from

A
  • England didnt have regular police force until after the Norman Conquest in the 11th century
  • :is a mounted horseman who led the posse (an officer of the stable
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61
Q

what is a constable

A

-police officer of the lowest rank

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62
Q

what is the Shire Reeve

A
  • aka sheriff

- was the top of law enforcement official in the country who was exchange of the shire

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63
Q

policing in Canada:

A
  • provinces are responsible for policing within their own provincial jurisdiction
  • provinces may form their own provincial police force
  • municipalities are responsible for policing in their own municipal jurisdiction and can form their own municipal police department
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64
Q

what is an example of a constitutional law

A
  • 1982 Charter of rights and freedoms

- restricted power of the state and protects rights of individuals

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65
Q

who is R.V. Sharpe?

A

-in 2001 upheld law making it illegal to posses child pornography, stating that freedom of expression is not absolute

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66
Q

describe what Mala in Se means

A

literally means evil or bad in itself

ex)homicide

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67
Q

Describe Mala Prohibita

A

acts that are socially not ok

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68
Q

define probation

A
  • is a sentence in itself, ordered by judge at time of hearing
  • offender cannot apply for probation
  • if offender fails to comply with conditions of probation they can be charged with Breach of Probation ( a seperate offence under the criminal code
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69
Q

define parole

A
  • not a sentence
  • you can apply for this
  • if offender goes against conditions of parole there isnt a new offence they can just be put back into jail
  • eligibility for parole isn’t till after 6 months
  • life sentences offenders arent eligible until 3 years prior to their full parole eligibility dates
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70
Q

how many years to life for murder?

A

25

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71
Q

how many years for 2nd degree murder?

A

10

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72
Q

describe a conflict theory

A
  • focuses on the unequal distribution of power in society
    ex) Marxist Theories (structuralist perspective}
  • belief that if the Criminal Code is the battleground where we institutionalize a society’s conception of right vs. wrong, then the official crime statistics are not particularly relevant
73
Q

define consensus theories

A
  • positivists perspective
  • belief that society functions through social bonds and collective beliefs and is characterized by widespread acceptance of values, norms and laws
    ex) criminal code
  • believe that the statistics done by criminal justice system and government agencies are unbiased
74
Q

define the dark figure of crime

A
  • refers to the variation between the number of crimes that occur and the number of crimes that are actually reported to the police
  • according to the GSS 2/3 of crimes arent reported therefore this suggests that data collected by the UCR is “incomplete”
75
Q

what is a constructionist?

A
  • emphasizes the idea that life does not come with categories and labels and that we understand and define the world on the basis of our socialization and interactions with others
  • they will argue that crime and crime rates cannot be fully understood unless we understand the justice systems response to crime, criminality and deviance
76
Q

what is an integrationist ?

A
  • is a combination of structionalist, positivist, and con structionalist,
  • facilitating the inclusion of philosophy and sociology of law, the empirical study of crime and its interpretations by those who control and implement the law
77
Q

define a crime funnel

A

a model indicating that the actual total quantity of crime is much higher than the decreases proportion that is detected, reported, prosecuted, or punished

78
Q

define telescoping

A

when a survey participant recalls events as having occurred more recently than is actually the care

79
Q

define the UCR

A
  • uniform crime reporting survey
  • standard for most police services across Canada by 2007
  • is the official police-reported crime survey nationally since 2009
  • uses a set of nationally set scoring rules, created by the Canadian Center for Justice Statistics
  • implemented in 1962
  • dark figure of crime
80
Q

Contrast Victimology and Criminiology

A

VICTIMOLOGY

  • studies victims
  • seeks to understand challenges facing victims of crime
  • emerging discipline
  • emphasis on personal situations to dealing with victims
  • victims initiate criminal justice response
  • victims are represented by the Crown Council at trial
  • victim rehabilitation is fairly supported by the state
  • data on victims is found through surveys

