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psych 101 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the Sources of intuition

A

-Hindsight bias
-Overconfidence
- Perceive patters

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2
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

Predict an event before it occurred.

Ex: Someone rocking in their chair and then they fall. someone else saying “I Knew that was going to happen!”

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3
Q

What is Perceive of patters?

A

Tendency to perceive patterns on random events.
Ex: Shapes in the clouds.

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4
Q

What is overconfidence?

A

Over estimation of knowledge
ex: Doctor overestimating their diagnosis.

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5
Q

What is the Scientific Method ?

A

-Theory
-Hypothesis
-Operational definition
-Replication

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6
Q

Define Theory + example

A

Broad Explanation
ex:What are the health benefits of eating an apple?

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7
Q

Define Hypothesis + example

A

Testable prediction
ex: Increasing apple consumption in over-60s will result in decreasing frequency of doctor’s visits.

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8
Q

Operational definition

A

Carefully worded statement of exact procedure
or
Operations by which investigators may measure a concept

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9
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the experiment to make sure our outcome is still the same.

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10
Q

Types of Scientific studies

A

-Drescriptive
-Correlation
-Experimental

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11
Q

What is descriptive research?

A

Systematic, Objective, Observation of people without interference of manipulation

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12
Q

What are the types of Descriptive research?

A

-case study
-naturalistic observation
-survey and interview

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13
Q

Case study

A

very few people; maybe just 1 person but in depth of the individual

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14
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Subjects don’t know you are observing them. no interactions with participants.

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15
Q

Survey and interview

A

A list of questions
ex: google forms

** wording makes a difference in the surveys and can influence participants answers.

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16
Q

define Correlation

A

A measure of how closely two factors vary together.

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17
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

a statistical measurement of how closely two things are between(0 and +1.0)

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18
Q

Positive correlation

A

direct relationship

ex: both arrows going the SAME direction

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19
Q

Negative correlation

A

inverse relationship

Ex: one arrow increased, one arrow decreases

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20
Q

Illusory correlation

A

“some other cause” Third party effect

ex: higher temps = more babies in hospital
because of spoiled milk not because of the temp directly.

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21
Q

Regression toward the mean

A

Extremes fall back towards the average

ex: One game an athlete score multiple goals next games they shift towards their average.

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22
Q

Experimentation

A

-Manipulating factors
Focusing on the possible effect of one or more factors
-can hold constant

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23
Q

Double blind

A

eliminating bias

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24
Q

Placebo effect

A

Effect cause by EXPECTATIONS of participant alone.

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25
Q

Variables

A

-IV
-Confounding variables
DV

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26
Q

Independent variable

A

Factor that is manipulated; being affected by study
the variable whose effect is being studied

“sunlight”
The more sunlight a plant gets the taller the plant gets

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27
Q

Dependent variable

A

Factor that is being measured.
“hieght “
The more sunlight a plant gets the taller the plant gets

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28
Q

Confounding variable

A

factor that IV may produce

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29
Q

APA

A

-informe
-protect
-confidential
-debrief

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30
Q

normal curve

A

symetrical bell shaped curve

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31
Q

Neuro-plasticity

A

brain changes ,reorganizes and builds new pathways based on experiences.

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32
Q

Motor neuron

A

-Cell body
-dendrites
-axon
-axon terminal branches
-myeil sheath

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33
Q

dendrite

A

receives info

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34
Q

cell body

A

gathers info

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35
Q

axon

A

sends info

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36
Q

axon terminal branches

A

releases information

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37
Q

Neurons

A

*little calculators
-important components of the nervous system
-the body’s speedy electrochemical system
** reaction is an all or none process

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38
Q

Myelin sheath

A

encases the axon which enables FASTER transmission of the signal

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39
Q

Chemical signal

A

Chemical neurotransmiters travels across synaptic gap to dendtrites and cell body of NEXT cell

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40
Q

Electrical signal

A

the NT form the Chemical signal reaches dendrites and cell body which begins the process of Electrical signal which is sending info through the Motor neuron.

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41
Q

Threshold triggers what ?

A

action potential

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42
Q

where does the action potential travel?

