Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 101 > psych 101 EXAM 2 > Flashcards

psych 101 EXAM 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Teenage brain:
- until___, brain cells _____ their connections

A

puberty, increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

______ _______ removes unused neurons and connections

A

Selective pruning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Myelin growth

A

better communication with other brain regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

examples of myelin growth

A

improves judgment, impulse control and long term planing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Impulse control ^

A

sensation seeking goes down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Moral intuition

A

-made quickly and automatically
- Can be over ridden

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Moral action

A

Ability to delay gratification; liked to + outcomes in adulthood
- feeds moral attitudes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the “we” aspect if self cincept that comes from group memberships.

A

Social Identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the capacity to build close relationships

A

Healthy identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Self esteem

A

declines in early/ mid-teen years
-causes depression for girls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Self image

A

rebounds late teens/ twenties and

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Whats the age of early adulthood ?

A

20-30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Whats the age of middle adulthood ?

A

30-65

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Whats the age of late adulthood ?

A

65-93

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Early Adulthood

A

Muscular strength
reaction time
sensory keennees
cardiac output peak in the mid-twenties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

middle adulthood

A

-physical decline gradual
- gradual decline in fertility
F-menopause M-sperm count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

late adulthood

A

-life expectancy 71
- immune system weakens
-visual sharpness diestance perception and stamina deminish
-exercise slows aging, stumilates brain cells development and nerual connections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Aging and memory

Early adulthood

A

Peak time for learning and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Aging and memory

middle adulthood

A

decline in recall rather than recognize memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Aging and memory

late adulthood

A

better retention of meaningful information : longer word production time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Generativity

A

being productive and supporting future generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Marriage

A

satisfaction is related to shared interests and values
predictive of happiness,sexual satisfaction , income.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Well being across the life span

A

-positive feelings grow after midlife and negative feelings decline
-older adults report less anger, stress, and worry , have fewer social relationships problems.
- At all ages people are happiest when they are not alone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Alzheimers Disease

On set and progression

A

onset after age 80
memory and reason deteriorates
emotional flatness and disorientation and mental vacancy occurs later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Death and dying

Grief

A

-severe when death comes sudden
-reaction vary by culture and by individual.
-immediate grief is not necessarily faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Neurocognitive disorder

A

marked by cognitive deficits
-related to alzheimers disease, brain injury or disease or substance abuse
-results in erosion of mental abilities that is not typical of normal aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Alzheimers Neural involvement

A
  • loss of brain cells, deterioration of ACETYLCHOLINE producing neurons
  • accumulation of plaque and tangles
  • degeneration of critical brain cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Retrieving information that is not in your conscious awareness but was once learned

A

Recall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Learning something more quickly when you encounter it a second time

A

Relearning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Identifying items previously learned

A

recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Ebbinghaus Retention curve

A

speed of relearning on day 2 vs repetition during day 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

3 processing stages in the atkinson-shiffrin model

A

external event
sensory memory
working/ short- term memory
long-term memory storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

active processing occuring in the second stage of memory

A

working memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

to address the processing information outside of conscious awareness

A

automatic processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

With experience and practice________ become automatic.

A

explicit memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

facts and events are examples of

A

declarative memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

skills and habits, classical conditioning, and emotional responses are examples of

A

non-declarative memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where is memory found?

A

hyppocampus and frontal lobe dedicationd to declarative memory formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

explicit memory system

A

semantic memory, episodic memory, and memory consolidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

memory of facts and general knowledge

A

senamtic memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

memory of personally experienced events

A

Episodic memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

neural storage of a long-term memory

A

memory consolidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

memory that holds a few items briefly before the info is stored or forgotten

A

Short term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

sound memory

A

echoic memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

picture-image memory
flash

A

Iconic memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Organization of items into familiar, manageable units

A

Chunking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Memory aids, techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

A

Mneumonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

items into few broad categories that are divided, and subdivided into narrow concepts and facts

