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From Flashcardlet > CRIM 101 Chapters 9-16 > Flashcards

CRIM 101 Chapters 9-16 Flashcards

0
Q

what does research indicate about the majority of street crimes and what social classes it occurs between?

A

-majority are intra-class: meaning the working class stealing from the working class

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1
Q

what can the growth of property and theft laws be traced back to during the 18th century?

A
  • the rise of commerce and industrialization
  • due to this the newly emerged economic class of traders and industrialists required protection for their properties and business interests
  • THUS this time period witnessed the emergence of laws against “obtaining goods under false pretences” and “embezzlement”
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2
Q

define what a property crime is:

A
  • involves taking money or property
  • does not involve force, or threat of force
  • socially patterned
  • caused in large part by social adversity
  • shaped by social forces mostly beyond the control of the individual offender (ex. poverty or homelessness)
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3
Q

what are the 7 main types of property crime in Canada?

A
  1. theft
  2. break and enter
  3. possession of stolen property
  4. fraud
  5. mischief
  6. motor vehicle theft
  7. arson
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4
Q

Rates on property crime are increasing or decreasing and are property crimes the most common form of reported crime?

A
  • since 1962 rates of all police-reported property crime have consistently been greater than all other police-reported crimes
  • rates have been declining since early 1990s and are presently half the rate they were 20 years ago!
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5
Q

what are two of the most reported crimes and why is that the case? and are these reports reliable?

A
  • break and enter as well as motor vehicle theft are most common police-reported crimes as insurance companies require a police report before paying out on insurance claims
  • THUS this is a reliable measure of overall trends in property crime
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6
Q

what type of property crime is increasing and why is this the case?

A
  • credit card fraud (this refers to credit card fraud committed by mail, phone, or online, where the actual card is not seen)
  • often not coming to the attention of the police as investigation is usually handled by the financial institutions themselves
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7
Q

Describe the deterrence theory:

A
  • based on Classical School thinking
  • builds on the notion that rational, free-willed offenders will choose note to commit crime if they anticipate certain punishment as consequences
  • proven to be popular with conservative politicians and lawmakers
  • shown that their is weak support for this theory as criminals are only worried about the severity of punishment if they are certain that they are going to get caught and punished
  • research has shown to actually have an opposite effect and can actually increase the possibility of reoffending
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8
Q

what has a big impact on whether people choose to commit property crimes?

A

-situational and social factors

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9
Q

what are 4 examples of crime of morality?

A
  1. gambling
  2. drug use
  3. prostitution
  4. suicide
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10
Q

what are 4 examples of consensus crimes?

A
  1. murder
  2. rape
  3. theft
  4. assault
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11
Q

Define crimes of morality:

A
  • do not necessarily cause harm to the victim
  • offend some form of social “norm”
  • laws can change to reflect changes in moral standards, but laws rarely keep up with the speed at which moral standards change
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12
Q

what does the concept of “legalized” gambling mean?

A
  • it used to be illegal in Canada
  • but nowadays charities and governments across Canada are reaping enormous profits from gambling
  • while at the same time governments are warning people about the potential “harm” associated with gambling
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13
Q

describe the Harm Principle and who is it associate with, what did he argue?

A
  • is associated with 19th century philosopher John Stuart Mill, who was a student of Jeremy Bentham
  • he was concerned about how to preserve individual rights and freedoms in the face of what he called the “tyranny of the majority”
  • he rejected the legislation or enforcement of morality
  • argued that legal sanctions should be restricted only to those behaviours that cause real “harm”
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14
Q

Is prostitution legal?

A
  • yes
  • however communicating for the purpose of prostitution, keeping a common body house and living of the the profits of prostitution (pimping) had all been criminal offences since the inception of Canadian criminal law
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15
Q

how do prostitutes view themselves?

A
  • not all women enter prostitution out of desperation
  • some come from upper-class or middle-class backgrounds and make a lot of money
  • they often find their occupation as fulfilling a valued function in society
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16
Q

what is the subcultural perspective on prostitution?