CRIMINOLOGY

  • study of criminals
  • is an offence-centred approach to analyzing crime
  • seeks to understand challenges facing criminals
  • established discipline
  • police apprehend a criminal based on victim report
  • are represented by their own personal attorney
  • criminal rehabilitation is often supported by the state
  • data on criminals are collected through the police, courts, and correlation system
81
Q

what is the definition of a victim

A

is a person harmed, injured, or killed as a result of a crime, accident, or other event or action

82
Q

define a primary victim

A

is a person who is directly harmed as a result of the victimizing experience

83
Q

define what a secondary victim is

A

is a person who is not directly impacted by the harmful effects of a victimizing event
- may witness event or have to deal with after effects

84
Q

define a tertiary victim

A

is a person who may suffer repercussions of victimization even though they are not directly involved or witness to the harmful event
-ex)family and friends

85
Q

define a direct/actual victim

A

person present at time of victimization and is the target of victimization

86
Q

define an indirect/vicarious victim

A

someone who is not the direct victim but someone who responds as if they were

87
Q

what percentage of people do not report their victimization experiences do to the belief that they aren’t important enough? and for what percentage was it that people didn’t share their experience because they feared their offender?

A

68% and 7% feared their offender

88
Q

define what an insulator is and the two groups it is broken down into:

A

:is social/psychological factors that protect and individual from being harmed

  1. Personal protective factors
    - coping skills
    - adaptability
    - social skills
  2. Community/Social Supportive factors
    - people and resources that support the individual experiencing traumatic stress
89
Q

define what a victim impact statement is

A

is a written document describing the harm done to the victim as a result of victimization and may include statements about physical, emotional or financial impact

  • allowed at sentencing hearings
  • positive impact was that it allows the victim to be humanized
  • negative impact is it makes court less objective in the decision making process
90
Q

what are 5 ways of researching crime ?

A
  • direct observations in a natural setting
  • experimental observations
  • police reports
  • victimization surveys
  • self- report surveys
91
Q

what are 2 drawbacks to experimental observations

A
  • there can be issues with informed consent (people may not choose to be involved)
  • if you happen to encourage subjects to break the law you yourself could be breaking the law
92
Q

when are police more likely and less likely to write an official report?

A
  • they are more likely if a victim is of a high social class and is deferential towards police
  • less likely if the situation can be dealt with a warning or confiscation of illicit goods OR if there is a close relationship between victim and offender
93
Q

describe the GSS

A
  • general social survey
  • provides information on crimes that victims dont report to the police
  • can also provide reasons why victims do not report crimes to the police
  • 60% of people reported to the GSS that they felt the police were doing good
  • in 2009 GSS reported that 93% of people in Canada felt safe from crime and 60% said they thought their neighbourhood was safer than others
94
Q

according to the GSS what are 3 reasons for why people dont report crime?

A
  • feel that the crimes aren’t important enough
  • think there is nothing the police can do
  • feel that they can deal with crime in another way or on their own
95
Q

define avoidance behaviours

A

these are steps people take to distance themselves from situations they perceive as dangerous
ex)moving neighbourhoods

96
Q

define defensive behaviours

A

measures people take to reduce their risks of being victimized
ex) guard dog, alarm systems, ect.

97
Q

what are 3 weaknesses in the GSS

A
  • interviews are only those who respond to telephone calls
  • misses crimes committed agains businesses such as shoplifting
  • doesn’t sample children under 15 therefore missing a substantial amount of youth victimization
98
Q

define a non-victim

A

is when the victim doesnt believe they have been victimized and other witnesses also dont believe that he or she has been victimized

99
Q

define a rejected victim

A

when the victim believes they have been victimized but witnesses do not

100
Q

what was Marvin Wolfgangs opinion on victim participation

A
  • found in his study of murder in Philadelphia that approx.25% of the time murder victims precipitated their own deaths
  • noted that this could be done by initial threats, striking the first blow, or first to produce a weapon
  • also in his 1971 study where he concluded that sexual assault victims might cause their own victimization through the way they are dressed or act
101
Q

define the UCR

A
  • uniform crime results
  • based solely on crimes that are recorded by the police
  • indicates that crime has been decreasing almost annually since the 1990s
102
Q

are people over 65 more or less likely to become subject to victimization?