A

hierarchies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

testing effect

A

improves learning and memory
protects our memory from stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

spacing effect

A

produces speedy short term learning
produces better long-term, recall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

classical conditioning

A

type of learning to link two or more stimuli and anticipate event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

operant behavior

A

person has to do something to see something happen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Nerutral stimulus (NS)

A

stimulus that doesn’t automatically trigger a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

Occurs naturally and automatically
- has to do something to produce a effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

OG neutral stimulus that after assosiation with a US comes yo trigger a CR

52
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

unlearned natuarally occuring response to US
salivation to food in mouth

53
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

A learned response to a previously neutral but now CS

54
Q

Pavlov

A

Demonstrared associative learning via conditioning

55
Q

stage when one links NS and UCS so that the NS begins triggering CR

A

Aquisition/ learning

56
Q

Diminishing if a CR
( just the bell with no treat will cause the dog to stop salivating)

A

Extinction

57
Q

Reappearance, after a pause of an extinguished CR

A

spontaneous Recovery

58
Q

Discrimination

A

learned ability to distinguish a CS and other stimuli

59
Q

Little Albert

A

scared of rats because of loud noise

60
Q

Thorndikes law of effect

A
  • behaviors with favorable consequences = more likely
    -behaviors with unfavorable consequences= less likely
61
Q

rat presses on the bar food will come out

A

skinners experiment

62
Q

stimuli presented After response strengthens response
(candy)

A

Positive reinforcements

63
Q

negative reinforcements

A

stimuli REMOVED after a response weakens the sresponse
(taking away something negative
annoying car noise)

64
Q

reinforces a resoponse only part of the time
better reinforcement (longer lasting engagement

A

partial reinforcement

64
Q

shaping

A

gradually guid behavior towards closer and closer to desired behavior

65
Q

reinforces the desired response every time it occurs

A

continuous reinforcement

66
Q

presenting a negative consequence after an undesired behavrior is exhibited
(something negative is presented)

A

positive punishment

67
Q

removing a desired stimulus after a particular undesired behavrior is
(something possitive is being taken away)

A

negative punishment

68
Q

physical punishment teaches what?

A

fear
is suppresed never forgotten
discrimination among situations
increases agression (only way taught to handel bad bahavior)

69
Q

learning withour direct experience by watching and imitating others

A

observation learning

70
Q

bandura
Modeling

A

observing and imitating a specidic behavior

71
Q

neurons under frontal lobe that fire up when you watch someone do something

A

mirror neurons

72
Q

focusing awareness on a particular stimulus

A

Selective attention

73
Q

failure to see visible objects when attention is directed elsewhere

A

inattentional blindness

74
Q

a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

A

blindsight awareness

75
Q

info simultaneously processed on seprate concious and unconsious tracs

A

dual processing

76
Q

NREM

A

non-rapid eye movment stages 1-3

77
Q

Rem

A

stage if sleep during which vivid dreams commonly occur

77
Q

why do we sleep?

A

restore and repair
strengthen neural connections
promot problem solving
growth

78
Q

Bright light activates _____ to cause decreased production of melatonin

A

SCN

79
Q

why we dreams

A

satisfy our own wished
file memoriesn
preserve/ develop neurla pathways

80
Q

after 5- hours nights we accumulate—— that cannot be satisfied by one long sleep

A

sleep debt

81
Q

REM Rebound

A

rem sleep increases after rem sleep deprivation

82
Q

sleep deprivation causes —–

A

fatigue irritability
concentration productivity and memory consolidation
depression/ obesity/ surpressed immuine system
more anger/ relationship conflicts

83
Q

1-4 adults ( dificulty falling asleep or staying asleep)

A

Insomnia

84
Q

1-2000 adults sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness

A

Narcolepsy

85
Q

sleep apnea

A

1-20 adults stopp breathing while sleeping

86
Q

sleep waling and talking

A

happenes in N3 1-15 not acting out dreams

87
Q

night terrors 1-100 adults 1-30 children

A

terrified waking up talking nonsense during n3 different from nightmares

88
Q

a chemical substance that alters perception and moods

A

Psychoactive drug

89
Q

repeated use, effects requires larger doses

A

tolerance

90
Q

compulsive cravings of drug or behaviors despite knowing the harmful consequences