A
  • social learning and being introduced into and accepted by the prostitution subculture are essential to success
  • need to aquire the “specialized knowledge” or “skills” that go along with the work, as well as the attitudes and rationalizations
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17
Q

is the use of marijuana, ecstasy and cocaine more prevalent among the upper and middle classes or among the lower class?

A

upper and middle classes

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18
Q

define the punitive turn:

A

-move from criminal justice policies and programs aimed at rehabilitating offenders towards those that simply offer punishment for its own sake
-this shift occurred despite declining crim rates and evidence that punishment is not always effective
-BASICALLY AWAY FROM TREATMENT AND TOWARDS PUNISHMENT
-

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19
Q

define critical criminology:

A
  • largely concerned with social justice and inequality
  • promoting active opposition to the status quo
  • favours larger-scale societal transformations rather than minor policy changes
  • usually agree that the punitive turn is linked to politicians in the U.S. and Canada seizing on crime as an issue that appeals to voters
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20
Q

what is marxism?

A
  • a school of thought developed by Karl Marx
  • argues that society must be understood in terms of social conflict, class relations, and the inequalities caused by capitalism
  • over time its come to encompass feminist, critical, post-structuralist and peace making criminologists
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21
Q

what is a conflict theory? who did it originate with?

A
  • primarily with Karl Marx

- describes an unequal distribution of power in society due to class, race, and gender

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22
Q

describe what an interactionists perspective looks like:

A
  • focuses on relatively small-scale social interactions among individuals or small social groups
  • also observes the conscious acts of individuals and their interpretation of others behaviour
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23
Q

describe what “post-structuralism” means:

A
  • theoretical perspective concerned with how power operates between individuals, groups, and social institutions
  • look at differences in power areas such as language use and social practices
  • developed as a response to Marxism (conflict theory) and structural functionalism (consensus theory)
  • argue that power and oppression permeate all levels of society
  • point out that everyones interpretation of “reality” is conditioned by their historical approach, culture, language, and understanding of what constitutes “knowledge”
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24
Q

what does social justice mean?

A
  • is a movement promoting the need for equality, tolerance, and fairness for all members of society
  • this was particularly related to different classes and the less privileged
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25
Q

define restorative justice:

A
  • is an approach to justice and sentencing
  • often influenced by aboriginal culture
  • emphasizes healing and reconciliation of victims, perpetrators, and their communities
  • promotes a positive social engagement instead of social control
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26
Q

what is a prison industrial complex?

A
  • adapted from “military industrial complex”
  • is a term used to attribute increases in incarceration rates to the efforts of private for-profit corporations that build and maintain prisons with the active legislative and financial support of their political allies
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27
Q

define what “gender gap” means:

A
  • is the difference between men and women in areas such as social, political and economic attainment
  • persistent finding in criminology is that men commit more crime than women
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28
Q

describe the power control theory:

A

-is a theory of crime that emphasizes the socialization by parents in the development of different levels of risk taking and the percieved sanctions among boys and girls

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29
Q

what is an informal sanction?

A
  • actions taken by others, such as a verbal reprimand, punishment, withdrawal pf privileges or suspension of activities
  • this is thought to possibly lead to shame and embarrassment and maybe deteriorate individuals from participating in a crime
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30
Q

what is a formal sanction?

A

-punishments or corrections undertaken by official organizations such as school, the police, and the courts

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31
Q

what does gender stratification mean?

A

-is society’s unequal distribution of wealth, power, and priviledge between men and women

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32
Q

in 2012 how many americans were under some form of correctional supervision?

A

-7 million

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33
Q

in 2012 how many americans were incarcerated in local jails and federal states or prisons?

A

2.2 million

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34
Q

what are 3 possible explanations for the punitive turn:

A
  1. extensive media coverage of particularly horrendous crimes
  2. emergence of victims rights, groups and their influence on justice policies
  3. growth of the private prison industry in the U.S. (“prison for profit”)
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35
Q

despite the declining crime rates incarceration rates are going up in Canada what does this indicate?