A

LESS

103
Q

define the lifestyle exposure theory and who introduced it:

A
  • introduced in 1978 by Hindelong, Gottfredson and Garofalo
  • stated the lifestyles of individuals and groups follow certain patterns
  • that offenders don’t select their victims at random and can often mirror the lifestyle of their victim
104
Q

define dark figure of recording

A
  • NOT THE SAME AS THE DARK FIGURE OF CRIME

- it refers to the crime that is reported to the police but is not recorded by police

105
Q

define proactive policing

A

when police actually go out and look for crime

106
Q

define reactive policing

A

is when police dont do anything unless they receive a call

107
Q

describe the security hypothesis:

A

proposes that decline in motor vehicle thefts isn’t due to fewer offenders or a decrease in interest but rather that there is a greater use of speed bumps, traffic lights, alarm systems and locks deterriating the thief.

108
Q

define what 5 things make a “good theory”

A
  • logical
  • valid structure
  • support/conclusion
  • must help us make sense of reality
  • simplest form
109
Q

describe the positivist school:

A
  • school of thought that attributed criminal behaviour to biological or psychological factors
  • often referred to as the “Italian School”
  • notion of criminality as an inherited propensity (this was a reflection of what was occurring at the time in the mid-to-late 1800s)
  • theorist endorsed the medical model” stating that criminals were sick and in need of treatment
110
Q

describe the Chicago School of thought:

A
  • first school of sociology in the US
  • viewed criminality as a product of the social environment
  • this view was shaped by the rapid urbanization that took place in th early 1900s
111
Q

define the term psychopathy

A

is a personality disorder characterized by a lack of empathy and an inability to feel for others

112
Q

describe the Classic School Of Criminology:

A
  • body of work that emerged in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries (during the Enlightenment or age of reason)
  • during this period of time Newton discovered the laws of gravity, Voltaire argued against religion.
  • argued that people have the capacity to think rationally
  • contemporary deterrence is rooted in this school of thought
  • used imprisonment as a form of punishment
  • prior to this school of thought, people believed criminals were possessed by evil spirits or demons
113
Q

describe the rational choice theory

A
  • a modern version of Classical School
  • thinking originated in economics
  • assumes humans are rational and have free will
  • believe offenders make conscience choices to commit crime
  • based off of cost-benefit analysis
114
Q

describe the differential association theory

A
  • Edwin Sutherland’s theory
  • thought that criminal behaviour is learned through the process of social interaction
  • including the learning of criminal skills, motivations, attitudes and rationalizations
  • important to note Sutherland felt behaviour was learned not genetic
115
Q

Who are 3 well-known members of the Classic School of thought?

A
  1. Baron De Montesque
  2. Cesare Beccaria
  3. Jeremy Bentham
116
Q

define the term hedonism:

A

-view that humans will naturally seek pleasure and avoid pain

117
Q

define utilitarianism

A

-philosophy that suggests reasoned decisions will produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people

118
Q

Within the Positivist School who is credited with using the term positivist first? and what two peoples work influenced the actual school of thought

A
  • Henri De SaintSimon is credited with using the term first
  • Positivist school was influenced by Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
  • Mendels 1865 work of genetics
119
Q

who was Cesare Lombroso

A
  • often referred to as the father of criminology
  • first person to attempt to systematically apply scientific method to the study of criminology
  • he studied skulls of prisoners and conclude that criminals were atavistic and less evolved than “normal” humans
  • argued against secret accusations and use of torture
  • believe individuals have a right to know accusers and a right to a fair trial
  • believed punishment should be proportional to crime committed
120
Q

who was William Sheldon?

