Psych 1 - Exam 3 Flashcards
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
- 5th Edition
- provides a clear diagnostic description of the various mental disorders
Concerns about DSM
4
- Danger of over diagnosis
- The power of labels
- Confusion of serious mental disorders with normal problems
- The illusion of objectivity
Diagnostic Interview
What is used to diagnose mental disorders
Advantages of DSM
2
- Improves reliability of diagnosis when used correctly
2. Helpful to decide the most effective treatment
5 Axis of DSM
Axis I: Clinical Disorders
Axis II: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation (Life Long)
Axis III: General Medical Conditions
Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning
Axis I: Clinical Disorders
Anxiety, Mood, Substance Related, Dissociative, Psychotic, Eating, Sleeping, Impulse, Adjustment, Childhood Disorders, Delirium, etc
Axis II: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation
Life Long
Cluster A: “Odd and Eccentric”
- Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Schizoid Personality Disorder
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Cluster B: “Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic, Impulsive”
- Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Borderline Personality Disorder
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Cluster C: “Anxious and Fearful”
- Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Dependent Personality Disorder
- Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Axis II - Cluster A: “Odd and Eccentric”
- Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Schizoid Personality Disorder
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Axis II - Cluster B: “Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic, Impulsive”
- Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Borderline Personality Disorder
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Axis II - Cluster C: “Anxious and Fearful”
- Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Dependent Personality Disorder
- Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID)
- Standardized test that is used to gain a formal DSM diagnosis
- Increases reliability and validity of diagnosis
- separate versions for Axis I and Axis II
Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
- Educational Problems
- Occupational Problems
- Housing, Economic, Access to Health Care problems
- Legal Issues
Projective tests
- Example: Rorschach inkblot test
- Almost meaningless
- Validity and reliability is very low
- Used to help children open up
Objective tests (Inventories)
- Standardized objective questionnaires requiring written responses
- Typically uses scales for people to rate themselves
- Usually more reliable and valid than projective tests
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
- Widely used Objective test that rates personality on a ten scales of personality
- Cant diagnose but can be used as a tool
Vulnerability-Stress Model
Emphasizes how individuals genetic vulnerabilities interact with external stressors or circumstances to produce mental disorders
Axis I: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- General anxiety more days than not
- must transfer from one topic of anxiety to others
Axis I: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Symptoms must persist longer than 1 month
Axis I: Panic Disorder
- Recurring Panic Attacks
- Must occur once out of the blue or during sleep
- Must experience at least a month of anxiety about next attack
Agoraphobia
- Fear of open spaces
Axis I: Specific Phobias
- Anxiety about a particular stimuli
- Must be unavoidable and include intrusive thoughts about stimuli without it being present
Social Phobia
- Persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur
Axis I: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
- Obsessive thought that cause high levels of anxiety which are combatted with compulsive rituals or behaviors
Major Depressive Episode
- Must include Depressed Mood every day during two weeks or more along side Diminished Pleasure in things that were once loved ALSO 1 other criteria
Other criteria:
- weigh loss/gain
- insomnia or hypersomnia nearly daily
- restlessness/”slowed down” noticibely
- fatigue or loss of energy nearly daily
- feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
- recurrent thoughts of death
Manic Episode
- Must last 3+ (4 if mood is only irritable)
Criteria:
- inflated self-esteem
- decreased need for sleep
- more talkative than usual
- racing thoughts or “flight of ideas”
- extremely distractible
- increased activity
- excessive involvement in pleasurable activities with a high potential for painful consequences
Axis I: Major Depressive Disorder
- More often in females than males
- Depression lasting at least 2 weeks
Axis I: Dysthymic Disorder
- Milder, longer depression
- Depression lasting for at least 2 years with no more than a 2 month period of lack of symptoms
Axis I: Bipolar Disorder
- Highly hereditary
- Onset in early 20s
2 Types
- Bipolar I - full manic, full depressive
- Bipolar II - full depressive, half manic
Axis I: Schizophrenia
- Must be persistent for 1 month with other symptoms for at least 6 months
Symptoms
- Delusions and Hallucinations
- Disorganized, incoherent speech
- Grossly disorganized and inappropriate behavior
- Negative symptoms
Axis I: Anorexia Nervosa
- Unable to maintain weight
- More common in females than males
Two types
- Restricting type
- Bing-Eating/Purging Type
Axis I: Bulimia Nervosa
- Tend to be normal or above weight
- Inappropriate food intake followed by purging/excessive exercise
Axis I: Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- Abnormally distressed by obsession with delusional or non-existant physical flaw
Axis I: ADHD
3 types:
- Predominately Inattentive
- Predominately Hyperactive-Impulsive
- Both
Axis I: ASD
- Social Interaction Impairment
- Restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns
Axis II: Diagnostic Criteria
- Enduring patterns - Life long
- Patter is inflexible and present across broad range of situations
- Stable for a long time/Starts in childhood or early adolescence
- Not better accounted for by another mental disorder
- Not due to drugs or health problems
Axis II: Cluster A: “Odd and Eccentric”
- Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Schizoid Personality Disorder
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Axis II: Cluster B: “Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic, Impulsive”
- Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Borderline Personality Disorder
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Axis II: Cluster C: “Anxious and Fearful”
- Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Dependent Personality Disorder
- Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Axis II: Cluster A: Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Primarily concerned with protecting themselves from a world that is out to get them
Axis II: Cluster A: Schizoid Personality Disorder
- Not interested in any kind of social or sexual interaction
Axis II: Cluster A: Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- Live in a magical world
Axis II: Cluster B: Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Psychopaths
- More males then females
Axis II: Cluster B: Borderline Personality Disorder
- Primarily motivated by a feeling of emptiness and a fear of abandonment
- Ritualistic cutters
Axis II: Cluster C: Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Motivated by feelings of inadequacy
Axis II: Cluster C: Dependent Personality Disorder
- Overly submissive and clingy
- Motivated by feelings of inability to care for themselves
Axis II: Cluster C: Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder OCPD
- Obsessed with orderliness and perfection
Axis II: Cluster B: Histrionic Personality Disorder
- Snooki Disease
Intelectual Delay
Sub-average IQ ranging from 70-
Anti-Psychotic Drugs
Increase levels of serotonin and block dopamine
- Severe side effects
- Used to treat schizophrenia along with severe depression and bipolar
- Only treats positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Anti-Anxiety Drugs
Benzos
- increase GABA activity
- immediate effects
Lithium Carbonate
Used to treat bipolar
- moderates levels of norepinephrine by protecting cells from being over-stimulated by neurotransmitter glutamate
Behavior therapy
uses principles of classical and operant conditioning to help change self-defeating behaviors
Negative Reinforcement
Taking something negative away
CBT
Helps clients lear to explicitly identify and accept whatever negative thoughts and feelings arise, without trying to eradicate them or letting them derail healthy behavior
Humanist Therapy
Base on assumption that people are basically good and that problems occur as a result of self-imposed limits
Existencial Therapy
Dealing with the big question of life and purpose
