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psych 101 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Sources of intuition

A

-Hindsight bias
-Overconfidence
- Perceive patters

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2
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

Predict an event before it occurred.

Ex: Someone rocking in their chair and then they fall. someone else saying “I Knew that was going to happen!”

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3
Q

What is Perceive of patters?

A

Tendency to perceive patterns on random events.
Ex: Shapes in the clouds.

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4
Q

What is overconfidence?

A

Over estimation of knowledge
ex: Doctor overestimating their diagnosis.

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5
Q

What is the Scientific Method ?

A

-Theory
-Hypothesis
-Operational definition
-Replication

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6
Q

Define Theory + example

A

Broad Explanation
ex:What are the health benefits of eating an apple?

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7
Q

Define Hypothesis + example

A

Testable prediction
ex: Increasing apple consumption in over-60s will result in decreasing frequency of doctor’s visits.

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8
Q

Operational definition

A

Carefully worded statement of exact procedure
or
Operations by which investigators may measure a concept

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9
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the experiment to make sure our outcome is still the same.

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10
Q

Types of Scientific studies

A

-Drescriptive
-Correlation
-Experimental

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11
Q

What is descriptive research?

A

Systematic, Objective, Observation of people without interference of manipulation

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12
Q

What are the types of Descriptive research?

A

-case study
-naturalistic observation
-survey and interview

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13
Q

Case study

A

very few people; maybe just 1 person but in depth of the individual

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14
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Subjects don’t know you are observing them. no interactions with participants.

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15
Q

Survey and interview

A

A list of questions
ex: google forms

** wording makes a difference in the surveys and can influence participants answers.

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16
Q

define Correlation

A

A measure of how closely two factors vary together.

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17
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

a statistical measurement of how closely two things are between(0 and +1.0)

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18
Q

Positive correlation

A

direct relationship

ex: both arrows going the SAME direction

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19
Q

Negative correlation

A

inverse relationship

Ex: one arrow increased, one arrow decreases

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20
Q

Illusory correlation

A

“some other cause” Third party effect

ex: higher temps = more babies in hospital
because of spoiled milk not because of the temp directly.

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21
Q

Regression toward the mean

A

Extremes fall back towards the average

ex: One game an athlete score multiple goals next games they shift towards their average.

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22
Q

Experimentation

A

-Manipulating factors
Focusing on the possible effect of one or more factors
-can hold constant

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23
Q

Double blind

A

eliminating bias

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24
Q

Placebo effect

A

Effect cause by EXPECTATIONS of participant alone.

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25
Variables
-IV -Confounding variables DV
26
Independent variable
Factor that is manipulated; being affected by study the variable whose effect is being studied "sunlight" The more sunlight a plant gets the taller the plant gets
27
Dependent variable
Factor that is being measured. "hieght " The more sunlight a plant gets the taller the plant gets
28
Confounding variable
factor that IV may produce
29
APA
-informe -protect -confidential -debrief
30
normal curve
symetrical bell shaped curve
31
Neuro-plasticity
brain changes ,reorganizes and builds new pathways based on experiences.
32
Motor neuron
-Cell body -dendrites -axon -axon terminal branches -myeil sheath
33
dendrite
receives info
34
cell body
gathers info
35
axon
sends info
36
axon terminal branches
releases information
37
Neurons
*little calculators -important components of the nervous system -the body's speedy electrochemical system ** reaction is an all or none process
38
Myelin sheath
encases the axon which enables FASTER transmission of the signal
39
Chemical signal
Chemical neurotransmiters travels across synaptic gap to dendtrites and cell body of NEXT cell
40
Electrical signal
the NT form the Chemical signal reaches dendrites and cell body which begins the process of Electrical signal which is sending info through the Motor neuron.
41
Threshold triggers what ?
action potential
42
where does the action potential travel?
down the Axon
43
Triggering realeases what from the axon terminal
Neurotransmitters (NT'S)
44
where do NT travel?
across gap to dendrites and cell body
45
Acetylcholine
affects muscle action, learning and memory
46
Endorphins
natural opiates released in response to pain and exercise
47
T or F Does our body make its own versions of all the types of drug?
True!
48
Agonist
Molecule that mimics the real NT's ex: Nicotine
49
Antagonist
Molecule that inhibits or BLOCKS a NT's ACTION ex: cocaine and Caffenie
50
what are the two types of Nervous systems?
Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
51
CNS
The Brain and spinal cord are the decision makers
52
PNS
Neural pathways outside the CNS that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
53
system of PNS
PNS A) Autonomic. B) somatic A1) Sympathetic A2)Parasympathetic B1)Sensory input B)2Motor output controls skeletal muscles.
54
Autonomic Nervous system
Sympathetic NS- fight or flight Parasympathetic -calms and conserves energy
55
A simple reflex needs at least two of what to occur?
2 Neurons to have reflexis
56
Cerebellum
Judgement of time, sound and emotional control **coordinate movement and life sustaining functions ""looks like two hawaiian rolls under the brain
57
Brainstem
medulla pons
58
Medulla
Controls heartbeat and breathing
59
Pons
Help coordinate movement
60
Thalamus
relay station -Directs sensory messages to the cortex -transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
61
Reticular Formation
Nerve network with an important role in controlling arousal
62
The Limbic system
Hippocampus, amygdala and Hypothalamus
63
Hippocampus
Memory
64
Amygdala
emotions
65
Hypothalamus
Directs Maintenance activities -hunger -body temp -reproductive behavior **Governs the endocrine system
66
The cerebral cortex
Two Hemispheres (right and left) -each hemisphere has four lobes *** the CORTEX is only the outer layer
67
Frontal lobbe
-Reasoning -planing -speech -movement -emotions -personality
68
Temporal lobe
Sound memory
69
Occipital lobe
vision
70
Parietal lobe
touch Pressure pain Temp
71
Motor Cortex
Body areas requiring precise control ex: fingers and mouth occupy the largest part of the cortical space.
72
Left hemisphere
quick exact interpretations of language
73
right hemisphere
makes inferences and self awareness
74
Corpus Callosum
Connects the two hemispheres
75
Phineas Gage
brain damage- railroad rod in brain affected his behavior, personality, and decision-making
76
Do Brain and spinal cord regenerate?
NO, they usually do not when severe damage occurs - neural tissue may reorganize
77
The endocrine system
glands that secrete hormones into the BLOODSTREAM *TO KNOW: NT's move small distance while HORMONES move throughout the BLOODSTREAM
78
Feedback system
Hypothalamus -> pituitary -> other glands -> Hormones -> our body -> brain *** Our body will monitor how much hormone is being made = feedback Negative feedback : Too much hormones being made.
79
MRI
Provides map of brain (STUCTURAL)
80
FMRI
measures blood flow to brain regions (funtional)
81
PET
Tracks where the brain is radioactive form of glucose given to person (Functional)
82
EEG
Electrodes placed on the scalp measure electrical activity in neurons (funtional)
83
Genes
Portions of DNA that code for proteins, the body's building blocks
84
DNA
Molecule containing the genetic info that makes up chromosomes
85
Chromosomes
long twisted threads of DNA that contains genes
86
Genome
consists of all the genetic material in an organasims chromosomes.
87
how many chromosomes are in a human genome?
43 chromosomes in 23 matched sets *we receive half a set of chromosomes from each biological parent.
88
behavior genetics
study of power and limits of genetic and environmental influences of behavior
89
Heredity
Genetic transfer of characteristics parents to offspring
90
Environment
Non genetic influences on people
91
Identical twins
A single fertilized egg split in two
92
what are some similarities in identical twins
-Personality -attitudes -brain waves -interests ,tastes specific fears
93
Why are siblings different?
- share half genes -enviorment changes (adding new siblings) -Siblings are raised in slightly different families
94
will a 6 month old have the same temperament at the age of 13?
yes, temperament differences typically persist
95
Epigenetic
Study of environmental influenced on a gene that occur without DNA change.
96
what can peers teach us?
-Social skills -choice of music -good and bad habits -fashion -learning cooperation skills
97
What influences do parents have?
-education and career path -self-discipline -responsibility -religion -charitableness -interactions with authority figures
98
How are children if they are raised in an individualist culture?
self-reliant independent
99
how are children if they are raised in a collective culture?
obedient integrated into webs of mutual support
100
Teratogen
Mal development of fetus ex: fetal alcohol syndrome
101
What is the Competency of a newborn?
-automatic reflexes - cries for help and comfort -searches for sounds linked to mother -smells and sees
102
how can we study newborns?
eye tracking habituation- ignoring certain sounds preferences- prefers face like images and the smell of the mothers body.
103
childhood (3-6 years) what happens during this period
-rapid frontal lobe growth -critical period for some skills
104
Motor skills
-develop as the nervous system and muscles mature - universal in sequence but not in timing -are guided by genes but influenced by environment
105
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
-the mind developed through a series of irreversible stages from simple reflexes to adult reasoning.
106
birth to 2 yrs (key milestones)
Objective permanence stranger anxiety
107
about 2 to 6 or 7 yrs (key milestones)
pretend play egocentrism - cant see from peoples perspectives
108
about 7 to 11 years (key milestones)
conservation- cup and liquid mathematical transformational
109
about 12 through adulthood (key milestones)
abstract logic potential for mature moral reasoning
110
object permanence
baby cant see a toy thats under a blanket
111
Piagets test of conservation
children can't recognize the same amount of liquid in different cups
112
was piagets sequence correct ?
yes, research suggest the sequence is correct
113
define Attachment
emotional tie with another person
114
Stranger anxiety
about 8 months children display stranger anxiety when SEPARATED from their CAREGIVERS.
115
Is physical touch important?
yes, especially in early stages of life to grow up normal
116
What is Critical period (3-6 years)?
period when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce normal development
117
imprinting
certain animals form strong attachments during early life
118
does attachment influence us later in life?
yes, early attachment influences later adult relationships
119
deprivation of attachment
-most children growing up or experience abuse are resilient as long as they have a break from that abuse. - children who are neglected by their parents at an early age are at risk for attachment problems
120
Experiment of Deprivation of attachment
orphanage in Romania neglected yrs 1-5 and had lower intelligence and higher rate of anxiety
121
Self-concept
an understanding and evaluation of who we are
122
6 month (Self-concept)
self awareness and recognition in mirror
123
15-18 month (Self-concept)
expectation of how the face should look is apparent
124
school age (Self-concept)
More detailed gender, group mebership,peer comparison
125
8-10 yrs (Self-concept)
Self image becomes stable
126
Authoritarian
parents impose rules and expect obedience - my way or the highway
127
Permissive
Unrestraning make few demands, set few limits and use little punishment -Cool parent
128
Authoritative
demanding and responsive. Open to discuss and allow expectations. Change their rules as child gets older. *gives explanations to why things are a no -Normal parent

Psych 101 (4 decks)

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