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Psyc Testing Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is

What is neuropsychological assessment?

A

The evaluation of brain and nervous system function as it relates to behavior.

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2
Q

What is the

Conceptual Model of Brain-Behavior Relationships

A

According to this view, each neuropsychological test or procedure evaluates one or more of the following categories. The order corresponds roughly to the order in which incoming information is analyzed by the brain in preparation for a response or motor output.

  1. Sensory input
  2. Attention and concentration
  3. Learning and memory
  4. Language
  5. Spatial and manipulatory ability
  6. Executive functions
  7. Motor output
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3
Q

What are the

Executive Functions?

A
  • Volition – Capacity for intentional behavior, the ability to conceptualize a goal.
  • Planning – The identification of the steps needed to achieve the goal.
  • Purposive action –The capacity to take action and sustain it in an orderly manner.
  • Effective performance – The ability to monitor one’s activites in light of the original goals and shift strategies as needed.
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4
Q

What is the difference between a

Fixed and a Flexible Approach to Testing?

A

A fixed test is like the Wechsler Scales, where there are certain subtests you have to use. You can’t just bring in subtests from the SB5 or something.

A flexible approach is finding different tests you like in different places and putting them together.

You can have both of these types of tests in neuropsychological assessment.

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5
Q

What is the

Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery?

A

A widely used fixed neuropsychological battery.

  • Category Test – Requires examinee to find the rules of categorizing geometric shapes. Measure abstract reasoning and concept formation.
  • Tactual Performance Test – Blindfolded examinee places blocks on board.
  • Speech Sounds Perception Test – Identify the written version of a nonsense word out of four choices.
  • Seashore Rhythm Test – Musical rhythms are the same or different.
  • Finger Tapping Test – Measure motor speed, tap finger for 10 seconds.
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6
Q

What is

Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery

A

A fixed battery, with a shorter administration time than the Halstead-Reitan, although not quite as popular.

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7
Q

What is

Trailmaking?

A
  • Circles scattered on page have numbers and letters
  • Connect circles in a pattern 1-A-2-B-3-C
  • This is a test of concentration.
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8
Q

What is the

Sensory-Perceptual Exam?

A

On this test, normal people seldom make any errors. Measures contralateral functioning, as in the functioning of each brain hemisphere.

  • A soft snap of the fingers next to one ear vs the other ear. Can they tell where the sound came from?
  • Identify which number has been traced on the fingertip
  • Connecting sensory processing to a cognitive skill
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9
Q

What are

Continuous Performance Tests?

A
  • Measures attention/concentration
  • Computerized
  • Can have visual or auditory stimuli
  • Every time you see this letter, hit the spacebar
    • How many time do you fail to hit, or hit on the wrong place
  • Challenges
    • Many tests go by the name “continuous performance test”
    • How do you come up with a good test if everyone is kind of doing their own thing?
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10
Q

What is the

Wechsler Memory Scale-IV?

A

A test of learning and memory. Learning and memory are difficult to measure in isolation.

  • Major revision of previous version (60 years)
  • Co-normed with the WAIS-IV
  • 2 Cautions
    • Don’t use the test in isolation (it’s not a shortcut to diagnosing, say, dementia)
    • Don’t over-interpret low scores, make sure you consider other possible interpretations. Certain scales where people who have lower educational experiences, may get lower scores, which doesn’t indicate brain damage.
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11
Q

What is the

Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning-2 (WRAML-2)

A

The first comprehensive memory scale designed for use with children (ages 5 to 17 years).

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12
Q

What is

What is the test for aphasia?

A
  • Practitioners kind of do their own thing
  • Types of tests
    • Spontaneous speech
    • Word retrieval
    • Neologisms
    • Repetition: “No ifs, ands or buts”
    • “Methodist Episcopal”
    • “Does your car have handlebars.”
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13
Q

What is the

Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test?

A

Design Copying Test

Copying designs on cards: square circle, dots across card, little circles.

