psych 101 Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Health and Coping
what are two ways people deal with stress?
A
Problem - focused coping
Emotion - focused coping
2
Q
what kind of threats trigger stress responseses
A
Uncontrollable threats
ex: human study
- nursing home residents die sooner because they have no control over their own schedule
3
Q
Why does perceived loss of control predict health problems?
A
Losing control increases stress hormones= blood pressure increase = immune response decrease.
4
Q
what does increasing control improve?
A
improves health and morale.
5
Q
what causes information overload?
A
choices
6
Q
external locus of control
A
Believe that chance or outside forces control their fate.
7
Q
internal locus of control
A
believe they control their own destily.
8
Q
ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification
A
self -control
(not effected by internal/external locus)
9
Q
what does willpower do?
A
temporarily depletes the mental energy needed for self-control on other tasks.
10
Q
What does self-control require?
A
attention and energy
11
Q
what is does self-control predict?
A
Good adjustment, better grades, and social success.
12
Q
what is a person that expects things to go badly and blames others?
A
pessimists
13
Q
what is a person that
1) expects to have control, works well under stress and enjoys good health
2)has a longer life
A
optomist
14
Q
how does social support help fight illness?
A
calms cardiovascular system = lower blood pressure and stress hormone levels
stronger immune function bc^
15
Q
what is open heart therapy?
A
a chance to confide painful feelings in close relationships
16
Q
how can one reduce stress?
A
aerobic exercise, relaxation, meditation, and active spiritual engagement bring inner strength and lessen stress effects.
17
Q
aerobic exercise
A
sustained activity which increases heart and lung fitness and reducess stress, depression and anxiety
can increase quantity and quality of life
weakens genetic risk for obesity
18
Q
relaxation provides relief from …
A
headaches, high blood pressure, anxiety, and insomnia.
19
Q
relaxation training
A
used to help type A heart attacks to reduce risk of future heart attacks
20
Q
what is a type A male
A
aggressive and competitive
21
Q
faith factor
A
religiously active people tend to live longer than non-active
because they have healthy behaviors, social support, and positive emotions.
22
Q
mindfulness meditation
A
reflective practice where people recall current experiences in a nonjudgmental manner
23
Q
An individual characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
A
Personality
24
Q
Freuds psychoanalytic perspective
A
“what is happening below the surface?”
observed patients whos disorders had no clear physical explanations
and concluded that their problems reflected hidden away thoughts and feelings
25
freuds major contributions
- drew attention to the vast uncoscious
-struggle to cope with sexualiy
-
26
unconscious mind is now though of as ...
information processing that occurs without awareness
ex: priming, implicit memories, emotions, and stereotypes.
27
Projective test
triggers the projection of one's inner dynamics and reveal unconscious motives.
28
rorschach inkblot test
most widely used *Projective test*
-seeks to ID peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of blots
BUT has low reliability and validity
29
Maslow's self-actualizing person
People are motivated by a hierarchy of needs and strive for self-actualization and self-transcendence.
potential for healthy personal growth
30
Rogers personal-centered perspective
growth promoting environment including genuineness acceptance, and empathy
unconditional positive regard and self-concept
31
Evaluating humanistic theories
Influences such as education, child raising and management. lay the ground work for ....
positive psychology.
and renewed interest in the concept of the self
32
- see personality as stable and ednduring pattern behaviors.
- genetic predispositions influence many traits.
- puts labels without explanation
-
trait theorist
33
brain activity scans of extravert indicate that they seek stimulation because
Normal brain arousal is relatively low.
34
dopamine leves tent to be lower or higher in extraverts?
higher
35
introversion is Not shyness but often
people seeking low levels of stimulation from enviorment.
36
personality inventory
questionnaire - to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors
empirically derived
37
what are the Big Five personality factors
OCEAN
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
38
Big Five research questions
How stable are these traits?
Do self-ratings on these traits match others' ratings?
do traits reflect differing brain structures
do these traits apply to various cultures
how well do these traits apply to various cultures
do the big five traits predict our actual behaviors?
39
Behavior is influenced by the interaction of our disposition with our enviorment.
the person-situation controversy
40
what traits are stable?
personality
41
Person situation controversy:
consistency of specific behaviors from one situation to another is weak
Average behavior is predictable.
42
applies principals of learning cognition and social behavior to personality
Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between peoples traits and their social context
social cognitive
43
reciprocal determinism
describes interaction and mutual influences of behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental factors.
44
internal personal factors
-people choose different environments.
- personalities shape how people interpret and react to events.
-
44
social cognitive theories
build on concepts of learning and cognition
-best way to predict behavior is to observe it in similar situations.
-downplay the importance of unconscious motives emotions
45
exploring the self
consideration of possible selves motivates toward pos development; too much focus may lead to spotlight effect.
46
our self-worth
self-esteem
47
our sense of competence on task
self-efficacy
48
high self- esteem correlates with
less pressure to conform, with persistence at difficult task, and with HAPPINESS
49
People are most overconfident when ...
incompetent
50
self-serving bias
more responsibility for good deeds than bad deeds for successes
"better than average"
self favorability
51
scientific study of how we think about influences and related to one another
Social psychology
52
Fundamental attribution error
underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
53
feelings influenced by beliefs
attitudes
54
what is an action that can modify attitudes
foot in the door
cooperative actions feed to mutual liking
55
when attitudes do not fit actions, tensions often reduce by changing attitudes to match actions
cognitive dissonance theory
56
social contagion
the more we mimic the greater our empathy and the more people like us
this is a form of conformity
57
ASCH and other found that ppl are likely to adjust their behavior or thinking with a group when...
they feel insecure
their group has more than three people
everyone else agrees
they admire the group's status
they know they are being observed
their culture encourages respect for social standards
58
milgram's obedience experiment
people obey orders ehrn they though they were harming another person,
great evild acts often grow out of peoples compliance with lesser evils
59
findings from milgrams experiments
obedience was higher when:
- the person giving orders was close and looked like athourity figure
- the researcher was supported by a prestigious institution
- the victim was far or depersonalized
- there were no role models of defiance.
60
social facilitation
presence of others arouses ppl, and improves performance on easy tasks but decreases on difficult tasks.
61
social loafing
tendency for people in the group to exert less effort. group projects
62
gorupthink
people are driven by a desire for harmony
people want to agree
62
deindividuation
a loss of self awarness and self - retraint in a group
if i pull on a lever less than others the group wont notice
63
Implicit prejudice
Implicit racial associations
what decisions do we make unconsiously
64
discrimination
unjustifiable negative BEHAVIOR toward group and its members
64
Prejudice: its an attitude
An unjustifiable attiude twats a group and its members generally involves stereotypes and discriminatory actions
64
group polarization
Group discussion with LIKE-MINDED others/ group strengthens members' beliefs and attitudes.
65
gender prejudice
has declined; specific group
discrimination still persists
66
LGBTQ prejudice
39 % been rejected by family or friends
58% subject to slurs or jokes
54% have been harassed at school or work
67
where do prejudice attitudes come from?
social inequalities, stereotypes
68
in group
US- people with whome we share common ID
68
social inequalities
lead to development of attitudes that justify the status quo
69
out group
Them- those percieved as different or apart from our ingroup
70
ScapeGoat theory
prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
high prejudice =economically frustrated people
70
ingroup bias
tendency to favor our own group
71
media provides ---- --- that children follow
social scrips
72
A ------ ------- increases prejudice
temporary frustration
73
social - cultural factors in agression
social scrips
viewing sexual violence
playing violet games
74
bystander effect
bystander to be less likely to give aid ( depends on # of ppl)
diffusion of responsibility
74
altruism
unselfish concern for the welfare of others
75
ex of altruism
similarity to self, being unhurried or in a good mood, feeling guilty raises the likelyhood of helping
76
socialization norm
social expectation that says how we should behave
77
reciprocity norm
people will favor each other by returning benifit for benefit
78
social- responsibility norm
expectations that people should help those who depend on them
Kids to parents
79
incompatibility of actions ,goals or ideas
conflict
80
self intreast rather than the good of the group, become destructive in behavior
social trap
81
enemy perceptions
people in conflict form negative, distorted images of one another
82
psycological disorders
disturbance in an individuals Cognition, emotions regulation or behavior
83
Diagnostic clasifications
predictions
treatment
research
84
DSM-5
Describes disorders and estimates their occurrence
85
DSM-5 Criticism
labels our judgment
pathologizing everyday life
86
DSM-5 benefit
helps mental health professionals communicate
useful in research
87
dissoreders equal danger?
NO, ppl with disorders are victims more than attackers
88
risk factors
-academic failure
-birth complications
-substance abuse
trauna experience
89
protective factors
aerobic exersice
high self-esteem
economic independance
90
What are the two most common disorders
depression and anxiety
91
Is poverty a risk factor?
yes
92
anxiety disorders
Anxiety, OCD, PTSD
93
def: anxiety disorders
continually tense and in a state of autonomuc nervous system
94
sudden episodes of intense dread and often lived in fear of next attack
panic disorder; Anxiety
95
irrational avoidance of a specific object, activity or situation
phobia
96
Persistent and repetitive thoughts, actions or both
interfere with everyday life
OCD
97
hunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, insomnia lingers 4 WEEKS or MORE AFTER traumatic experience
common in veterans
women are at higher risk
PTSD
98
classical conditioning
panic prone ppl assciate anxiety with cue
99
stimulus generalization
a fearful event later can become a fear of smiliar event. bomb and any loud noise.