A

-that Canada is also experiencing a punitive turn

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36
Q

what are the origins of critical criminology?

A
  • can be found in social upheaval of the 1969s and 1990s
  • some also became involved in the racial politics off the time rejecting the common portrayal of criminals as sick and in need of treatment and argued that they were created criminals through social processes
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37
Q

define the critical race theory:

A
  • emerged in the 1970s
  • deconstructed the ideas of ‘race’ as ‘biological’
  • argued race is a social construction (label)
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38
Q

describe what “left realism” entails :

A
  • developed in response to claims that earlier critical criminologists were very liberal thinking
  • is associated with the thinking of John Lea and Jock young
  • asks for reforms to criminal justice system
  • calls for more emphasis on community based solutions
  • less reliance on incarceration and more on compensation
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39
Q

define relative deprivation

A

-members of a particular group feel deprived of things which others have access

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40
Q

what is a “subculture”?

A

-a segment of society that forms in response to a shared problem

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41
Q

what does marginalization mean?

A

-social and economic processes that lead some groups to be excluded from opportunities available to others

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42
Q

what is the “exclusive society”?

A
  • title of 1999 book by Jock Young
  • argues that the “punitive turn” is attributable to increasing social and economic instability (making life more precious to the poor, working- and middle class)
  • explains the increasing intolerance for marginalized groups and the increasing support for harsher treatment of offenders and other deviant groups
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43
Q

who is Michel Foucault?

A
  • post-structuralism was influenced by him
  • inspired a group called Foucauldians which practice his beliefs
  • they focused on a “discourse” and how language shapes our understanding of social realist and how language is used to communicate shared meanings.
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44
Q

what offence is most common for females and second most common for males?

A
  • theft under $5000
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45
Q

what is the most common offence for males and second most common offence for females?

A

assualt level 1

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46
Q

what are the most common offences committed by youth males between the ages 12-17?

A
  • theft under $5000
  • mischief
  • assault level 1
  • break & enter
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47
Q

what are the most common crimes committed by youth females between the ages of 12-17?

A
  • theft under $5000
  • assault level 1
  • mischief
  • uttering threats
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48
Q

how many more times are males more likely to commit offences like forcible confinement, kidnapping or abduction?

A

11x more likely than females

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49
Q

how many more times are males more likely to commit robbery?

A

8x more likely than females

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50
Q

how many more times are males more likely to commit homicide?

A

7x more likely than females

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51
Q

how many more times are males more likely to commit attempted murder?

A

6x more likely than females

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52
Q

how many more times are males more likely to commit aggravated assault?

A

5x more likely than females

53
Q

what is the liberation hypothesis?

A
  • how Simon and Adler explained the narrowing gender gap
  • that as women gained more social power and freedom they would be subjected to fewer informal social controls and thus would have more opportunities to commit crime.
54
Q

describe the feminist approach:

A
  • focuses on the forces shaping women’s lives and experiences
  • generally rejecting the traditional research method of gathering and analyzing quantitative data
  • arguing that it “overlooks the lived experiences of women
  • embraces qualitative methods if interviewing, usually involving face-to-face with open-ended questions
55
Q

what is liberal feminism?

A

-examines similarities and differences between male and female offending, paying close attention to reduced opportunities and the role of gender socialization

56
Q

what is radical feminism?

A

-emphasizes male dominance, women as victims of domestic vioence and sexual assault, and the need to law reform

57
Q

what is intersectional feminism?

A

-explores the intersection between race, class, and gender

58
Q

why is it thought that boys join gangs?

A

-due to neighbourhood disadvantages, or gang involvement of a family member/friends and or family problems

59
Q

why is it thought that females join gangs?

