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Psych 1 > Psych 1 - Exam 2 > Flashcards

Psych 1 - Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuropsychology

A

The study of the workings of the nervous system.

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2
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

Receives, processes, and stores incoming sensory inputs

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3
Q

Spinal Cord

A

A collection of neurons and supporting tissue running from the base of the brain down the center of the back, protected by a column of bones.

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4
Q

Spinal Reflexes

A

Automatic behaviors from below the neck that occur on their own, without help from the brain

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5
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Is made up of all portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord

Handles all CNS’s inputs and outputs

Transmits information to and from the CNS by way of sensory nerves and motor nerves

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6
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Or Skeletal Nervous System

Connects to sensory receptors and to skeletal muscles; also called skeletal nervous system

Responsible for:
Feel, Voluntary Movement, Touch

A subdivision of the PNS

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7
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Regulates blood vessels, glands, and internal organs

Divided in two parts: Sympathetic NS and Parasympathetic NS

The subdivision of the PNS

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8
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight or flight

Causes response due to emotion/stress

Part of the Autonomic NS that is always followed by the Parasympathetic NS

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9
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Brings your body to a baseline
Causes a relaxed state/conserves energy

Part of the Autonomic NS that follows the Sympathetic NS

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10
Q

Nervous System

A

Gathers and processes information, produces responses to stimuli, and coordinate the workings of different cells

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11
Q

Neurons

A

A cell that conducts electrochemical signals to transmit information to, from and within the CNS.

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12
Q

Electrochemical Signals

A

The language of the NS generated by the neuron

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13
Q

Glial Cells

A

Holds neurons in place

Nourishes, insulates, and protects

Enables Neurons them to function

Communicate chemically with each other and other neurons

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14
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive information from other neurons and transmit electrical stimulation to the cell body

Part of a Neuron

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15
Q

Structure of a Neuron

A

Cell Body (Soma) - “Brain”
Axon - Output
Dendrites - Input

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16
Q

Cell Body (Soma)

A

The part of the neuron that keeps it alive and determines whether it will fire

“Brain”

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17
Q

Axon

A

Conducts impulses away from the cell body and transmits them to other neurons or to muscles or gland cells

Output

Part of a Neuron

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18
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

A fatty insulation that surrounds the axon of a neuron insulating it and speeding up the action potential

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19
Q

Action Potential

A

The brief change in electrical voltage across the membrane of a neuron that travels down the axon

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20
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life

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21
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The production of new neurons from immature stem cells

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22
Q

Stem Cells

A

Immature cells that divide and mature

Responsible for learning and memory

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23
Q

Synapse

A

The site where transmission occurs between axon terminal (pre-synapic), synaptic cleft, and dendrite/cell body (post-synapic)

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24
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemicals released by axon at the synapse that alters the activity of a receiving neuron

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25
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

Bundles of neurotransmitters released from the axon

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26
Q

Plasticity

A

The brain’s ability to change and adapt in response to experience, by reorganizing or growing new neural connections

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27
Q

Serotonin

A
  1. Appetite
  2. Mood
  3. Sleep

A Neurotransmitter

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28
Q

Dopamine

A
  1. Pleasure/Reward
  2. Voluntary Movement
  3. High Level Mental Function

Closely related to Oxytocin

A Neurotransmitter

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29
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  1. Muscles Action (In CNS)
  2. Learning, Memory, and Attention (In PNS)

A Neurotransmitter

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30
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Affects neurons involved in increased heart rate and the slowing of intestinal activity during stress, and neurons involved in learning, memory, dreaming, waking from sleep, and emotions

Norepinephrine - Noradrenaline
Epinephrine - Adrenaline

A Neurotransmitter

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31
Q

GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid)

A

The second most common neurotransmitter

Inhibits excitatory responses

Balanced with Glutamate

A Neurotransmitter

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32
Q

Glutamate

A

The most common neurotransmitter.

The major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

Important for neural communication, memory formation, learning, and regulation.

Responsible for focus fading after about 50 mins

Balance with GABA

A Neurotransmitter

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33
Q

Endorphines (Endogenous opioid peptides)

A

Affects neurons involved in pain reduction, pleasure, and memory

A Neurotransmitter

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34
Q

Re-Uptake

A

The reabsorption by a presynaptic neuron of a neurotransmitter substance recently released form it’s terminal bouton, thereby halting the action potential in the postsynapitc cell

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35
Q

Enzymatic Deactivation

A

A specific enzyme changes the structure of the neurotransmitter so it is not recognized by the receptor

36
Q

MAOI

A

Inhibits Enzymatic Deactivation preventing neurotransmitters from being turned off

37
Q

SSRI

A

Inhibits re-uptake leaving more neurotransmitters still active

38
Q

Excitotoxicity

A

The pathological process by which nerve cells are damaged and killed by excessive stimulation by neurotransmitters such as serotonin and similar substances

39
Q

Endocrine System

A

Hormones

The complete set of endocrine glands and associated structures in an organism considered as a functional unit

40
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Internal organs that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream

41
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical substances, secreted by organs called glands, that affect the function of other organs

42
Q

Melatonin

A

Regulates daily biological rhythms and promotes sleep

A Hormone

43
Q

Oxytocin

A

Facilitates lactation and, with vasopressin, facilitates bonding at birth

A Hormone

44
Q

Adrenal hormones

A

Involved in emotions and stress

3 Adrenal Hormones:
Cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

A Hormone

45
Q

Sex hormones

A

Regulate development and functioning of reproductive organs as well sexual characteristics in males and females

3 Sex Hormones:
Androgens (Testosterone), estrogens, and progesterone

46
Q

Cortisol

A

The Stress hormone

Increases blood sugar, suppresses the immune system, and aid in the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrate

47
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

A recording of neural activity detected by electrodes

Low - Spatial Resolution
High - Temporal Resolution (Best method)

48
Q

Spatial Resolution

A

How good the method is at telling us where in the brain the activity occurred

49
Q

Temporal Resolution

A

How good the method is at telling us when the the activity occurred in the brain

50
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

A method of stimulating brain cells, using a powerful magnetic field produced by a wire coil placed on a person’s head; can be used by researchers to temporarily inactive neural circuits and is also being used therapeutically

2 Settings:

  • Activates area of the brain
  • Inactivates area of the brain
51
Q

Positron-Emission Tomography (PET scan)

A

A method for analyzing biochemical activity in the brain using injections of a glucose like substance containing a radioactive element

2-7 minute delay

Medium - Spatial Resolution
Low - Temporal Resolution

52
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

A method for studying body and brain tissue that produces and detects vibrations in the atoms in the brain turning them into a picture

53
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

A form of MRI that gives rapid imaging of the brain and is often using in psychological research

6 second delay

High - Spatial Resolution
Medium - Temporal Resolution

54
Q

Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

A

Split into the right and left hemispheres.

Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe

55
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Conscious thought, decision making

56
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Sensory inputs

Sensation of touch

57
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Visual information

Also known as the Visual Cortex

Lobes at BACK of cerebral cortex

58
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Auditory input

59
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Produces voluntary movement

In Frontal Lobe

60
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Involved in speech production

In Frontal Lobe

61
Q

Cerebrum

A

In charge of higher forms of thinking
Surrounded by the cerebral cortex

It is split into two hemispheres connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum

62
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

A collection of several thin layers of cells (gray matter) which is split into 4 lobes

Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe

63
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

The frontmost portion of the frontal lobe involved in anxiety as well as working memory, abstract thinking, social behaviors, and executive functions such as decision making and strategic planning

64
Q

Orbitofrontal Cortex

A

The area of the prefrontal cortex in charge of impulse control

65
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

Sensation of touch

In Parietal Lobe

66
Q

Auditory Cortex

A

Processes hearing

In Temporal Lobe

67
Q

Brain Stem

A

The part of the brain at the top of the spinal cord, consisting of the medulla and the pons

68
Q

Pons

A
  1. Sleeping
  2. Waking
  3. Dreaming
69
Q

Medulla

A

Automatic bodily functions such as breathing and heart rate

70
Q

Reticular Activating System

A

Arouses cortex and screens incoming information and produces neurotransmitters

71
Q

Cerebellum

A

“Lesser Brain”

In charge of:

  1. Regulating movement and balance
  2. Remembers simple skills
  3. Acquired reflexes
  4. Understanding Words
72
Q

Thalamus

A

A brain structure that relays all sensory messages, except smell, to the cerebral cortex

73
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

A brain structure that processes smell sensory messages

74
Q

Hypothalamus

A

“under” thalamus

4 F's:
Feeding
Fight 
Flight 
Sex

Controls the Autonomic NS

Sends signals to the Pituitary gland

75
Q

Pituitary gland

A

The Master Gland

Releases hormones and regulates other glands

Controlled by the Hypothalamus

76
Q

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA Axis)

A

Responsible for fight or flight

Designed to manager short term stress but causes problems with chronic stress

77
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

Responsible for releasing hormones in response to stress

Sit at the top of the kidneys
Endocrine Glands

78
Q

Amygdala

A

Responsible for regulation of emotion and emotional response

Highly sensitive to faces

Responsible for:
Arousal
Regulation of emotion
Initial emotional responses to sensory information

79
Q

Mental Illnesses in the Amygdala

A

Anxiety Disorders
Major Depression
Autism

80
Q

Hippocampus

A

Involved in

  1. Storage of new information in memory
  2. Comparing sensory information to previous knowledge

Enables us to form spatial memories for navigating the environment

81
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Involved in coordination of movement such as muscle memory or procedural learning

3 Areas:
Caudate
Putamen
Globus Pallidus

82
Q

Nucleus Accembens

A

The pleasure/reward center for the brain that has dopamine receptors

Responsible for learning

Responsible for addiction

83
Q

Sensory Nerves

A

Carry messages from muscles, glands, and internal organs

84
Q

Motor Nerves

A

Carry messages to muscles, glands, and internal organs

85
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

A minuscule space that separates neurons

86
Q

Receptor sites

A

Special molecules in the membrane of the receiving neuron’s dendrites

87
Q

Sensory Inputs

A

Taste, sound, smell, colors, pressure of touch, state of internal organs, etc.

Psych 1 (5 decks)

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