psych 101 EXAM 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Teenage brain:
- until___, brain cells _____ their connections
A
puberty, increase
2
Q
______ _______ removes unused neurons and connections
A
Selective pruning
3
Q
Myelin growth
A
better communication with other brain regions
4
Q
examples of myelin growth
A
improves judgment, impulse control and long term planing
5
Q
Impulse control ^
A
sensation seeking goes down
6
Q
Moral intuition
A
-made quickly and automatically
- Can be over ridden
7
Q
Moral action
A
Ability to delay gratification; liked to + outcomes in adulthood
- feeds moral attitudes
8
Q
the “we” aspect if self cincept that comes from group memberships.
A
Social Identity
9
Q
the capacity to build close relationships
A
Healthy identity
10
Q
Self esteem
A
declines in early/ mid-teen years
-causes depression for girls
11
Q
Self image
A
rebounds late teens/ twenties and
12
Q
Whats the age of early adulthood ?
A
20-30
13
Q
Whats the age of middle adulthood ?
A
30-65
14
Q
Whats the age of late adulthood ?
A
65-93
15
Q
Early Adulthood
A
Muscular strength
reaction time
sensory keennees
cardiac output peak in the mid-twenties
16
Q
middle adulthood
A
-physical decline gradual
- gradual decline in fertility
F-menopause M-sperm count
17
Q
late adulthood
A
-life expectancy 71
- immune system weakens
-visual sharpness diestance perception and stamina deminish
-exercise slows aging, stumilates brain cells development and nerual connections
18
Q
Aging and memory
Early adulthood
A
Peak time for learning and memory
19
Q
Aging and memory
middle adulthood
A
decline in recall rather than recognize memory
20
Q
Aging and memory
late adulthood
A
better retention of meaningful information : longer word production time
21
Q
Generativity
A
being productive and supporting future generations
22
Q
Marriage
A
satisfaction is related to shared interests and values
predictive of happiness,sexual satisfaction , income.
23
Q
Well being across the life span
A
-positive feelings grow after midlife and negative feelings decline
-older adults report less anger, stress, and worry , have fewer social relationships problems.
- At all ages people are happiest when they are not alone.
24
Q
Alzheimers Disease
On set and progression
A
onset after age 80
memory and reason deteriorates
emotional flatness and disorientation and mental vacancy occurs later
24
Death and dying
Grief
-severe when death comes sudden
-reaction vary by culture and by individual.
-immediate grief is not necessarily faster
25
Neurocognitive disorder
marked by cognitive deficits
-related to alzheimers disease, brain injury or disease or substance abuse
-results in erosion of mental abilities that is not typical of normal aging
26
Alzheimers Neural involvement
- loss of brain cells, deterioration of ACETYLCHOLINE producing neurons
- accumulation of plaque and tangles
- degeneration of critical brain cells
27
Retrieving information that is not in your conscious awareness but was once learned
Recall
28
Learning something more quickly when you encounter it a second time
Relearning
29
Identifying items previously learned
recognition
30
Ebbinghaus Retention curve
speed of relearning on day 2 vs repetition during day 1
31
3 processing stages in the atkinson-shiffrin model
external event
sensory memory
working/ short- term memory
long-term memory storage
32
active processing occuring in the second stage of memory
working memory
33
to address the processing information outside of conscious awareness
automatic processing
34
With experience and practice________ become automatic.
explicit memories
35
facts and events are examples of
declarative memory
36
skills and habits, classical conditioning, and emotional responses are examples of
non-declarative memory
37
Where is memory found?
hyppocampus and frontal lobe dedicationd to declarative memory formation
38
explicit memory system
semantic memory, episodic memory, and memory consolidation
39
memory of facts and general knowledge
senamtic memory
40
memory of personally experienced events
Episodic memory
41
neural storage of a long-term memory
memory consolidation
42
memory that holds a few items briefly before the info is stored or forgotten
Short term memory
42
sound memory
echoic memory
43
picture-image memory
flash
Iconic memory
44
Organization of items into familiar, manageable units
Chunking
45
Memory aids, techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Mneumonic
46
items into few broad categories that are divided, and subdivided into narrow concepts and facts
hierarchies
47
testing effect
improves learning and memory
protects our memory from stress
48
spacing effect
produces speedy short term learning
produces better long-term, recall
49
classical conditioning
type of learning to link two or more stimuli and anticipate event
50
operant behavior
person has to do something to see something happen
51
Nerutral stimulus (NS)
stimulus that doesn't automatically trigger a response
52
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Occurs naturally and automatically
- has to do something to produce a effect
52
conditioned stimulus (CS)
OG neutral stimulus that after assosiation with a US comes yo trigger a CR
52
Unconditioned response (UR)
unlearned natuarally occuring response to US
salivation to food in mouth
53
Conditioned response (CR)
A learned response to a previously neutral but now CS
54
Pavlov
Demonstrared associative learning via conditioning
55
stage when one links NS and UCS so that the NS begins triggering CR
Aquisition/ learning
56
Diminishing if a CR
( just the bell with no treat will cause the dog to stop salivating)
Extinction
57
Reappearance, after a pause of an extinguished CR
spontaneous Recovery
58
Discrimination
learned ability to distinguish a CS and other stimuli
59
Little Albert
scared of rats because of loud noise
60
Thorndikes law of effect
- behaviors with favorable consequences = more likely
-behaviors with unfavorable consequences= less likely
61
rat presses on the bar food will come out
skinners experiment
62
stimuli presented After response strengthens response
(candy)
Positive reinforcements
63
negative reinforcements
stimuli REMOVED after a response weakens the sresponse
(taking away something negative
annoying car noise)
64
reinforces a resoponse only part of the time
better reinforcement (longer lasting engagement
partial reinforcement
64
shaping
gradually guid behavior towards closer and closer to desired behavior
65
reinforces the desired response every time it occurs
continuous reinforcement
66
presenting a negative consequence after an undesired behavrior is exhibited
(something negative is presented)
positive punishment
67
removing a desired stimulus after a particular undesired behavrior is
(something possitive is being taken away)
negative punishment
68
physical punishment teaches what?
fear
is suppresed never forgotten
discrimination among situations
increases agression (only way taught to handel bad bahavior)
69
learning withour direct experience by watching and imitating others
observation learning
70
bandura
Modeling
observing and imitating a specidic behavior
71
neurons under frontal lobe that fire up when you watch someone do something
mirror neurons
72
focusing awareness on a particular stimulus
Selective attention
73
failure to see visible objects when attention is directed elsewhere
inattentional blindness
74
a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it
blindsight awareness
75
info simultaneously processed on seprate concious and unconsious tracs
dual processing
76
NREM
non-rapid eye movment stages 1-3
77
Rem
stage if sleep during which vivid dreams commonly occur
77
why do we sleep?
restore and repair
strengthen neural connections
promot problem solving
growth
78
Bright light activates _____ to cause decreased production of melatonin
SCN
79
why we dreams
satisfy our own wished
file memoriesn
preserve/ develop neurla pathways
80
after 5- hours nights we accumulate------ that cannot be satisfied by one long sleep
sleep debt
81
REM Rebound
rem sleep increases after rem sleep deprivation
82
sleep deprivation causes -----
fatigue irritability
concentration productivity and memory consolidation
depression/ obesity/ surpressed immuine system
more anger/ relationship conflicts
83
1-4 adults ( dificulty falling asleep or staying asleep)
Insomnia
84
1-2000 adults sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness
Narcolepsy
85
sleep apnea
1-20 adults stopp breathing while sleeping
86
sleep waling and talking
happenes in N3 1-15 not acting out dreams
87
night terrors 1-100 adults 1-30 children
terrified waking up talking nonsense during n3 different from nightmares
88
a chemical substance that alters perception and moods
Psychoactive drug
89
repeated use, effects requires larger doses
tolerance
90
compulsive cravings of drug or behaviors despite knowing the harmful consequences
addicition
91
discomfort and distress following the discontinuation of a drug or behaviors
withdrawal
92
Alcohol, Barbiturates and opiates that depress neural activity and slow body functions
Depressants
93
depresant that reduces anxiety but impair memory and judgment
Barbiturates
94
[Codeine, morphine, heroin Opium ] constricts pupils slows breathing an causes lethargy. lessen pain and anxiety
Opiates
95
Stimulants
Caffeine and nicotine extacy MSMA meth
excite neural activity and speed up body funtions. dialation of pupils increase heart rates, breathing drop in appetite
increases energy and self-confidence.
96
highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco
-realeases a flood of nt
nicotine
96
quick rush of euphoria
-drops to depression after nt levels drop
( stops reuptake )
Cocaine
97
distort perceptions
call sensory images without any input from the senses
hallucinogens
98
THC
smoked eaten produces increase sensitivity in smells, colors sounds taste
lingers in the body
can relax impair motor skils diminishes reaction time
Marijuana
99
beigins broad with sensory receptors and works uo to the brains integration of information
Bottom-up
100
higher-level mental processes
top- down
101
absolute threshold
you only detect things half of the time
102
subliminal
input below the absolute threshold for consciousness
103
to perceive a difference two stimuli must differs by a constant minimumpercentage
webers law
104
----- ------- take the signal and turn it electrical. they are doing transduction
rods and cones
105
retinol receptors that detect black, white and grey. necessary for periphiral and twilight vision
rods
106
retinal receptor ; functions in the daylight or well light conditions; detect fine detail
cones
107
central focal point in retina (what are you directly looking at)
fovea
108
carries neural impulses from eye to brain
optic nerve
109
no receptor cells are located there; where the optic nerve leases the eye
Blindspot
110
must be stimulated during critical period
- nerve cells in brain respond to specific features of the stimulus such as SHAPE ANGLE or MOVEMENT
Featured detection
110
optic nerve sends visual information to the ----
thalamus
111
hubel and wiesel
brains computing system deconstructs and the reassebles visual images
112
Gestalt
we tend to organize pieces of info to an organized whole
113
figure-ground
distinguish visual field from background
114
ability to see objects in 3-D
allows us to judge distance
depth perception
115
perceived as differing loudness
amplitude
115
binocular cues
two eyes improve depth perception
116
monocular cue
interposition one eye better for close
117
compress and expand air molecules
sound waves
118
ears detect these breif pressure changes
change them into sound waves aka neural singlas
119
experienced as differing pitch
frequency
120
Place theory
conchlea is stimulated by HIGH pitches
121
decoding sound waves
soundwaves -> ear drum-- tiny bones ---vibrations to cochlea --- bend hair in cochlea -- triggers impulse nerve cells ---- thalamus (brain)
122
frequency theory
rate which nerve impulses travek up the auditoury nerve LOW pitches
123
Combinations of place and frequency theory
pitches in the intermediate range
124
two ear are better than one
sound wave hits one ear sooner and more stronger than other ear
125
non visual sense: touch
sense if touch is a mix of four distinks skin senses:
pressure
warmth
cold
pain
126
controling pain
placebo
hypnosis
distraction ; draws attention away from pain