A
  • join to avoid family problems like violence or drug abuse, or because of gang involvement of a family member or prior history of sexual abuse or physical abuse
  • more likely than males to come from a broken home
  • female gang members search for emotional support from their peers as a substitute for what they are lacking at home
60
Q

what percentage of one-time victimization accounts for all domestic violence?

A

80%

61
Q

what factor increases the likelihood of spousal violence?

A

-although employment status on its own does not increase the likelihood of spousal violence it does increase spousal violence if the male partner is unemployed

62
Q

does economic deprivation lead to domestic violence?

A

-No rather it is symbolic aspect of the women being the breadwinner that leads to domestic violence

63
Q

within the context of homicide what are females more likely to experience?

A

although less likely to be victims of homicide:

  • more likely to be killed by someone of the opposite sex
  • killed by someone with whom they are intimately involved with
64
Q

within the context of homicide what are men more likely to experience compared to women?

A
  • being killed by a stranger or an acquaintance

- more likely to be killed in public places

65
Q

what does caste refer to?

A
  • black females who are members of the “under class”
  • unemployed
  • living from pay cheque to pay cheque
  • often raising families on their own
66
Q

when and why did life-style exposure, opportunity and routine theories evolve?

A
  • in the 1970s

- was when victimization surveys gained popularity

67
Q

describe the lifestyle exposure theory, who introduced it and when it was introduced:

A
  • 1978
  • Hindelang, Gottfredson and Garofalo introduced it
  • believed the lifestyles of people followed patterns
  • state that offenders dont pick their victims at random and usualy lead a similar lifestyle
68
Q

what did the GSS find in 2004 regarding violent victimization?

A

-that is was highest amongst young people between 15-24 and lowest 65+ years old

69
Q

what is the routine activity theory? who was it introduced by and when was it introduced?

A
  • 1979
  • Introduced by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson
  • similar to lifestyle exposure theory
  • based off victimization surveys
  • state that there are 3 main elements required for a predatory crime to occur:
    1. a motivated offender
    2. a suitable target
    3. the absence of a capable guardian
70
Q

describe what a “metroreef” is, and who it was created by:

A
  • Marcus Felson
  • refers to the metropolitan areas that sprawl into seeminlly endless suburbs
  • state 4 main features:
    1. dispersion of construction (more single family homes)
    2. proliferating households (more elderly living on their own and young moving out)
    3. spreading more people with vehicles
    4. dispersing activities away from home (people are traveling further for working, shopping and leisure time)
71
Q

define a ‘typical’ offender:

A
  • young (15-24)
  • male
  • lower socioeconomic status
  • unemployed or temporarily unemployed
72
Q

define a ‘typical’ victim:

A
  • young (15-24)
  • male
  • poor/ ethnic minorities
73
Q

describe the Kansas City Experiment:

A
  • 1972-1973
  • tested proactive, reactive and control responses to police visibility
  • 40% or more of police officer time is uncommitted
  • results showed no significant difference in crime rates over the period of the study
  • lowest crime rates were in reactive beats
  • there was no significant increase or decrease in arrest rates between the 3 groups
  • no increase in citizens perceptions of increase police
74
Q

what % of all victimizations take place in and around the homes of the victim?

A

50%

75
Q

what % takes place in commercial settings vs % that takes place in parks?

A

25% take place in commercial settings

25% take place in parks

76
Q

what is a “hot spot”?

A

areas that are commonly busy and crime attractors

77
Q

define a “hot dot”:

A
  • people who have been victimized once have a higher chance of being victimized again
  • may intersect or live in a hot spot
  • generally these people are out of their homes more often for entertainment
78
Q

what is a precursor?

A
  • elements leading up to criminal events

- ex)location, time, did the participates know eachother

79
Q

what are the three social domains?

A
  • leisure
  • work
  • home
80
Q

what are activity nodes?

A

-crime generators or crime attractors

81
Q

what is the environmental backcloth?

A
  • used by Patricia and Paul Brantingham to describe the elements that surround the criminal event
  • emits cues telling potential offender whether or not theres a suitable target or whether they are likely to get caught
82
Q

what is the rational choice theory?

A
  • modern version of classical school thinking
  • assumes that humans are rational and have free will, and that offenders make conscious decisions to commit crimes based on a cost-benefit analysis
83
Q

describe the Chicago school

A
  • first school of sociology in the U.S
  • contributed to social disorganization, cultural transmission, differential association, and subcultural theories
  • established in 1892
  • shaped by the rapid growth of the city, the new science of ecology and the growing interest in ethnographic studies
  • rejected social Darwinist notion that people were poor because of their evolutionary condition and the notion that most criminals were criminal psychopaths or feebleminded
  • believe that its the nature of the neighbourhood not the nature of the individual that is the main cause of criminality
84
Q

define what anomie is and who it was coined by:

A
  • a term coined by Durkheim

- describes periods of lawlessness, normiessness, and unrestrained choice or a breakdown in social solidarity

85
Q

define functionalism:

A
  • is the idea that society is comparable to a functioning organism with interrelated parts and structures that work together
  • believe society is based on consensus not conflict
86
Q

what is the social disorganization theory?

A

-is a breakdown of he networks, norms, and trust that facilitate coordination and cooperations among residents of neighbours can lead to great crime and violence

87
Q

what is the differential association theory and who thought of this theory?

A
  • Sutherland thought of it
  • believed criminal behaviour is learned through the process of social interaction and that the process includes the learning of criminal skills, motivations, attitudes and rationalizations
  • 3 most important parts of this theory are:
    1. criminal behavior is learned
    2. criminal behaviour is learned as a process of interaction with other persons through communication
    3. learning criminal behaviour includes techniques of committing crime, plus the motives drives rationalizations and attitudes that go along wit being criminal
88
Q

define symbolic interactionism:

A
  • is a Chicago school notion
  • belief that meaning and reality are socially constructed through the use of sharing gestures, symbols, or words, which are themselves symbols that convey socially argued upon meanings
89
Q

describe neutralization:

A
  • is an extension of Sutherland’s differential association theory
  • notion that criminals learn motivations and rationalizations to justify their behaviour
90
Q

describe the cultural transmission theory:

A
  • Chicago school notion
  • belief that criminal subcultures develop their own subculture values or norms which are then transmitted from gang member to gang member and generation to generation
91
Q

describe the social control theory:

A
  • rooted in Durkheim’s forces of integration and the Chicago School’s concern with the breakdown in informal social controls
  • states that social bonds and informal social controls act as residents on teen delinquency
92
Q

when and who can the relationship between sociology and criminology be traced back to?

A
  • Emile Durkheim

- in France in the late 1800s

93
Q

who was Emile Durkheim?

A
  • contributed to the “consensus perspective” in sociology and criminology and to what is known as “structural functionalism” the view that society is ‘natural’ or ‘organic’
  • argued that society was based upon shared norms, values
  • originator of the social control theory
  • coined the term anomie
94
Q

who is Merton and how did he use the term anomie ?

A
  • used it to describe social strain that occurred in American society, when people were unable to attain the cultural goals of success and wealth because the Institutional means weren’t available
  • stated that American society was “criminogenic” that the way society was structured caused crime and deviance
95
Q

what is the concentric zone theory?

A
  • developed by Park and Burgess
  • is related to the Chicago School
  • viewed the city as a functioning organism or a natural human environment
  • argued that formation of the concentric zones was part of a natural evolutionary process of invasion, dominance, and succession
96
Q

what are the 5 concentric zones that were observed within Chicago?

A
  • Zone 1: the loop or central noisiness district
  • Zone 2: zone in transition
  • Zone 3: zone of working peoples homes
  • Zone 4: residential zone
  • Zone 5: commuters zone or the suburbs
97
Q

what is social disorganization an explanation for and whom studied it??