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14
Q

What does the

Draw-A-Clock Test?

A

Part of the Mini-Mental State Exam

Alzheimer’s and other types of dementia.

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15
Q

What is the

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test?

A

Test of Executive Functions

  • Shapes on the cards
  • Sort the cards according to an unknown guideline
  • Once they get 10 cards right you change the rule without telling them
  • You have to figure out the pattern and you have to be flexible
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16
Q

What is the

Mini-Mental State Exam?

A
  • Areas addressed
    • Orientation (to time and place, very important in psychological setting)
    • Memory
    • Speech
    • Mood
  • This is like the psychological equivalent of a general physical exam. Information entered into a medical profile.
    • Remember three objects
    • Count backwards from 100 by 7
    • Name these objects
    • Take a piece of paper, fold it in half, put it on the floor
  • It’s not a shortcut to a diagnosis
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17
Q

What do we know about

Job Interviews?

A
  • Typical job interviews don’t appear to be reliable or useful according to research
  • Structured interviews have better reliability and validity. But most places don’t do this.
  • Why are we using interviews so frequently?
    • People believe in their gut.
    • It would be weird not to meet a person you were going to hire. (personal need)
    • It seems easy compared to research on selection tests
    • Sometimes you need the interview to sell the person on the job.
18
Q

What is important about

Cognitive Ability Tests?

A
  • Correlate with work performance
  • Tests of general cognitive ability tend to be better than tests of specific cognitive ability
  • May have adverse impact on minority job candidates
  • Shouldn’t be used alone
19
Q

What is the

Wonderlic?

A

The Wonderlic Contemporary Cognitive Ability Test

  • A test of general mental ability
  • It’s short and quick
  • Good psychometric properties
  • Heft and cleft (opposite, similar or neither?)
20
Q

What is

What is the In-Basket Test?

A

A test of work performance based on something concrete.

21
Q

What are the multiple approaches to

Performance Appraisals?

A
  • Multiple approaches
    • Peer evaluation - tend to be too lenient
    • Absenteeism
    • Supervisor rating sales
22
Q

What is

What are the concerns about concrete performance appraisals?

A
  • Concerns with performance measures
    • May not be completely under the individual’s control
      • Maybe a person has a specific region under their supervision. They can’t sell as much to the poorer neighborhood.
    • May not be applicable to most jobs
      • There may not be a good performance measure. It’s not as concrete as number of items sold or built.
    • May be misleading
      • If it’s how many units they make, what if they make lots and they’re faulty.
      • You can have concrete measures that are easily attainable but will not tell the whole story.
23
Q

What is

What are sources of error in performance appraisals?

A
  • Halo effect – When you get a rating that’s different than what you should get because of something unrelated to your performance. Maybe you’re a likable person. Maybe they’ve never missed a day work.
  • Rater bias – Some people just respond to questions in a way that inherently has some bias. Leniency bias and severity bias.
    • Context bias – Comparisons when you make the most amazing person the standard. They could be in the 99th percentile.
  • Criterion contamination – I should have a certain standard, but sometimes the standard becomes contaminated and the responses shift a little bit. Adequate training for supervisors can reduce these errors.
24
Q

What is

What is John Holland’s RIASEC Model?

A

Based on the theory of person-environment fit. If we know something about a person, then we might know where other people like them work.

25
Q

What is

What is O*NET?

A

A website with assessment tools based on John Holland’s model. You wouldn’t purchase a test that you would have people fill out.

26
Q

What is

What is the Career Beliefs Inventory?

A

Unique among career tests.

  • I don’t have enough confidence to try that
  • It would involve too much risk to try that
  • I don’t have any experience doing that
27
Q

What is

What is Strong’s Interest Inventory?

A

An empirically keyed test for careers. It’s more about satisfaction than job skills, because interest can increase your likelihood for success.

28
Q

What is

What is the Vocational Preference Inventory?