A
  • in 1949 he created the Somatotying theory describing 3 body types of a prisoner:
    1. ectomorph-skinny, prone to nervous disorders
    2. endomorph- obese, sociable
    3. mesomorph- muscular, competitive, prone to violence

-endorsed eugenics as a ,eams to eliminate crime and criminals

121
Q

describe Conflict theories and who it originated with:

A
  • primarily with Karl Marx
  • focused on the unequal distribution of power in societ
    ex) due to race gender, or class
122
Q

describe consensus theories and who it originated with:

A
  • with Emile Durkheim
  • that society functions through social bonds and collective beliefs
  • characterized by a widespread acceptance of values, norms and laws
123
Q

define epigenetics

A
  • it examines how stimuli in the immediate environment can alter the functioning of genes without changing the basic structure of DNA
124
Q

who is Jeremy Bentham?

A
  • argues that humans are free willed
  • that our behaviour is governed by a pleasure-pain calculator
  • believed that punishment should be restricted only to amount required to achieve deterrence
125
Q

what are 4 examples of the Classic School in the modern Criminal Justice system?

A
  1. codification of criminal offences
  2. presumption of innocence, right to a fair trial, right to know the case against you
  3. legal concepts of mens ra linked to notions of free-will, rational choice and individual culpability
  4. contemporary prisons based on notion of imprisonment as a form of punishment, with prescribed limitations of duration and severity
126
Q

what three Italian theorists are described within the positivist school?

A
  1. Cesare Lombroso
  2. Raffaele Garofalo
  3. Enrico Ferri
127
Q

who was Enrico Ferri?

A
  • employed a blend of anthropology, psychology, and biology
  • wrote in area of sociological criminology
  • first to talk about a “born criminal”
  • studied law at first
128
Q

who was Raffaele Garofalo

A
  • throughout his life he was a prosecutor, a magistrate, and a member of Italian Senate
  • focused on “natural crimes” and social deviance
  • believed society had a right to defend themselves against offenders through execution, transportation to a distant country or imprisonment
129
Q

what were the Karyotype Studies?

A
  • examined the number, shape and size of chromosomes

- focuses on existence of extra Y chromosome or XYY gene

130
Q

what is the XYY gene?

A
  • known as the super male gene
  • is rare in the general population as 1 in 1000 people are XYY
  • in prison every 1 in 100 is XYY
  • however there is little evidence to suggest that they commit more violent crimes than other males or are more agressive
131
Q

contrast free will and determinism

A

FREE WILL

  • classical school of thought
  • believe humans do not have instincts
  • humans make rational choices
  • crimes in violation of “social contract”
  • solution to crime is deterrence

DETERMINISM

  • positivist school of thought
  • behaviour determined by genetic makeup
  • crime is caused by “disease”
  • solution to crime is treatment
132
Q

who is Edwin Sutherland?

A
  • sociologist
  • member of Chicago School
  • originator of differential association theory
  • coined the term “white collar crime”
  • belief that criminal behaviour was learnt through social environment
133
Q

What did Gottfredson and Hirschi believe caused crime?

A
  • low self control= cause of all crime
  • proposed characteristic of low self control were:
    1. being easily irritated or frustrated
    2. being short-sighted and impulsive
    3. engaging in a lot of risky, thrill seeking behaviour
    4. being insensitie to harm caused to others
134
Q

describe what a Meta- Analysis is:

A
  • is a synthesis of existing research studies
  • Pratt and Cullen did this with Gottfredson and Hirschi
  • they concluded that low-self control is a good predictor for crime but social learning has to be involved
135
Q

who is Bandura and what experiment is he famous for conducting?

A
  • he argued most human behaviour is learned through imitation and modelling of the behaviour of others
  • famous for the Bobo Doll experiment
136
Q

define Eugenics

A

are methods to improve populations by controlling breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics

137
Q

define dizygotic twins

A
  • (DZ)
  • are the result of two sperm fertilizing two eggs
  • share 50% of the 1% of human DNA that explains variations in characteristics
138
Q

describe a Monozygotic twin?