100
reinforcement
operant conditioning can help maintain a developed phobia
101
genes
genetic predisposition to anxiety ptsd and ocd
102
the brain
trauma links new fear pathways, hyperactive danger detection, habitual behavior areas of brain
103
natural selection
biological preparedness to fear threats
104
Major depressive dissoreder
2 or more weeks with 5 or more symptmes
105
persistant depresive disorder
mildy depressed mood more often than not for at least 2 years alonf with at leat two other symptoms
106
risk increases if family member has disorder
genetic influences
107
mania
hyoeractive wildly optomistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common
107
bipolar disorder
person alternates between hopelessness and overexcited state
less common
predictor for suicide
108
what did pet scans for depressed people show?
less active frontal lobe
scarcity of neorepinephrine and serotonine
109
Mediterranean diet
low risk of developing heart diseas, strole , and depression
110
depressive disorders
biipolar disorder suicide and self injury
111
rumination
over thinking over and over again
112
depressed people
see the world and self negitively
113
vicious cycle of depression
stress full experience -> neg explanatory -> depressed mood-> behavioral changes
114
NSSI
Non suicidal self injury
cutting ect.
115
more likely to occur if diagnosed with depression
more likely to occur when people feel disconnected from or burden to others
suicide
116
day of the week ppl suicide
Wednesday
117
reasons for NSSI
-reliefs guilt
-gain relief from intense neg thoughts through pain distration.
- gain attention/ asking for help
118
Schizophrenia
split mind not split personality
-hallucinations delsuion, disorganization
119
chronic schizophrenia
process schizo
appears in late adolescence or early adult hood
episodes last longer as get older
120
acute schizo
reactive schizo
occur at any age
response to emotional trauma
121
brain abnormalities in schizo brain
excessive dopamine receptors
low frontal lobe activity
more rapid tissue loss
122
Prenatal risks for schizo
low birth weight
lack of O2 during delivery
midpregnacy viral infection
123
odds og getting schizo
1in 100
but it fam has it 1in 10
124
dissaciative dissorders
eating ,personality and dissociative
125
dissociative dissorder explanation
awarness becomes separated from prev memories thoughts and feelings
126
DID (Dissociative ID disorder
rare where a person shows two or more personalities
multiple persons
127
anxiety
odd behaviors
impulse/ dramatic behaviors
Personality disorder
128
psychotherapy
non medication
techniques derived from psychological perspective
129
biomedical therapy
treatment with medical procedures
labotomy
medicine and other biological treatment
130
eclectic approach
mix of techniques
talking to someone but also on meds
131
Humanistic perspective
peoples potetial for self-fulfillment to give ppl new insights
132
behavior therapies
Counter conditioning
exposure therapy
systematic desensitization
133
counter conditioning
using classical conditioning to invoke new responses to stimuli and trigger unwanted behaviors
134
exposure therapies
treat anxiety by exposing people to the things they fear
135
VR exposure therapy
treats anxitey by electronic stimuli
136
systematic desensitization
associate a pleasant relaxed state with gradual anxiety trigger
137
aversive conditioning
conditioning an aversion to something the people should avoid
DOG BOWL SLOBBER
138
Operant conditioning theory
consequenses drive behavior voluntary behaviors
have to do something to get rewarded
139
behavior modification
desired behavior is reinforced; undesired in not and sometimes punished
140
token economy
gain token for being good and then turn in token for treat
141
cognitive therapies
teach people more adaptive ways for thinking
142
Becks therapy for depression
gentle questions that reveal irrational thinking
trained to recognize and modify neg self-talk
143
CBT (cognitive behavioral therapies
changes self-defeating thinking with changing behavior
144
group therapy
used when people problems involve interactions with others
social anxiety
145
Group therapy benifit
enables people to see that others share the same problems
146
family therapy
opens up communication within the family to help and use resolution stategies
147
is psychotherapy effective
hard to tell
ppl who no therapy - improve
ppl with therapy - improve more quickly and less recurance
148
best for particular problems
cog and cog behavioral
anxiety, depression, PTSD
149
best for particular problems
behavioral conditions therapy
bed-wetting, phobia, compulsion, marriage problems, sexual dysfuntion
150
best for particular problems
psychodynamic therapy
depression and anxiety
151
differences in cultural, moral values in psychotherapists
create mismatch
152
Psychopharmacology
study of drug effects on mind and behavior
153
drug therapies
widely used
27 million Americans take prescribed antidepressants
154
Most common drugs for psychological dissorders
anti-psychotic
antianxiety
anti depressants
mood stabilizers
155
Antipsychotic
mimic certain nt to reduce overreaction/ irrelavant stimuli
supports to treat schizo
156
anti-anxiety
depresses CNS; xanax Ativan
used in combo with psychotherapy
may reduce symptom without resolving problem
157
Anti depressants
increases norepinephrine or serotonin
SSRI
158
mood stabilizers
depakote: contronls manic episodes
lithium; levels out emotions
159
ECT electroconvulsive therapy
shocks the brain
involves general anasthetic
less memory disruption
reduced suicidal thoughts
effectiveness UNCLEAR
160
transcranial electrical stimulation (tDCS)
a week of currents directly to the scalp
studies do not confirm cognitive benefits
161
repetative transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
magnetic energy to brain surface through colied wire helf close to brain
162
deep brain stimulation
manipulates the depressed brain via pacemaker; stimulates inhibition activity related to negative emotions and thoughts