A
  • Shaw and McKay
  • state it explains why crime rates tend to be higher in urban centres
  • they identified 5 main characteristics associated with socially disorganized areas:
    1. poverty
    2. overcrowding
    3. ethnic and cultural heterogeneity
    4. residential instability
    5. broken homes
  • they discovered that juvenile delinquency rates were highest in the zone in transition and that they trailed off as you moved away from the city.
98
Q

what are informal social controls?

A
  • type of controls exercised over children and teens by family members, adult neighbours, school teachers, religious leaders, and community organizations.
  • Shaw and McKay believed that the breakdown of informal social controls led to the formation of juvenile gangs and criminal subcultures
99
Q

what are some different forms of interpersonal violence?

A
  • teenage mother smothering her newborn child in an effort to conceal the birth
  • gang member being shot to death by a rival gang member
  • husband stabbing his wife
  • a gay man attacked and killed
  • man getting into an argument at a bar
100
Q

since no single factor causes violence what are some possible factors that contribute?

A
  • biological
  • psychological
  • personal history/experiences
  • socialization
  • community
  • culture
101
Q

describe what the frontier phenomenon:

A
  • rates of homicide go up as you move westward in Canada
  • this could be attributable to the variations in criminal justice policies and policing practices
  • or attributable to a historical culture of violence that existed during the settlement of Canada’s north and western frontiers
102
Q

for upper and middle class males how is masculinity demonstrated?

A
  • through normative success
  • by having money
  • a good job/ high paying
  • status symbols such as a luxury car or large house
103
Q

what is the “code of the street”?

A
  • this is where some have devloped norms that are opposite to mainstream society
  • and people have issues with respect of being “dissed”
  • where its the presentation of the self that is important portraying that they arent to be messed with or are the baddest dude around
104
Q

what has led to the general impression that sexual offending is at an all-time high?

A
  • a small number of highly publicized child abductions and sexual offences against children
  • however rates have been declining since 1980s
  • only increase rates in offences is within child pornography
105
Q

what is the rate of sexual recidivism?

A
  • there is a common misconception that there is a high rate of recidivism BUT
  • sexual offenders recidivate less often than many other type of offenders and the longer a sexual offender doesn’t reoffend the less likely it is that he/she will every reoffend?
106
Q

describe the risk-need Responsivity model:

A
  • used to asses and manage risk factors for sexual recidivism
  • based off of 3 principles:
    1. risk principle: (maximum attention to those at greatest risk of reoffending)
    2. the need principle: (matches the treatment to the needs of individual being treated)
    3. the responsivity principle: (tailors intervention to the abilities, learning style and motivation of the offender)
107
Q

What is paraphilia?

A
  • is a broad category in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
  • refers to any intense sexual interest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation and preparatory fondling with phenotypically normal, physiologically mature, consenting human partners
  • some examples including: pedophilia, sexual sadism, exhibitionism, voyeurism and Frotteurism
108
Q

what is the social bond theory?

A
  • Travis Hirshi founded this theory in 1969
  • broken into 4 main elements:
    1. attachment
    2. commitment
    3. involvement
    4. belief
109
Q

what was the Thomas Theorem?

A
  • devloped by W.I. Thomas: early member of the Chicago School
  • belief that if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences
  • this was used by Robert Merton who wrote on social structure and anomie
  • identifies threat/control-override as a source of all violence
110
Q

describe assault level 1

A
  • known as common assault
  • no weapon is present
  • nobody is seriously injured
111
Q

describe assault level 2:

A
  • involves either a weapon or assault

- causes bodily harm

112
Q

describe assault level 3

A
  • also known as aggravated assault
  • wounds victim
  • disfigures victim
  • endangers victims life
113
Q

define what “manslaughter” means

A
  • unintentional killing of a human being
  • not planned
  • often involves a degree of negligence on the part of the offender
114
Q

describe what first degree murder is:

A
  • requires a high level of planning and deliberation

- a high degree of moral blameworthiness

115
Q

describe what second degree murder is:

A
  • intentional

- without same degree of planning or deliberations or moral blameworthiness as 1st degree murder

116
Q

who was Frederick Thrasher?