A
  • result of a single sperm fertilizing a single egg which the cleaves into two separate embryos
  • 100% identical
  • share 100% of the 1% that explain variations in characteristics
139
Q

define concordance

A

degree to which related pairs exhibit a particular trait

ex) MZ twins exhibit 85% concordance rate where DZ twins will only exhibit a 15% concordance rate
- if concordance rate is the same than it is more likely to have an environmental component

140
Q

define ADHD

A
  • attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

- condition that includes a combination of behaviours such as: lack of attention, hyperactivity and impulsive behaviour

141
Q

what is dopamine and what does it have chemical control over?

A
  • is a neurotransmitter that controls the reward and pleasure centers of the brain as well as effects motivation and drive
  • is linked to ADHD
142
Q

what are the two types of communication systems in the brain and what are these systems jobs ?

A
  • hormonal: works through chemicals released into the bloodstream, acts relatively slowly
  • Nervous: is in communication between nerve cells in the brain, this occurs extremely rapidly
143
Q

what is serotonin and what does it play an important role in?

A
  • is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in depression, anxiety, and bipolar disease
  • shown to play a major role in impulsive-aggressive behaviour; this occurs when their is a low level present
144
Q

what is Norepinephrine and what does it control?

A
  • is a neurotransmitter that controls alertness, concentration and energy
145
Q

what is MAOA?

A
  • known as the “warrior gene”
  • stands for monoamine oxidase
  • enzymes that break down several neurotransmitters
  • genes that control both MAOA and MAOB are found on the x chromosome and thought to be linked to sex
  • lower function of variation of the MAOA gene is associated with increased likelihood of male violence
  • is also associated with severe childhood abuse and again suggesting an interplay between genes and the environment
146
Q

define FASD

A

-fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
-range of disorders that can arise in a child if childs mother drank alcohol while being pregnant
-effects in child may include reduced IQ’s, facial anomalies,
reduced cognitive ability, the inability to understand consequences and an increased response to stress

147
Q

define what a hormones are

A
  • stored in glands
  • part of body chemistry NOT brain chemistry
  • released into blood stream and circulate throughout body
    ex) insulin, cortisol, and testosterone
148
Q

define what testosterone does

A
  • increases levels of competition

- weak connection between testosterone levels and aggression

149
Q

define what cortisol is

A
  • it is released during stress
  • involved in autonomic arousal
  • low levels are linked to antisocial behaviour in children
  • individuals with low levels may not respond to punishment well or comprehend the cause-effect relationship between their actions and punishment
150
Q

define what psychoanalysis is

A
  • is a therapeutic technique in psychiatry and philosophy

- pioneered by Sigmund Freud

151
Q

define the id

A

impulsive part of ones personality

152
Q

define ones superego

A
  • this is ones moral compass, conscience and ethical principles
153
Q

define ones ego

A

-aspect of personality that helps negotiate the demands of the real world

154
Q

what does neurotic mean?

A

-is a condition that results from an overactive superego

155
Q

describe APD

A
  • anti-social personality disorder
  • is a personality disorder characterized by a lack or morality, impulsivity and aggressive behaviour
  • individuals who have APD often have a history of criminal behaviour
156
Q

what three traits did Eysenck were key to defining ones personlity? describe each:

A
  1. extraversion-high extraversion people enjoy social interaction and being around groups of people where low extraversion people are the opposite
  2. neuroticism- person excitability level and emotional stability
  3. psychoticisim- measure of attributes suchas aggression, empathy, and tough-mindedness
157
Q

define the frustration- aggression hypothesis

A
  • is the view that crime is a natural byproduct of aggression and can be explained as a consequence of frustration
158
Q

define what vicarious reinforcement is:

A

-reinforcement that is experienced indirectly through observing another person’s behaviour being rewarded

159
Q

describe the Kallikak study

A
  • worked on by Henry Goddard
  • where two families were fathered by the same man
  • results: children fathered with quaker wife were ‘normal’
  • results: children fathered with barmaid were ‘feebleminded’
  • this led Goddard to argue that feeble-mindedness was inherited and contribute to criminality
160
Q

nowadays how is psychopathy thought as?

A
  • as a personality disorder NOT a mental one

- as a separate disorder than sociopathy and antisocial personality disorder

161
Q

what is the percentage that psycho paths represent in the general population compared to in prison

A
  • 1% of general population

- 25% of prison population

162
Q

what are two examples of a learning theory?

A
  • pavlovs experiments

- frustration aggression hypothesis

163
Q

define social cognitivism

A
  • aka social learning theory
  • assocated to thinking of sociologist Ronald Akers and psychologist Albert Bandura
    ex) Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment
164
Q

define the idea of moral development and when and who it originated with

A
  • originated in 1932 with Jean Piaget
  • argued morality is not a natural state, but developed in stages
  • Lawerence Kohlberg later in 1958 divided morality into three levels:
    1. pre-conventional
    2. conventional
    3. post conventional
165
Q

Define Lawerence Kohlbergs pre-conventional stage of morality

A
  • where people are likely to conform and follow rules as they fear punishment
166
Q

define Lawerence Kohlbergs conventional stage of morality

A
  • when you become aware of others needs
167
Q

define Lawerence Kohlberg’s post conventional stage of morality

A

-where you have your own moral compass with your own ethical principles

168
Q

describe Moffitt’s developmental taxonomy

A
  • 32 year longitude study in New Zealand
  • attempts to explain age-curve where offending peaks at 17 and ceases entirely in 85% of cases by 28
  • 2 theories:
    1. life course persistent offenders
    2. adolescent limited offenders
169
Q

describe life course persistent offenders

A
  • only 5% of all offenders
  • engage in antisocial behaviour early in childhood and this continues into and throughout adulthood
  • behaviour stems from neuropsychological deficits occurring prior to birth
    ex) impulsivity, inattentiveness, reduced cognitive abilities
170
Q

define adolescent limited offenders

A
  • 95% of all offenders
  • is the most common type of offending
  • demonstrates little to no antisocial behaviour as children
  • offending is restricted to adolescents and desists as you become an adult
  • attributable to “maturity gap”
  • adolescents may engage in underage drinking or smoking tobacco products as a way to demonstrate maturity and win peers approval
171
Q

what are examples of nature school of thought and who it is influenced by

A
  • influenced by Lombroso and early positivist schools
  • behaviour caused by genetic influence
  • individuals inherited predispositions
172
Q

describe the nurture school of thought and who influenced it

A
  • influenced by Durkheim and the Chicago school of thought
  • belief that humans are born without predispositions
  • and that environmental influences shape behaviour
173
Q

who was Henry Goddard?

A
  • described as both biological and psychological approach
  • first to test IQ’s of inmates
  • supported eugenics
174
Q

if we examine only serious, persistent offenders what is their difference in IQ scored to non-offenders?

A

-17 points lower

175
Q

define angry agression

A

-is a response to frustration with the intent to injure

176
Q

define instrumental aggression

A
  • follows principles of operant conditioning
  • oriented toward some other type of goal or reward NOT frustration aggression
    ex) a warning from a gang
177
Q

define the Cambridge Study

A
  • started in 1962 with Donald West
  • David Farrington joined in 1969 and became director in 1982
  • studied 411 (mostly caucasian) South London males aged 8 in 1962
  • followed criminal convictions up to age 50; and life success up to age 48
  • 93% of people reported self-reported crime
  • 6%of families accounted for 1/2 of all criminal convictions
178
Q

define performance IQ

A
  • PIQ
  • measures general performance on IQ test
  • not good for predicting criminality
179
Q

define verbal

A
  • VIQ
  • measures verbal intelligence (reading/writing..)
  • lower scores are said to indicate poor school performance which leads to dropping out of school, hanging with delinquent peers and then getting into trouble with the law

From Flashcardlet (20 decks)

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