A

Based on RIASEC:

  • Realistic
  • Investigative
  • Artistic
  • Social
  • Enterprising
  • Conventional
29
Q

What is

What is the Campbell Interests and Skills Survey?

A

Studies interests and skills.

Orientations: Influencing, Helping, Adventuring…

  • Pursue - Interest and skills in this area
  • Develop - Things you have interest in but not skill
  • Explore - High skills but low interest. How your skills tie together
  • Avoid - No interest and no skills
30
Q

What is

Who is the client in forensic investigations?

A

Typically, whoever ordered the evaluation, rather than the person being evaluated.

31
Q

What is

What are the standards for expert witnesses?

A
  • Qualified expert – Just having a degree doesn’t make you an expert. You need to look at their training and experience.
  • Proper subject matter – The court has to decide that the expert witness will be helpful in the process
  • Quality (based on scientific evidence) of the theory or technique – Not just any test from the cabinet. And definitely not just making up some questions.
32
Q

What is

What might a psychologist assess as an expert witness?

A
  • Malingering
  • Insanity plea
  • Competency to stand trial
33
Q

What is

What is malingering and how is it evaluated?

A
  • Faking symptoms (psychological or physical), motivated by an external incentive.
    • Avoiding military duty, get out of work, get money
  • Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS)
    • Improbable symptoms - Does the furniture where you live seem to get bigger or smaller from day to day?
    • Symptoms that wouldn’t usually go together.
  • Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM)
    • Designed to find people who are faking memory problems
    • Designed to look hard, but even people with brain injuries get the questions right
34
Q

What is

What are the components of an insanity plea?

A
  • Psychiatric diagnosis
  • Unable to tell right from wrong

Insanity pleas are made in 1/1000 cases, and 1/4 of those are successful. They are more difficult to assess than competency.

35
Q

What is

What are two insanity plea verdicts?

A
  • Not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI)
  • Guilty but mentally ill (GBMI)
36
Q

What is

How can a psychologist assess an insanity plea?

A

The psychologist would look at multiple components including:

  • Neuropsychology evaluation
  • Interview
  • Psych evaluations
  • Specialized Test
    • Rogers Criminal Responsibility Assessment Scales (R-CRAS)
37
Q

What is

How does a psychologist evaluate competency to stand trial?

A
  • Has ability to consult with his lawyer
  • Has an understanding of the proceedings against him
  • Can assist in the defense
38
Q

What is

How are competency and insanity different?

A
  • Timeframe
  • Standards
39
Q

What is

What are the different types of computer-based interpretation reports?

A

Scoring reports – If you don’t have computer scoring for the MMPI.

Descriptive reports – Not only do you have a score, but you also get information for how to interpret it. Generally vague language: “Generally people with scores in this range tend to…” But who is responsible for the quality of information? Not the computer.

40
Q

What is

What is the difference between actuarial and clinical judgment?

A

Actuarial assessment uses statistical rules and formulas to make judgments and predictions. Actuarial approaches that fit tend to be more accurate.

Clinical judgment means there is no formula. You have the scores but you’re using your clinical expertise to make a judgment.

Computer reports can do either one. There are computer generated clinical judgment reports. Am I more confident in the computer or my own judgment?

41
Q

What is

What are the advantages and disadvantages to computer-based interpretations?

A
  • Advantages
    • Time
    • Cost
    • Reliability - less scoring error. Imagine hand scoring MMPI.
    • Objectivity - not influenced by how friendly or unpleasant they were
  • Disadvantages
    • Concerns about equivalency of test forms – Is a paper and pencil test different from a computerized test?
    • Ethical concerns about interpretation – Battery of assessments, you won’t just use one.
42
Q

What is

What is computerized adaptive testing?

A
  • Will not apply to every test you take at the computer
  • A test that’s been designed so that every question you get (especially after the first few) is based on your answers to previous section.
  • If you’ve gotten easy ones you get harder ones. If you’ve missed a lot you can stop.
  • People are taking different tests.

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