A

down the Axon

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43
Q

Triggering realeases what from the axon terminal

A

Neurotransmitters (NT’S)

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44
Q

where do NT travel?

A

across gap to dendrites and cell body

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45
Q

Acetylcholine

A

affects muscle action, learning and memory

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46
Q

Endorphins

A

natural opiates released in response to pain and exercise

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47
Q

T or F
Does our body make its own versions of all the types of drug?

A

True!

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48
Q

Agonist

A

Molecule that mimics the real NT’s

ex: Nicotine

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49
Q

Antagonist

A

Molecule that inhibits or BLOCKS a NT’s ACTION

ex: cocaine and Caffenie

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50
Q

what are the two types of Nervous systems?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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51
Q

CNS

A

The Brain and spinal cord are the decision makers

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52
Q

PNS

A

Neural pathways outside the CNS that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.

53
Q

system of PNS

A

PNS
A) Autonomic. B) somatic A1) Sympathetic A2)Parasympathetic B1)Sensory input B)2Motor output controls skeletal muscles.

54
Q

Autonomic Nervous system

A

Sympathetic NS- fight or flight

Parasympathetic -calms and conserves energy

55
Q

A simple reflex needs at least two of what to occur?

A

2 Neurons to have reflexis

56
Q

Cerebellum

A

Judgement of time, sound and emotional control
**coordinate movement and life sustaining functions
““looks like two hawaiian rolls under the brain

57
Q

Brainstem

A

medulla
pons

58
Q

Medulla

A

Controls heartbeat and breathing

59
Q

Pons

A

Help coordinate movement

60
Q

Thalamus

A

relay station
-Directs sensory messages to the cortex
-transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

61
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Nerve network with an important role in controlling arousal

62
Q

The Limbic system

A

Hippocampus, amygdala and Hypothalamus

63
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memory

64
Q

Amygdala

A

emotions

65
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Directs Maintenance activities
-hunger
-body temp
-reproductive behavior
**Governs the endocrine system

66
Q

The cerebral cortex

A

Two Hemispheres (right and left)
-each hemisphere has four lobes
*** the CORTEX is only the outer layer

67
Q

Frontal lobbe

A

-Reasoning
-planing
-speech
-movement
-emotions
-personality

68
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Sound
memory

69
Q

Occipital lobe

A

vision

70
Q

Parietal lobe

A

touch
Pressure
pain
Temp

71
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Body areas requiring precise control
ex: fingers and mouth occupy the largest part of the cortical space.

72
Q

Left hemisphere

A

quick exact interpretations of language

73
Q

right hemisphere

A

makes inferences and self awareness

74
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects the two hemispheres

75
Q

Phineas Gage

A

brain damage- railroad rod in brain
affected his behavior, personality, and decision-making

76
Q

Do Brain and spinal cord regenerate?

A

NO, they usually do not when severe damage occurs

  • neural tissue may reorganize
77
Q

The endocrine system

A

glands that secrete hormones into the BLOODSTREAM

*TO KNOW: NT’s move small distance while HORMONES move throughout the BLOODSTREAM

78
Q

Feedback system

A

Hypothalamus -> pituitary -> other glands -> Hormones -> our body -> brain

*** Our body will monitor how much hormone is being made = feedback

Negative feedback : Too much hormones being made.

79
Q

MRI

A

Provides map of brain (STUCTURAL)

80
Q

FMRI

A

measures blood flow to brain regions (funtional)

81
Q

PET

A

Tracks where the brain is radioactive form of glucose given to person (Functional)

82
Q

EEG

A

Electrodes placed on the scalp measure electrical activity in neurons (funtional)

83
Q

Genes

A

Portions of DNA that code for proteins, the body’s building blocks

84
Q

DNA

A

Molecule containing the genetic info that makes up chromosomes

85
Q

Chromosomes

A

long twisted threads of DNA that contains genes

86
Q

Genome

A

consists of all the genetic material in an organasims chromosomes.

87
Q

how many chromosomes are in a human genome?

A

43 chromosomes in 23 matched sets
*we receive half a set of chromosomes from each biological parent.

88
Q

behavior genetics

A

study of power and limits of genetic and environmental influences of behavior

89
Q

Heredity

A

Genetic transfer of characteristics parents to offspring

90
Q

Environment

A

Non genetic influences on people

91
Q

Identical twins

A

A single fertilized egg split in two

92
Q

what are some similarities in identical twins

A

-Personality
-attitudes
-brain waves
-interests ,tastes specific fears

93
Q

Why are siblings different?

A
  • share half genes
    -enviorment changes (adding new siblings)
    -Siblings are raised in slightly different families
94
Q

will a 6 month old have the same temperament at the age of 13?

A

yes, temperament differences typically persist

95
Q

Epigenetic

A

Study of environmental influenced on a gene that occur without DNA change.

96
Q

what can peers teach us?

A

-Social skills
-choice of music
-good and bad habits
-fashion
-learning cooperation skills

97
Q

What influences do parents have?

A

-education and career path
-self-discipline
-responsibility
-religion
-charitableness
-interactions with authority figures

98
Q

How are children if they are raised in an individualist culture?

A

self-reliant
independent

99
Q

how are children if they are raised in a collective culture?

A

obedient
integrated into webs of mutual support

100
Q

Teratogen

A

Mal development of fetus
ex: fetal alcohol syndrome

101
Q

What is the Competency of a newborn?

A

-automatic reflexes
- cries for help and comfort
-searches for sounds linked to mother
-smells and sees

102
Q

how can we study newborns?

A

eye tracking
habituation- ignoring certain sounds
preferences- prefers face like images and the smell of the mothers body.

103
Q

childhood (3-6 years) what happens during this period

A

-rapid frontal lobe growth
-critical period for some skills

104
Q

Motor skills

A

-develop as the nervous system and muscles mature
- universal in sequence but not in timing
-are guided by genes but influenced by environment

105
Q

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

A

-the mind developed through a series of irreversible stages from simple reflexes to adult reasoning.

106
Q

birth to 2 yrs (key milestones)

A

Objective permanence
stranger anxiety

107
Q

about 2 to 6 or 7 yrs (key milestones)

A

pretend play
egocentrism - cant see from peoples perspectives

108
Q

about 7 to 11 years (key milestones)

A

conservation- cup and liquid
mathematical
transformational

109
Q

about 12 through adulthood (key milestones)

A

abstract logic
potential for mature moral reasoning

110
Q

object permanence

A

baby cant see a toy thats under a blanket

111
Q

Piagets test of conservation

A

children can’t recognize the same amount of liquid in different cups

112
Q

was piagets sequence correct ?

A

yes, research suggest the sequence is correct

113
Q

define Attachment

A

emotional tie with another person

114
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

about 8 months children display stranger anxiety when SEPARATED from their CAREGIVERS.

115
Q

Is physical touch important?

A

yes, especially in early stages of life to grow up normal

116
Q

What is Critical period (3-6 years)?

A

period when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce normal development

117
Q

imprinting

A

certain animals form strong attachments during early life

118
Q

does attachment influence us later in life?

A

yes, early attachment influences later adult relationships

119
Q

deprivation of attachment

A

-most children growing up or experience abuse are resilient as long as they have a break from that abuse.

  • children who are neglected by their parents at an early age are at risk for attachment problems
120
Q

Experiment of Deprivation of attachment

A

orphanage in Romania neglected yrs 1-5 and had lower intelligence and higher rate of anxiety

121
Q

Self-concept

A

an understanding and evaluation of who we are

122
Q

6 month (Self-concept)

A

self awareness and recognition in mirror

123
Q

15-18 month (Self-concept)

A

expectation of how the face should look is apparent

124
Q

school age (Self-concept)

A

More detailed gender, group mebership,peer comparison

125
Q

8-10 yrs (Self-concept)

A

Self image becomes stable

126
Q

Authoritarian

A

parents impose rules and expect obedience

  • my way or the highway
127
Q

Permissive

A

Unrestraning make few demands, set few limits and use little punishment

-Cool parent

128
Q

Authoritative

A

demanding and responsive. Open to discuss and allow expectations. Change their rules as child gets older.
*gives explanations to why things are a no
-Normal parent

Psych 101 (4 decks)

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