A

addicition

91
Q

discomfort and distress following the discontinuation of a drug or behaviors

A

withdrawal

92
Q

Alcohol, Barbiturates and opiates that depress neural activity and slow body functions

A

Depressants

93
Q

depresant that reduces anxiety but impair memory and judgment

A

Barbiturates

94
Q

[Codeine, morphine, heroin Opium ] constricts pupils slows breathing an causes lethargy. lessen pain and anxiety

A

Opiates

95
Q

Stimulants

A

Caffeine and nicotine extacy MSMA meth

excite neural activity and speed up body funtions. dialation of pupils increase heart rates, breathing drop in appetite

increases energy and self-confidence.

96
Q

highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco
-realeases a flood of nt

A

nicotine

96
Q

quick rush of euphoria
-drops to depression after nt levels drop
( stops reuptake )

A

Cocaine

97
Q

distort perceptions
call sensory images without any input from the senses

A

hallucinogens

98
Q

THC
smoked eaten produces increase sensitivity in smells, colors sounds taste
lingers in the body
can relax impair motor skils diminishes reaction time

A

Marijuana

99
Q

beigins broad with sensory receptors and works uo to the brains integration of information

A

Bottom-up

100
Q

higher-level mental processes

A

top- down

101
Q

absolute threshold

A

you only detect things half of the time

102
Q

subliminal

A

input below the absolute threshold for consciousness

103
Q

to perceive a difference two stimuli must differs by a constant minimumpercentage

A

webers law

104
Q

—– ——- take the signal and turn it electrical. they are doing transduction

A

rods and cones

105
Q

retinol receptors that detect black, white and grey. necessary for periphiral and twilight vision

A

rods

106
Q

retinal receptor ; functions in the daylight or well light conditions; detect fine detail

A

cones

107
Q

central focal point in retina (what are you directly looking at)

A

fovea

108
Q

carries neural impulses from eye to brain

A

optic nerve

109
Q

no receptor cells are located there; where the optic nerve leases the eye

A

Blindspot

110
Q

must be stimulated during critical period
- nerve cells in brain respond to specific features of the stimulus such as SHAPE ANGLE or MOVEMENT

A

Featured detection

110
Q

optic nerve sends visual information to the —-

A

thalamus

111
Q

hubel and wiesel

A

brains computing system deconstructs and the reassebles visual images

112
Q

Gestalt

A

we tend to organize pieces of info to an organized whole

113
Q

figure-ground

A

distinguish visual field from background

114
Q

ability to see objects in 3-D
allows us to judge distance

A

depth perception

115
Q

perceived as differing loudness

A

amplitude

115
Q

binocular cues

A

two eyes improve depth perception

116
Q

monocular cue

A

interposition one eye better for close

117
Q

compress and expand air molecules

A

sound waves

118
Q

ears detect these breif pressure changes

A

change them into sound waves aka neural singlas

119
Q

experienced as differing pitch

A

frequency

120
Q

Place theory

A

conchlea is stimulated by HIGH pitches

121
Q

decoding sound waves

A

soundwaves -> ear drum– tiny bones —vibrations to cochlea — bend hair in cochlea – triggers impulse nerve cells —- thalamus (brain)

122
Q

frequency theory

A

rate which nerve impulses travek up the auditoury nerve LOW pitches

123
Q

Combinations of place and frequency theory

A

pitches in the intermediate range

124
Q

two ear are better than one

A

sound wave hits one ear sooner and more stronger than other ear

125
Q

non visual sense: touch

A

sense if touch is a mix of four distinks skin senses:
pressure
warmth
cold
pain

126
Q

controling pain

A

placebo
hypnosis
distraction ; draws attention away from pain

Psych 101 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions