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Uni > Psyc122 weeks 1-4 > Flashcards

Psyc122 weeks 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of how we can study the brain, behaviour & mind?

A

Ask questions
Make observations
Measure performance on specific tasks
Measure of activity on healthy brains

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2
Q

If we were investigating food types in hippos what would be the IV & DV?

A

IV = food type
DV = hippos

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3
Q
A
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3
Q

Define automaticity theory

A

The word interferes with the colour naming when the word and colour do not match because reading is an automatic process and recognising colours is a more controlled process

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4
Q

Selective attention process

A

Reading requires less attention compared to identifying a colour, that’s why it takes us longer to identify the colour of words in incongruent trials

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5
Q

What is Aphasia and what is it caused by?

A

A language disorder that affects a persons ability to communicate - usually result of a stroke or brain injury

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6
Q

What tasks do people with Aphasia find difficult?

A

Talking
Comprehending spoken / written language
writing

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7
Q

What does FMRI & TMS stand for

A

FMRI - function magnetic resonance imaging
TMS - Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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8
Q

What does Broca’s area involve & what could it cause?

A
  • Involved in speech production
  • Difficulty in producing language & comprehension abilities relatively conserved
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9
Q

What does Wernike’s area involved & what could it cause?

A
  • Involved in language comprehension
  • Spoken language often lacks meaning
  • Difficulty with language comprehension
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10
Q

Example of observing brain activity during mental tasks

A

fMRI & TMS

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11
Q

fMRI technique

A

-safe & non-invasive
-detects changes in blood flow
-increase in blood flow correlate with neuronal activity

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12
Q

TMS technique

A

-Non-invasive technique that disrupts specific brain activity for a fraction of a second
-Allows us to investigate the role of these areas in human functioning

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13
Q

2 main parts of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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14
Q

What do the neuronal cells do

A

Able to transmit information - send & receive

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15
Q

What does the Axon Hillock do? (Neuronal cells)

A

Considered the scorekeeper - counts up all the different signals that come up from the dendrites and keep score of it

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16
Q

What do the dendrites do? (Neuronal cells)

A

Part of the cell that is reaching out & expecting to receive information from other cells

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17
Q

What does the cell body do? (Neuronal cells)

A

Can be known as the life support - contains a lot of different organelles (things that keep the cell alive)

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18
Q

What does the Axon do? (Neuronal cells)

A

Carries information away from the cell body, then splits off onto the terminal region - trying to link up with other dendrites of other cells

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19
Q

What do the dendritic spines do?

A

Add surface area to the dendrites so there is more places where axon terminals from other cells can link up to the neurons

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20
Q

What are the 2 things that the Axon Hillock do?

A

either nothing - because the threshold is not reaching
or fires - when the threshold has been reached and signal is sent
All or nothing principle

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21
Q

Define neuron firing

A

When there is enough signals that reaches the threshold that the Axon Hillock is waiting for then the neuron ‘fires’ - when the neuron decides to send a signal - Axon Hillock generates the signal and sends it down the Axon

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22
Q

What is the Myelin sheath

A

A fatty substance that insulates the axon, allowing signal to travel faster

23
Q

What are the 3 types of Glial cells

A

Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Astrocytes

24
Q

What does the Oligodendrocytes do?

A

-Forms the myelin sheath around the axons in the central nervous system
-Help increase speed of information traveling through the axon

25
Q

What does the Schwann cells do?

A

-Forms the myelin sheath around the axons in the peripheral nervous system
-Help increase speed of information travelling through the axon

26
Q

What does the Astrocytes do?

A

-Helps repair the neurons
-Helps bring nutrients from the blood stream in the neurons using the blood-brain barrier
-Provides structural support for neurons

27
Q

Define summation

A

The sum of all incoming signals that determines whether the neurons fire

27
Q

What are the 2 types of signals that can travel into the cell body?

A

Excitatory signals - more likely to fire
Inhibitory signal - less likely to fire

28
Q

What are the 2 ions crucial to sending signals down to the axon?

A

Potassium & Sodium

29
Q

What is the neuron threshold to fire?

A

-55mV

30
Q

How is resting membrane potential achieved?

A

When both forces are equally strong

31
Q

Define action potential

A

Change in the voltage inside a cell taking place at one section of the cell at a time

32
Q

Process of Action potential propagation (K+)

A
  1. First not much will happen
  2. Concentraion foce wants to move K+ out, electrical force wants to push K+ in
  3. Na+ flows in, the inside becomes more negative, leading to a reduction in electrical force
  4. Now concentration force is win ing & K+ flows out
33
Q

During the refractory period is the neuron hyperpolarized or depolarised?

A

hyperpolarised

34
Q

Define repolarised & depolarised

A

Re- more negative
De- more postive & gates close

35
Q

Benefits of saltatory conduction

A
  1. Signals move faster (increases rate of propagation)
  2. Energy efficient (100x less movement of ions)
36
Q

What 2 components does the central nervous system break into?

A

Brian & spinal cord

37
Q

What 2 components does the peripheral nervous system break into?

A

Somatic & autonomic

38
Q

What 2 components does autonomic system break into?

A

sympathetic & parasympathetic

39
Q

What does autonomic peripheral system do? (nervous system)

A
  • Involuntary, automatic activity
  • Controls & regulates blood vessel, organs (including heart) & glands
40
Q

What does sympathetic system do? (autonomic system)

A
  • Increases arousal
  • Prepares the body for survival - related action
  • 4 F’s
41
Q

What are the 4 F’s (sympathetic)

A

Fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating

42
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do? (autonomic system)

A

-Reduces arosual
- Returns the body to resting state

43
Q

Examples of sympathetic nervous system

A
  • Dilates pupil
  • Accelerates heartbeat
  • Relaxes bladder
44
Q

Examples of Parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • Contracts pupil
  • Slow heartbeat
  • Contract bladder
45
Q

What is the neuraxis

A

Central line of the body

46
Q

Why should neuroscience matter to psychologists?

A
  • Mental functions are the product of activity in the nervous system
  • The scientific study of biological & neural processes underlying mental process
47
Q

What functions does the nervous system preform?

A
  • Receives sensory information from the environment
  • Integrates and processes information
  • Regulates internal functions
    Produces motor actions
48
Q

What ways do we look at the brain?

A
  • horizontal/axial/ transverse
  • Sagittal
  • Coronal
49
Q

What does the hindbrain do?

A

Coordinates information flow to/from the spinal cord

50
Q

What does the pons do? (Hindbrain)

A

Relays info between cerebellum & the rest of the brain

51
Q

What does the Medulla do? (Hindbrain)

A

Extension of the spinal cord - controls:
- heart rate
- Circulation
- Respiration

52
Q

What does the Reticular formation do? (Hindbrain)

A
  • Regulates: sleep/wake arousal
53
Q

What does the Cerebellum do? (Hindbrain)

A
  • Controls fine motor activity
  • Doesn’t initiate movements, but refine & smooths them
54
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A

The midbrain coordinates the basic functions related to perception and action

55
Q
A

Uni (4 decks)

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