A

-sociologist from the Chicago School and was one of the first to offer a detailed definition of a “gang”

117
Q

what was the criminality criterion?

A
  • in 1972 Thrasher did not include criminality as an essential criterion for the designation of a gang
  • some argue without criminality the definition of a gang is too broad
  • and that without the study of criminality it becomes the study of an organized groups behavior
118
Q

what do you have to consist of to be qualified as a “gang”?

A
  • 3+ more people within the group
  • have a name and group symbols
  • have an organizational structure
  • sometimes engage in criminal activity
119
Q

what are some causes of gang violence?

A
  • gang membership increases violent Behaviour
  • violent offending and victimization has become concentrated among young, minority males who reside in Canada’s poorest communities
  • youth from impoverish and single-parent families are at a higher risk
  • peer pressure and pressure for delinquency
  • youth can be introduced unwillingly through family members and friends
120
Q

what are some suppression strategies being used upon gangs?

A
  • police formed a specialized gang or organized crime unit
  • police created a database of known gang members and associations
  • police engage in crackdowns in known high crime areas
  • police target high profile gang members
  • these have failed to reduce the gang activity or gang violence for the longer term
121
Q

what does the concept “weed and seed” involve?

A
  • when social factors such as poverty and social disorganization are not addressed, weed and seed strategy begins with removing gangs and its members from a community followed by a long term community development
  • found this to be the most effective suppression strategy
  • however governments are also more enthusiastic about law enforcement side rather than focusing on the community
122
Q

within a study of 400 young offenders in Vancouver serving mean sentences of 100-158 days what was the rate of recidivism?

A

-perviously serving an average of 33 months on probation recidivism rate was still 81% within 12 months of their release

123
Q

what is Enron?

A
  • occurred in Texas in 2001
  • wiped out $70billion in market value,
  • costing 5,000 employees their jobs
  • lost $1.2 billion in employee retirement savings
  • executive-level managers of Enron knew about the companies impending collapse but urged their employees to continue investing in its shares, where the executives helped themselves to massive bonuses on the way out the door
124
Q

what was Eron?

A
  • happened in Canada, BC
  • was a contemporary ponzi scheme
  • Eron mortgage promoted real estate developments in Canada and the U.S
  • majority of investors were the average age of 55 and took existing retirement funds, borrowed money and mortgaged their homes to invest
  • promised 24% return
  • 3,000 investors lost approximately $200 million
125
Q

what is white collar crime? who was the first to coin this term?

A
  • Edwin Sutherland
  • he defined it as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation
126
Q

what differs between white collar and corporate crime?

A

WHITE COLLAR CRIME

  • individually motivated and for their own personal benefit
  • includes embezzlement by bank managers, embezzlement of trust funds by lawyers ect

CORPORATE CRIME

  • committed by a corporation or an individual act that is acting on behalf of a corporation
  • includes price-fixing, illegal dumping of toxic waste, workplace safety violations..ect.
127
Q

what are examples of white collar crimes?

A
  • fraud
  • bribery
  • embezzlement
  • tax invasion
  • insider trading
  • market manipulation
  • price fixing
  • health and safety violations
128
Q

describe what green criminology is?

A
  • examines environmental disasters caused by corporate negligence or intentional corporate malfeasance
  • many cases arent treated as crimes but actually corporate transgressions (dealt with the government regullator agencies and met with censure, administrative monetary penalties and compliance orders )
129
Q

what does the term regulatory capture mean?

A
  • refers to the practice of regulatory agencies to recruit experts from the ranks of private industry
  • been known to put the interests of the private sector ahead of the regulatory agencies or the Canadian public interests
130
Q

How much greater is the cost of white collar crime and corporate crime together when compared to the cost of all street crime together?

A

20-40x greater than the cost of all street crime together

From Flashcardlet (20 decks)

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